C. K. Ng, Samuel L Putra, Joseph Kennerley et al.

Microbial Biotechnology • 2021

The ability to directly modify native and established biofilms has enormous potential in understanding microbial ecology and application of biofilm in 'real‐world' systems. However, efficient genetic transformation of established biofilms at any scale remains challenging. In this study, we applied an ultrasound‐mediated DNA delivery (UDD) technique to introduce plasmid to established non‐competent biofilms in situ. Two different plasmids containing genes coding for superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) and the flavin synthesis pathway were introduced into established bacterial biofilms in microfluidic flow (transformation efficiency of 3.9 ± 0.3 × 10‐7 cells in biofilm) and microbial fuel cells (MFCs), respectively, both employing UDD. Gene expression and functional effects of genetically modified bacterial biofilms were observed, where some cells in UDD‐treated Pseudomonas putida UWC1 biofilms expressed sfGFP in flow cells and UDD‐treated Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 biofilms generated significantly (P < 0.05) greater (61%) bioelectricity production (21.9 ± 1.2 µA cm−2) in MFC than a wild‐type control group (~ 13.6 ± 1.6 µA cm−2). The effects of UDD were amplified in subsequent growth under selection pressure due to antibiotic resistance and metabolism enhancement. UDD‐induced gene transfer on biofilms grown in both microbial flow cells and MFC systems was successfully demonstrated, with working volumes of 0.16 cm3 and 300 cm3, respectively, demonstrating a significant scale‐up in operating volume. This is the first study to report on a potentially scalable direct genetic engineering method for established non‐competent biofilms, which can be exploited in enhancing their capability towards environmental, industrial and medical applications.

Hye Jin Lim, Dong-Myung Kim

Methods and Protocols • 2019

Due to the ongoing crises of fossil fuel depletion, climate change, and environmental pollution, microbial processes are increasingly considered as a potential alternative for cleaner and more efficient production of the diverse chemicals required for modern civilization. However, many issues, including low efficiency of raw material conversion and unintended release of genetically modified microorganisms into the environment, have limited the use of bioprocesses that rely on recombinant microorganisms. Cell-free metabolic engineering is emerging as a new approach that overcomes the limitations of existing cell-based systems. Instead of relying on metabolic processes carried out by living cells, cell-free metabolic engineering harnesses the metabolic activities of cell lysates in vitro. Such approaches offer several potential benefits, including operational simplicity, high conversion yield and productivity, and prevention of environmental release of microorganisms. In this article, we review the recent progress in this field and discuss the prospects of this technique as a next-generation bioconversion platform for the chemical industry.

Yan Qiao, Shu-juan Bao, C. Li

Energy &amp; Environmental Science • 2010

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are promising clean energy sources for simultaneous recycling of organic waste while harvesting electricity. The electrocatalysis of the anode is crucial for improvement of the energy conversion efficiency, power density and energy density of MFCs, which is significantly related to the microbes, electrode and electron transfer scheme between the microbes and electrode. This paper reviews and discusses electrocatalysis in MFCs, particularly addressing the recent advances in anodic electrocatalysis with direct electrochemistry of genetically modified bacteria and novel electrode materials for performance improvement, and some remaining challenges to be overcome.

M. Rashid, S. Andleeb

2018 International Conference on Power Generation Systems and Renewable Energy Technologies (PGSRET) • 2018

Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces Pyocyanin which serves as a good electron transport shuttle in Microbial Fuel Cells. Studies have implicated higher Microbial Fuel Cell energy yield with higher PCN production by P. aeruginosa thus improving energy output. For obtaining high pyocyanin producing strain of P. aeruginosa, sewage water samples were taken from various sites in Islamabad and were cultured in LB media at 37°C. Characterization was performed by both biochemically as well as genetically. For pyocyanin yield assessment Rf value and λmax were determined. Pyocyanin was isolated via repeated chloroform and acidified water extraction and quantified. Physiochemical and nutritional conditions for pyocyanin production were optimized in the form of designed modified semisynthetic media. Optimized production was achieved and pyocyanin yield was increased to 3 folds than normal and control conditions. The designed pyocyanin yield media can be used to improve energy output in microbial fuel cells.

Lucila Díaz-Orozco, Mario Moscosa Santillán, Rosa Elena Delgado Portales et al.

Polymers • 2025

Lactic acid is a vital organic acid with a wide range of industrial applications, particularly in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and biomedical sectors. The conventional production of lactic acid from refined sugars poses high costs and significant environmental impacts, leading to the exploration of alternative raw materials and more sustainable processes. Lignocellulosic biomass, particularly agro-industrial residues such as agave bagasse, represents a promising substrate for lactic acid production. Agave bagasse, a by-product of the tequila and mezcal industries, is rich in fermentable carbohydrates, making it an ideal raw material for biotechnological processes. The use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), particularly genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs), has been shown to enhance fermentation efficiency and lactic acid yield. This review explores the potential of lignocellulosic biomass as a substrate for microbial fermentation to produce lactic acid and other high-value products. It covers the composition and pretreatment of some agricultural residues, the selection of suitable microorganisms, and the optimization of fermentation conditions. The paper highlights the promising future of agro-industrial residue valorization through biotechnological processes and the sustainable production of lactic acid as an alternative to conventional methods.

Jing Sun, Wenbin Wu, Huajun Tang et al.

Scientific Reports • 2015

Abstract Despite heated debates over the safety of genetically modified (GM) food, GM crops have been expanding rapidly. Much research has focused on the expansion of GM crops. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of non-genetically modified (non-GM) crops are not clear, although they may have significant environmental and agronomic impacts and important policy implications. To understand the dynamics of non-GM crops and to inform the debates among relevant stakeholders, we conducted spatiotemporal analyses of China’s major non-GM soybean production region, the Heilongjiang Province. Even though the total soybean planting area decreased from 2005 to 2010, surprisingly, there were hotspots of increase. The results also showed hotspots of loss as well as a large decline in the number and continuity of soybean plots. Since China is the largest non-GM soybean producer in the world, the decline of its major production region may signal the continual decline of global non-GM soybeans.

Andreas S. Petsas, Maria C. Vagi

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology • 2019

Nowadays, numerous synthetic and semisynthetic chemicals are extensively produced and consequently used worldwide for many different purposes, such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, hydrocarbons with aromatic rings (known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs), multi-substituted biphenyls with halogens (such as polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs), and many other toxic and persistent chemical species. The presence of the aforementioned xenobiotic substances not only in various environmental matrices (water, air, and soil), but also in biological tissues (organisms) as well as in several compartments of raw or processed food (of fruit, vegetal, and animal origin), has raised global scientific concerns regarding their potential toxicity towards non target organisms including humans. Additionally, the ability of those persistent organic pollutants to be magnified via food consumption (food chain) has become a crucial threat to human health. Microbial degradation is considered an important route influencing the fate of those toxicants in each matrix. The technique of bioremediation, either with microorganisms (native or genetically modified) which are applied directly (in a reactor or in situ), or with cell extracts or purified enzymes preparations, is reported as a low cost and potential detoxification technology for the removal of toxic chemicals. The sources and toxic impacts of target groups of chemicals are briefly presented in the present study, whereas the bioremediation applications for the removal of pharmaceuticals and other organic contaminants using microbial strains are critically reviewed. All the recently published data concerning the genes encoding the relevant enzymes that catalyze the degradation reactions, the mechanisms of reactions and parameters that influence the bioremediation process are discussed. Finally, research needs and future trends in the direction of decontamination are high-lightened.

Eduardo C. Oliveira-Filho, Cesar K. Grisolia

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health • 2022

The use of microbial insecticides and their toxins in biological control and transgenic plants has increased their presence in the environment. Although they are natural products, the main concerns are related to the potential impacts on the environment and human health. Several assays have been performed worldwide to investigate the toxicity or adverse effects of these microbial products or their individual toxins. This overview examines the published data concerning the knowledge obtained about the ecotoxicity and environmental risks of these natural pesticides. The data presented show that many results are difficult to compare due to the diversity of measurement units used in the different research data. Even so, the products and toxins tested present low toxicity and low risk when compared to the concentrations used for pesticide purposes. Complementary studies should be carried out to assess possible effects on human health.

Radhika Velankar, Gauri Nerkar, Mukta Nagpurkar et al.

Genetics • 2024

Transgenic technology has significantly contributed to the genetic improvement of crop plants by improving important agronomic traits like insect/pest resistance, disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and quality improvement. Conventional breeding programs are time consuming and laborious involving screening thousands of progenies for the development of a new hybrid variety. Genetic engineering is a precise tool to develop a new variety in a short duration. Genetically Modified Crops have been used for expression of recombinant proteins of high therapeutic value, monoclonal antibodies, nutraceuticals, edible vaccines, and improved saccharification efficiency of biofuel crops for bioethanol production. The agricultural productivity is limited by global climate changes and unfavorable abiotic and biotic factors posing challenges for crop scientists to meet the rising demand for global food supply. Developing climate-resilient crops will bring more land under agriculture and more vegetation for carbon sequestration thereby annulling global warming. This chapter provides an insight into the principles, advantages, and limitations of the methods used in genetic transformation and the advancements in genome editing, agronomic traits improved in Genetically Modified Crops, potential applications of transgenic technology in biopharming and bioethanol production, biosafety and regulation of transgenic crops, and the challenges in the development of Genetically Modified Crops.

Ashutosh Kumar, Banshidhar, Priyanka Jaiswal et al.

Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond • 2022

With the advancement in the field of agricultural biotechnology, many genetically modified crops like Bt- cotton, Bt- brinjal have been developed and commercialised to fulfil the need of the world population. Several biosafety concerns viz., risk to human health, risk to environment, ecological concern o has been raised after the rapid commercialization of GM crops every year across the world. As per Convention on biodiversity (CBD), Biosafety is a term used to describe efforts to reduce and eliminate the potential risk resulting from biotechnology and its product. Though many concerns being raised time to time, strict biosafety guideline must be followed before introducing a GM crop in public domain especially in resource poor developing countries.

Lital Alfonta

Electroanalysis • 2010

Abstract This article reviews the advances that were made towards the understanding and the improvement of electron transfer and communication between living cells and electrodes with a specific emphasis on microbial fuel cells and bioelectrical systems. It summarizes the efforts that were made thus far to improve electron transfer between microorganisms and electrodes using the genetically based understanding of electron transfer in such organisms and the manipulations that can be performed to improve the transfer and subsequently control over power output. Future directions in the field are also reviewed and suggested in this article.

Yu Cheng, Liyan Zhang, Qihong Chen et al.

2022 12th International Conference on Power, Energy and Electrical Engineering (CPEEE) • 2022

Due to the noise of diesel engine backup power systems, serious environmental pollution, and the inability to provide uninterrupted power supply, the backup power system of proton exchange membrane fuel cells has gradually attracted the attention of the industry. This article mainly focuses on a backup power system consisting of two fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries as the research object and proposes an energy management strategy based on model predictive control (MPC). MPC, under the constraints of fuel cell output power and output power increment, takes system hydrogen consumption as the objective function to solve the optimal power distribution between fuel cell and lithium-ion battery. Finally, MPC is compared with state machine energy management strategy by simulation. The results show that the energy management strategy based on MPC reduces hydrogen consumption by 18.83% and improves the overall efficiency of the fuel cell by 3.05%.

Will Gorman, G. Barbose, J. Carvallo et al.

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory • 2022

The study estimates the performance of behind-the-meter solar PV-plus-energy-storage-systems (PVESS) in providing critical-load or whole-building backup across a wide range of geographies, building types, and power interruption conditions. The study also considers a set of 10 historical long-duration power outage events and evaluates how PVESS could have performed in providing backup power during those specific events. The analysis is the first in what will be a series of studies by Berkeley Lab, in collaboration with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, on the use of PVESS for backup power. This initial study is intended to provide a baseline set of performance estimates and to illustrate key performance drivers. This narrative summary provides a high-level overview of the analysis approach, key findings, and opportunities for future work. For further details, please refer to the full report.

Zhiwen Ma, Josh Eichman, Jennifer Kurtz

ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability • 2018

This paper presents the feasibility and economics of using fuel cell backup power systems in telecommunication cell towers to provide grid services (e.g., ancillary services, demand response). The fuel cells are able to provide power for the cell tower during emergency conditions. This study evaluates the strategic integration of clean, efficient, and reliable fuel cell systems with the grid for improved economic benefits. The backup systems have potential as enhanced capability through information exchanges with the power grid to add value as grid services that depend on location and time. The economic analysis has been focused on the potential revenue for distributed telecommunications fuel cell backup units to provide value-added power supply. This paper shows case studies on current fuel cell backup power locations and regional grid service programs. The grid service benefits and system configurations for different operation modes provide opportunities for expanding backup fuel cell applications responsive to grid needs. The objective of this work primarily focuses on how fuel cells can become a significant part of the telecom backup power to reduce system costs, environmental impact, and dependence on fossil fuels, while ensuring continuity of indispensable service for mobile users. The study identifies the approaches on the fuel cell application through nano/microgrids for an extensive network of fuel cells as distributed energy resources. The possibilities of various application scenarios extend the fuel cell technologies and microgrid for reliable power supply.

, Ganna Kostenko

System Research in Energy • 2025

In emergency situations, ensuring reliable backup power sources for the power system is critically important for maintaining the stability and uninterrupted operation of energy infrastructure. The challenges posed by wartime conditions and the growing vulnerability of energy infrastructure, particularly HVsubstations, demand innovative approaches that combine economic efficiency, technical reliability, and environmental sustainability. The aim of this study is to develop comprehensive solutions for providing reliable and sustainable backup power to Ukraine's HVsubstations, addressing contemporary challenges in energy security and environmental resilience. The paper examines the potential of second-life electric vehicle (EV) batteries as a promising alternative to traditional solutions, such as diesel generators. The use of second-life batteries offers a novel approach that meets modern requirements for energy efficiency and sustainable development. The clustering methodology employed in the study enables the optimization of resource allocation among substations, considering factors such as load levels, outage frequency, and required reserve capacity. This approach ensures tailored solutions for the specific operational needs of each cluster, enhancing resource utilization efficiency. The study includes a detailed evaluation of the economic, technical, and environmental characteristics of various solutions, including diesel generators, new batteries, and second-life batteries, both independently and in combination with renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic modules. The results demonstrate that second-life batteries, particularly when integrated with renewable energy sources, offer substantial advantages, including cost reductions, decreased CO₂ emissions, and enhanced energy resilience. The proposed recommendations for implementing second-life batteries are supported by a comprehensive analysis of legislative, technical, and economic aspects. This study provides a roadmap for integrating second-life EV batteries as a sustainable and scalable solution to strengthen energy security, facilitate the transition to a low-carbon economy, and enhance the resilience of Ukraine's power system. Keywords: second-life batteries integration, backup power, resilience, HV substations, clustering methodology, sustainable development.

Subholagno Mitra, Anil C. Mahato, Abhijit Nag et al.

Energy Storage • 2022

Abstract Intermittency characteristic of renewable energy sources can be resolved using an energy storage technology. The function of the energy storage system is to store the excess energy that is produced from various renewable energy sources during the off‐peak hours and releases the same energy during the peak hours. The energy that is produced from the renewable energy sources can be stored in different forms such as Mechanical, Electrical, Electrochemical, Thermal, Chemical energy etc. Among all these forms of stored energy, a CAES technology under the Mechanical form of energy is the most cost effective for the bulk energy storage purpose. It involves a combined operation of various components such as Compressor/Expander, Gas turbine, combustion chambers, heat exchangers, generator unit, and underground compressed air storage. This article focuses to review the detail of various CAES systems such as D‐CAES, A‐CAES, I‐CAES etc. Additionally, it presents various technologies that are used to improve the energy efficiency and applicability of the CAES system. It is found that a maximum RTE of the C‐CAES, A‐CAES, and I‐CAES are 54%, 71%, and 80%, respectively. In addition, the RTE of the modified CAES systems such as LP‐CAES, PH‐CAES, and SC‐CAES are about 90%, 80%, and 60 to 80%, respectively.

Osamah Siddiqui, Ibrahim Dincer

Energy Storage • 2020

Abstract In the present study, a new ammonia‐based system is developed and investigated as an energy storage option. In this regard, an environmentally benign cyclic synthesis and usage of ammonia is proposed. The proton exchange membrane‐based electrolysis is used for hydrogen generation with cyclic water usage and production. A direct ammonia fuel cell is employed for power generation. The performance of the developed system is investigated through both energetic and exergetic analyses. In addition, different phases of charging and discharging are considered during the energy storage operation. Furthermore, several parametric investigations are conducted to study the effects of changing operating conditions. The energy efficiency of the charging phase is found to be 41.1% and the exergy efficiency is evaluated to be 43.7%. Moreover, the energetic efficiency of the discharging phase is 78.1% while the exergetic efficiency is 73.4%. The overall efficiency of the system considering both charging and discharging phases is evaluated as 32.1%.

Nasrullah Khan, Saad Dilshad, Rashida Khalid et al.

Energy Storage • 2019

Abstract Energy storage and transportation are essential keys to make sure the continuity of energy to the customer. Electric power generation is changing dramatically across the world due to the environmental effects of Greenhouse gases (GHG) produced by fossil fuels. The unpredictable daily and seasonal variations in demand for electrical energy can be tackled by introducing the energy storage systems (ESSs) and hence mitigating the extra GHG emission in the atmosphere. Energy storage techniques can be mechanical, electro‐chemical, chemical, or thermal, and so on. The most popular form of energy storage is hydraulic power plants by using pumped storage and in the form of stored fuel for thermal power plants. The classification of ESSs, their current status, flaws and present trends, are presented in this article. The present state of fossil fuel reserves, their production, consumption, and as a consequence of these the CO 2 emissions are also discussed. The primary energy carriers coal, oil and gas are not evenly distributed along the globe. Long distances are involved in transporting these energy carriers and transportation and delivery of these key resources to the prime customers is always necessary. The different methods to transport the energy from the source end to demand end is also discussed in this article. The assessment of various energy storage methods on the basis of several factors and present status and development of storage and transportation of energy in Pakistan is discussed.

Alberto Boretti

Energy Storage • 2023

Abstract This work aims to review battery‐energy‐storage (BES) to understand whether, given the present and near future limitations, the best approach should be the promotion of multiple technologies, namely support of battery‐electric‐vehicles (BEVs), hybrid thermal electric vehicles (HTEVs), and hydrogen fuel‐cell‐electric‐vehicles (FCEVs), rather than BEVs alone. While battery technologies have dramatically improved especially in the last 25 years, the dismissal of internal‐combustion‐engine‐vehicles (ICEVs) in favor of BEVs has only been the result of an environmental constraint rather than a techno‐economical advantage. BEVs still suffer from techno‐economic disadvantages vs ICEVs and are also less environmentally friendly on a cradle‐to‐grave life‐cycle‐analysis (LCA) than HTEVs which are using hydrocarbon fuels. Simplified plug‐in series HTEVs fitted with a slightly larger battery can work electric over the certification cycles, which are the most common mode of operation of the vehicle. These vehicles can also recharge the battery by using a small, high‐efficiency internal‐combustion‐engine (ICE) driving a generator when plug‐in recharge is impractical. Further improvements in battery technology within the next decade to solid‐state lithium batteries may permit double the specific energy per unit mass ( σ m ) as well as unit volume ( σ v ). This will lead to an increment of the range and the miles‐per‐gallon‐equivalent, in other words, the energy efficiency. The economic and environmental costs of these novel BEVs are still difficult to forecast. Plug‐in HTEVs, fueled with hydrocarbon or even hydrogen fuel, and plug‐in hydrogen FCEVs, may work together with BEVs to cover the different needs of personal mobility by 2030.

Na Liu, Anthony R. Kovscek, Martin A. Fernø et al.

Frontiers in Energy Research • 2023

Hydrogen can be a renewable energy carrier and is suggested to store renewable energy and mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. Subsurface storage of hydrogen in salt caverns, deep saline formations, and depleted oil/gas reservoirs would help to overcome imbalances between supply and demand of renewable energy. Hydrogen, however, is one of the most important electron donors for many subsurface microbial processes, including methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, and acetogenesis. These processes cause hydrogen loss and changes of reservoir properties during geological hydrogen storage operations. Here, we report the results of a typical halophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium growing in a microfluidic pore network saturated with hydrogen gas at 35 bar and 37°C. Test duration is 9 days. We observed a significant loss of H 2 from microbial consumption after 2 days following injection into a microfluidic device. The consumption rate decreased over time as the microbial activity declined in the pore network. The consumption rate is influenced profoundly by the surface area of H 2 bubbles and microbial activity. Microbial growth in the silicon pore network was observed to change the surface wettability from a water-wet to a neutral-wet state. Due to the coupling effect of H 2 consumption by microbes and wettability alteration, the number of disconnected H 2 bubbles in the pore network increased sharply over time. These results may have significant implications for hydrogen recovery and gas injectivity. First, pore-scale experimental results reveal the impacts of subsurface microbial growth on H 2 in storage, which are useful to estimate rapidly the risk of microbial growth during subsurface H 2 storage. Second, microvisual experiments provide critical observations of bubble-liquid interfacial area and reaction rate that are essential to the modeling that is needed to make long-term predictions. Third, results help us to improve the selection criteria for future storage sites.

O. Ibitoye, M. Onibonoje, Joseph O. Dada

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS • 2023

The transition of power generation from fossil fuel to renewable energy is a cutting-edge phase in smart grid research. Renewable energy sources (RES), such as solar, photovoltaic, and wind are gradually overtaking other sources as the most attractive alternative within the power generation and distribution systems across many nations. Reduction in the carbon footprint is a major consideration in the choice of the RES. However, the technical challenges with RES pose a significant barrier to unified integration, even though the high penetration level appears plausible. The challenges are majorly caused by the variability and unpredictability of these sources. It is therefore a stimulating task to efficiently manage the electrical power distribution systems in the face of renewable energy integration. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential of renewable energy integration and the accompanying technical challenges that include power quality issues associated with grid-tied renewable energy (GtRE). The study also recommends techniques capable of mitigating prominent power quality challenges to guarantee seamless renewable energy integration in power systems.

Paneti Anjaneya Vara Prasad, C. Dhanamjayulu

International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems • 2023

Over the years, multi-level inverter (MLI) usage has increased widely for several applications like motor drives, renewable energy source- (RES-) fed grids, and electric vehicles (EVs). In recent scenarios, the development of RES, grids, and EVs is in advanced mode, and this became the reason for innovations in recent MLI topologies. The new topologies have more advantages, unique features, and abilities to meet the advanced requirements. Therefore, these new topologies are preferable for recent applications. In this paper, a detailed review of recent MLI topologies, controllers, and PWM techniques is done by considering some physical aspects as well as some performance aspects. Also, the particular focus is on the MLI topologies, controllers, and PWM techniques for photovoltaic (PV) system-fed grids and microgrids to provide details for selecting the suitable MLI topology and PWM technique for PV systems. The detailed analysis of each topology is discussed for categorizing specific applications along with futuristic expansion aspects. The future research scope on MLI topologies for PV systems is summarized with appropriate comprehensive comparisons along with their unique features over other topologies. Also, the advanced controllers and PWM techniques are also discussed with advantages and their wide range of controlling abilities.

Rui Ma, Yayao Zhang, Ziqian Yang et al.

Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science • 2023

Synchronization stability is one of central problems in power systems, and it is becoming much more complicated with the high penetration of renewable energy and power electronics devices. In this paper, we review recent work by several nonlinear models for renewable-dominated power systems in terms of multiple timescales, in particular, grid-tied converters within the DC voltage timescale. For the simplest model, a second-order differential equations called the generalized swing equation by considering only the phase-locked loop (PLL) is obtained, which shows a similar form with the well-known swing equation for a synchronous generator in the traditional power systems. With more outer controllers included, fourth-order and fifth-order models can be obtained. The fourth-order model is called the extended generalized swing equation, exhibiting the combined function of grid synchronization and active power balance on the DC capacitor. In addition, a nonlinear model for a two coupled converter system is given. Based on these studies, we find that the PLL plays a key role in synchronization stability. In summary, the value of this paper is to clarify the key concept of the synchronization stability in renewable-dominated power systems based on different nonlinear models, which still lacks systematic studies and is controversial in the field of electrical power engineering. Meanwhile, it clearly uncovers that the synchronization stability of converters has its root in the phase synchronization concept in nonlinear sciences.

Nandini K. Krishnamurthy, J. N. Sabhahit, V. Jadoun et al.

Energies • 2023

In this work, a DC microgrid consists of a solar photovoltaic, wind power system and fuel cells as sources interlinked with the utility grid. The appropriate sizing and positioning of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) and renewable energy sources (RESs) are concurrently determined to curtail the negative impact of their placement on the distribution network’s operational parameters. The charging station location problem is presented in a multi-objective context comprising voltage stability, reliability, the power loss (VRP) index and cost as objective functions. RES and EVCS location and capacity are chosen as the objective variables. The objective functions are tested on modified IEEE 33 and 123-bus radial distribution systems. The minimum value of cost obtained is USD 2.0250 × 106 for the proposed case. The minimum value of the VRP index is obtained by innovative scheme 6, i.e., 9.6985 and 17.34 on 33-bus and 123-bus test systems, respectively. The EVCSs on medium- and large-scale networks are optimally placed at bus numbers 2, 19, 20; 16, 43, and 107. There is a substantial rise in the voltage profile and a decline in the VRP index with RESs’ optimal placement at bus numbers 2, 18, 30; 60, 72, and 102. The location and size of an EVCS and RESs are optimized by the modified teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) technique, and the results show the effectiveness of RESs in reducing the VRP index using the proposed algorithm.

Muhammad Asghar Majeed, Sotdhipong Phichisawat, Furqan Asghar et al.

IEEE Access • 2023

Grid-tied microgrids play a crucial role by connecting renewable energy sources to the main power grid, contributing to sustainability and resilience in a balanced and effective manner. However, the dynamic interplay between the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and the volatility of load fluctuations presents a multifaceted array of intricate energy management complexities. This study aims to formulate optimization techniques for energy management systems based on renewable energy resources and standalone diesel systems. The proposed system consists of a wind turbine, a photovoltaic system, a standalone diesel generator, and a battery energy storage system, along with flexible and non-flexible loads tied to the local grid. Battery energy storage acts as a primary backup system, while diesel generators act as a standalone secondary backup system. The performance of the proposed optimization technique is validated using Matlab/Simulink, substantiating its performance and robustness, thus affirming its pragmatic suitability for real-world implementation. A comparison has been made with other optimization techniques and found that the proposed technique gives enhanced efficiency, improved resource allocation, load scheduling, and greater adaptability to varying demand and supply dynamics. Moreover, the proposed system exhibits a superior ability to achieve optimal energy utilization and realize noteworthy cost savings in comparison to the alternatives that underwent evaluation.

Jingyang Fang, Han Deng, N. Tashakor et al.

IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics • 2023

Advances in the fields of renewable generation, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems push forward the research on ac–dc and dc–ac grid-tied power converters. However, the variabilities of power converters create new challenges in modeling and control. Existing state-space models fail to accurately describe various types of grid-tied converters (GTCs), particularly those with grid-supportive services, which are increasingly required by upcoming grid codes. As such, this article first proposes to classify GTCs into four basic types according to their ac and dc characteristics. Subsequently, corresponding detailed state-space models of GTCs are introduced, which serve as a useful tool for stability analysis. On top of that, this article further proposes control implementations of grid-supportive services related to active and reactive power control, including droop, inertia, and oscillation damping. Finally, simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed models and grid-supportive services.

Sudipto Mondal, S. P. Biswas, Md. Rabiul Islam et al.

IEEE Access • 2023

Transformerless grid-connected inverters have attained a lot of research interest in renewable energy interface applications, due to certain promising properties like greater efficiency, light weight, affordable price, and tolerable power density. Among various types of transformerless grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) inverters, multilevel inverters (MLIs) are mostly popular due to their ability to transmit reactive power, small filter size for reducing total harmonic distortion (THD) and their common-ground (CG) configuration to mitigate the detrimental leakage current due to the parasitic capacitances of the PV array. Again, among different types of MLIs for PV systems, switched-capacitor (SC) based multilevel inverter topologies are the burning topic in current decades due to their single source requirements for producing multilevel output voltage. However, for mostly used single-phase five-level inverters, most of the existing SC based topology requires at least two SCs for power conversion. In this paper, a five-level transformerless inverter based on a single SC is proposed, requiring only seven switches, no diode, a single capacitor, and one dc voltage source. The proposed transformerless MLI also has auto-boosting capability. Notably, the number of power switches operating at high frequency is limited to three, which lowers down the switching losses of the inverter. Rather than a new single SC based five-level transformerless inverter topology, a control scheme is also presented to inject a precisely regulated current into the grid that can govern both the active and reactive power support modes. In-depth comparisons between the proposed and cutting-edge MLIs are also provided. All these claims are validated through MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS computer simulation environments. A laboratory-scaled prototype is also built and tested to support the simulated claims further and validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed five-level transformerless inverter topology.

Xilin Li, Zhen Tian, X. Zha et al.

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems • 2024

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy generators, the stability issues of grid-tied converter systems become much more important. However, due to the high nonlinearity and varying damping of converter systems, conventional transient stability analysis methods are not applicable, which may bring to conservativeness or misjudgment on stability assessment. In this paper, the transient stability of grid-tied converter systems with varying damping is investigated to provide stability boundary estimation. Firstly, considering the frequency mutation of the phase-locked loop (PLL) caused by various perturbations, a modified swing equation model of grid-tied converter systems is built, which greatly improves the mathematical model accuracy under transient disturbances. To evaluate the impacts of varying damping and frequency mutation, an iterative equal area criterion (ITEAC) method is proposed with the iterative calculation of the accelerating and decelerating area, which renders stability boundaries with high accuracy. Moreover, the impacts of controller and system parameters on stability boundaries are quantitatively analyzed. Eventually, simulation and hardware-in-loop experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed ITEAC.

Thomas Thangam, Abdul Hameed Hameed Kalifullah

Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies • 2023

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming a popular alternative to gas-powered cars. These cars need “full” batteries to run. Solar-powered chargers are an exciting alternative to grid-based EV charging. These chargers give electric vehicles pollution-free electricity, which benefits the environment. Solar PV is the most popular renewable energy source. This chapter establishes a solar EV charging station, which charges EVs. Bi-directional batteries store photovoltaic (PV) energy for use during power outages. PV overproduction is transferred to the grid for later use. Cascaded interval type 2 fuzzy logic controller (CIT2FLC) boosts voltage using KY converter to track maximum photovoltaic power. To accomplish grid synchronization, a DC voltage is delivered to a grid-connected 1 phase VSI and optimized using a PI controller. During peak hours, EV gets power from the grid via 1 phase VSI, with the KY converter in buck mode. The suggested work ensures uninterrupted charging. The complete structure was tested using MATLAB Simulink and yielded 94.7% efficiency and 3.9% THD.

Muhammet Tahir Guneser, Abdurazaq Elbaz, Cihat Seker

Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies • 2022

Renewable energy systems are spread all over the world due to the security problems encountered in accessing fossil fuels, the desire to reduce the environmental damage and to respond to the rapid increase in energy demand. However, the problems are experienced in renewable energy technologies in sustainable supply and reduction of production costs. Obtaining the optimum power distribution planning between photovoltaic, wind, biomass, and other systems depending on the relevant parameters and optimizing the distribution of energy supply-demand planning among the same sources can be applied as an effective solution by using several single optimization methods or new updated hybrid versions of them. In this chapter, common methods were evaluated and an application of crow and particle swarm as a hybrid method was examined in a certain region of Libya for a PV/wind hybrid renewable power system.

P Sabarinath, S Poorna Chander Rao

Solar Thermal Technologies and Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials for High-Efficiency Electric and Solar Mobility • 2025

The rapid transition toward sustainable transportation has intensified the need for innovative and energy-efficient charging infrastructures for electric vehicles (EVs). This book chapter presents a comprehensive framework for the design and optimization of solar-assisted EV charging stations integrated with thermal energy storage systems. By leveraging solar photovoltaic energy and advanced thermal storage solutions, the proposed model addresses the intermittency of renewable sources while enhancing energy reliability, demand flexibility, and operational sustainability. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT)-based architectures, smart grid functionalities, and data-driven control mechanisms enables real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and adaptive energy management. The chapter explores the role of cybersecurity, blockchain technology, and distributed energy resource management systems (DERMS) in securing and coordinating decentralized charging networks. The synergy between algorithmic intelligence and energy systems fosters an intelligent infrastructure that supports grid resilience, cost efficiency, and environmental goals. This multidisciplinary approach offers valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and engineers in advancing the development of next-generation charging ecosystems. Emphasis is placed on optimizing energy flow, ensuring secure data communication, and enabling seamless interaction between vehicles, users, and the grid, thus contributing to the realization of a sustainable, intelligent, and inclusive mobility future.

Sanjay R. Kumavat, Santoshchand R. Agrawal

Solar Thermal Technologies and Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials for High-Efficiency Electric and Solar Mobility • 2025

The advancement of electric and solar vehicles demands efficient and sustainable thermal management solutions to ensure optimal battery performance, safety, and longevity. This chapter presents a comprehensive exploration of hybrid thermal management systems (HTMS) employing nano-enhanced phase change materials (nano-PCMs) as a next-generation strategy for effective battery cooling. Nano-PCMs combine the latent heat storage capability of traditional PCMs with the superior thermal conductivity of nanomaterials, thereby overcoming the limitations of conventional cooling systems. The integration of passive and active thermal control methods within HTMS is examined, highlighting improved temperature uniformity, accelerated heat dissipation, and enhanced energy efficiency under varying operational conditions. Emphasis is placed on material synthesis, thermophysical characterization, and system-level modeling of nano-PCM-based cooling architectures tailored for electric and solar-powered vehicle platforms. The role of nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal oxides in augmenting the thermal performance of PCMs is analyzed, along with techno-economic considerations and real-time testing data. The chapter also addresses design challenges, environmental impacts, and future research directions in scaling nano-PCM technologies for widespread vehicular deployment. By bridging material innovation with system integration, hybrid thermal management systems present a transformative pathway for advancing battery reliability and sustainability in modern transportation.

T Mohankumar, M Chiranjivi

Solar Thermal Technologies and Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials for High-Efficiency Electric and Solar Mobility • 2025

The transition toward sustainable mobility necessitates intelligent thermal energy management strategies, especially in solar-assisted hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) where fluctuating solar input and dynamic operational loads challenge system efficiency. This chapter presents a comprehensive framework integrating algorithmic intelligence and social pedagogy to optimize thermal energy storage (TES) using nano-enhanced phase change materials (Nano-PCMs). The application of advanced computational techniques—such as genetic algorithms, reinforcement learning, and hybrid optimization models—enables precise control and real-time adaptation of TES performance under variable environmental conditions. The synergistic incorporation of Nano-PCMs significantly enhances the thermal conductivity and energy density of storage systems, supporting efficient heat absorption and release during vehicular operation. The the integration of pedagogical perspectives ensures user-centric design and societal alignment, enhancing both functional reliability and public acceptance. The chapter also explores adaptive thermal regulation strategies based on solar irradiance variability, predictive modeling for battery temperature control, and multi-objective optimization for system efficiency. By bridging material science, artificial intelligence, and behavioral insights, this interdisciplinary approach advances the development of intelligent, energy-resilient transport systems. The proposed framework not only contributes to reducing fossil fuel dependency and greenhouse gas emissions but also establishes a foundation for future research in sustainable vehicular thermal management.

Manish Kumar, Dhana Lakshmi

Solar Thermal Technologies and Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials for High-Efficiency Electric and Solar Mobility • 2025

The enhancement of heat transfer fluids through nanoparticle integration presents a revolutionary advancement in solar thermal energy systems, significantly improving thermal performance and system efficiency. This chapter systematically explores the synthesis, characterization, and application of nanofluids tailored for solar thermal technologies, emphasizing their superior thermal conductivity, stability, and heat capacity compared to conventional fluids. The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) frameworks further enable precise simulation, real-time monitoring, and adaptive control, optimizing energy capture and operational reliability under diverse environmental conditions. Thechapter addresses critical ethical, social, and educational dimensions, advocating for stakeholder engagement, equitable access, and transparent governance to ensure responsible deployment. By bridging nanotechnology, AI, and social pedagogy, this work establishes a comprehensive framework for advancing sustainable solar thermal solutions. The insights provided herein underscore the imperative for interdisciplinary collaboration to overcome technical challenges and promote widespread adoption of these cutting-edge innovations, contributing decisively to the global transition toward renewable energy.

Vikas Kumar Thakur, M.K. Gaur, G.N. Tiwari et al.

Solar Thermal Systems: Thermal Analysis and its Application • 2022

One-third of the Earth is covered by seawater, yet there is a constant lack of water in many places. A total of 97% of the water is present in the sea as salt water, and only 3% of water is potable, out of which only 1% of clean water reaches the people. Therefore, a device is needed that can convert salt water into clean water. Solar still is a sustainable device through which dirty and salt water can be converted into clear water. Due to the low productivity of conventional solar still; it is not popular in the market. Increasing the productivity of conventional solar still is a major challenge for researchers. Researchers are continuously working on the performance of solar still to increase its productivity. The modifications and designs made by researchers in solar still over the last ten years are encapsulated in this chapter. Solar still with PCM, nanoparticles, reflectors, collectors, external condenser, wick materials, and different angles are studied, and applications of distilled water have also been covered in this chapter.

Preeti Pathak, S. K. Shukla

Solar Thermal Technologies and Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials for High-Efficiency Electric and Solar Mobility • 2025

The advancement of solar technologies hinges on the development of smart materials and coatings that optimize solar absorption and thermal conductivity, thereby enhancing overall system efficiency. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with material science presents a transformative framework for accelerating innovation through data-driven design, highthroughput screening, and predictive modeling. This chapter elucidates how AI-driven personalization enables the precise tailoring of material properties to varying environmental and operational conditions, fostering adaptive and high-performance solar energy solutions. Key challenges, including algorithmic bias, data privacy, and regulatory compliance, are critically examined to underscore the importance of ethical governance and social inclusivity in deploying AI-enhanced solar materials. Emphasizing multidisciplinary collaboration, the chapter highlights emerging computational tools and cloud-based platforms that facilitate seamless material discovery and real-world application. By bridging technical advancements with ethical and societal considerations, this comprehensive approach aims to drive equitable and sustainable energy transitions, positioning AI-enabled smart materials as pivotal components in the future of solar energy technologies.

Kristie Tanner, Esther Molina‐Menor, Adriel Latorre‐Pérez et al.

Microbial Biotechnology • 2020

Solar panel surfaces can be colonized by microorganisms adapted to desiccation, temperature fluctuations and solar radiation. Although the taxonomic and functional composition of these communities has been studied, the microbial colonization process remains unclear. In the present work, we have monitored this microbial colonization process during 24 months by performing weekly measurements of the photovoltaic efficiency, carrying out 16S rRNA gene high‐throughput sequencing, and studying the effect of antimicrobial compounds on the composition of the microbial biocenosis. This is the first time a long‐term study of the colonization process of solar panels has been performed, and our results reveal that species richness and biodiversity exhibit seasonal fluctuations and that there is a trend towards an increase or decrease of specialist (solar panel‐adapted) and generalist taxa, respectively. On the former, extremophilic bacterial genera Deinococcus, Hymenobacter and Roseomonas and fungal Neocatenulostroma, Symmetrospora and Sporobolomyces tended to dominate the biocenosis; whereas Lactobacillus sp or Stemphyllium exhibited a decreasing trend. This profile was deeply altered by washing the panels with chemical agents (Virkon), but this did not lead to an increase of the solar panels efficiency. Our results show that solar panels are extreme environments that force the selection of a particular microbial community.

M. A. Guerrero-Rubio, Rosalía López-Llorca, Paula Henarejos-Escudero et al.

Microbial Biotechnology • 2019

The recent interest in plant pigment betalains as bioactive compounds and chemopreventive agents has led to the search for a reliable and scalable process to obtain them. The cloning of the novel and efficient enzyme 4,5‐DOPA‐extradiol dioxygenase from Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus in an expression vector, and the subsequent heterologous expression in Escherichia coli cultures has led to the start‐up of a biotechnological production system of individual pigments. The aim of this study was to search for the optimal conditions for the production of betalamic acid in microbial factories and the scaled‐up obtention of the derived pigments. Four different betaxanthins and two betacyanins were obtained after the addition of non‐transformable amines and amino acids and their condensation with the betalamic acid produced by the dioxygenase. The scaled‐up obtention and purification of betalains improved the yields of the previous methodologies reaching quantities by up to 150 mg of pure compounds.

D. Leger, Silvio Matassa, E. Noor et al.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences • 2021

Significance The cultivation of microbial biomass, which is rich in proteins as well as other nutrients, can play a vital role in achieving food security while mitigating the negative environmental footprint of agriculture. Here, we analyze the efficiency associated with using solar energy for converting atmospheric CO2 derived from direct air capture into microbial biomass that can feed humans and animals. We show that the production of microbial foods outperforms agricultural cultivation of staple crops in terms of caloric and protein yields per land area at all relevant solar irradiance levels. These results suggest that microbial foods could substantially contribute to feeding a growing population and can assist in allocating future limited land resources. Population growth and changes in dietary patterns place an ever-growing pressure on the environment. Feeding the world within sustainable boundaries therefore requires revolutionizing the way we harness natural resources. Microbial biomass can be cultivated to yield protein-rich feed and food supplements, collectively termed single-cell protein (SCP). Yet, we still lack a quantitative comparison between traditional agriculture and photovoltaic-driven SCP systems in terms of land use and energetic efficiency. Here, we analyze the energetic efficiency of harnessing solar energy to produce SCP from air and water. Our model includes photovoltaic electricity generation, direct air capture of carbon dioxide, electrosynthesis of an electron donor and/or carbon source for microbial growth (hydrogen, formate, or methanol), microbial cultivation, and the processing of biomass and proteins. We show that, per unit of land, SCP production can reach an over 10-fold higher protein yield and at least twice the caloric yield compared with any staple crop. Altogether, this quantitative analysis offers an assessment of the future potential of photovoltaic-driven microbial foods to supplement conventional agricultural production and support resource-efficient protein supply on a global scale.

A. McCormick, P. Bombelli, Amanda M. Scott et al.

Energy &amp; Environmental Science • 2011

Microbial fuel cells are an emerging technology for converting organic substrates into electrical power. Recent research has shown that biofilms of some bacterial species are capable of self-mediated extracellular electron transfer. The prospect of exploiting this trait in photoautotrophic microbes that do not require an organic substrate has important implications for the future development of renewable solar energy technologies. Here we report on light-driven electrical power generated with biofilms grown from photosynthetic fresh water or marine species without the addition of an artificial electron-shuttling mediator. Green alga (Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella tertiolecta) or cyanobacteria (Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, Synechococcus sp. WH 5701) strains were grown directly on a transparent, conductive anode (indium tin oxide-coated polyethylene terephthalate) and power generation under light and dark conditions was evaluated using a single-chamber bio-photovoltaic cell (BPV) system. Increased power outputs were observed for all strains upon illumination, with the largest light effect observed for Synechococcus (maximum 10.3 mW m−2 total power output recorded under 10 W m−2 white light). Further experiments conducted with Synechococcus and C. vulgaris showed that photosynthetic oxygen evolution rates were consistent with BPV power outputs under different light regimes (red, green and blue light), indicating a direct link between power output and photosynthetic activity. Biofilm power generation in these BPV devices was self-sustained for several weeks and was highly sensitive to ambient light levels. When connected in series, four BPVs (each 0.011 m2) generated enough power to run a commercial digital clock.