Xing Tian, Hailing Shi, Linfeng Wang et al.

Molecules • 2024

As one of the most critical components in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), commercial polyolefin separators suffer from drawbacks such as poor thermal stability and the inability to inhibit the growth of dendrites, which seriously threaten the safety of LIBs. In this study, we prepared calcium alginate fiber/boron nitride-compliant separators (CA@BN) through paper-making technology and the surface coating method using calcium alginate fiber and boron nitride. The CA@BN had favorable electrolyte wettability, flame retardancy, and thermal dimensional stability of the biomass fiber separator. Meanwhile, the boron nitride coating provided excellent thermal conductivity and mechanical strength for the composite separator, which inhibited the growth of lithium dendrites and enabled lithium-ion symmetric batteries to achieve more than 1000 stable and long cycles at a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2. The interwoven fiber mesh formed by the boron nitride coating and the calcium alginate provided multiple pathways for ion migration, which enhanced the storage capacity of the electrolyte, improved the interfacial compatibility between the separator and the electrode, widened the window of electrochemical stability, and enhanced ionic migration. This eco-friendly bio-based separator paves a new insight for the design of heat-resistance separators as well as the safe running of LIBs.

Ridhwan Haliq, I Komang Yudith Aryaditya Prawira, Andi Idhil Ismail

Defect and Diffusion Forum • 2022

Coffee is a caffeinated beverage that is well known worldwide and its existence continues to grow. Only 10% of coffee is consumed and the rest become spent coffee grounds, previous research has shown that spent coffee grounds can be used as bio-absorbent, bio-diesel and bio-battery. In this study, we will synthesize bio-batteries made from spent coffee ground. This research will treat spent coffee grounds with hydrochloric acid (HCl) at a dilution concentration of 30%, 50%, and 70%, and dried at a temperature of 200°C; 300°C; and 400°C. The result indicated that the variation a HCL dissolution variation of 50% (with combination of all variation of drying) lasted up to 52 days with a maximum power of 0.024 W. Characterization using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) at variation of 300°C,50% shows peak at 2θ = 28.92°, other variation shows 2θ = 28.32° (200°C,50%), and 2θ = 28.68° (400°C,50%). Morphology of the spent coffee ground (300°C,50%) observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) EDX, it shows that the structure is in the form of fused flakes like carbon with visible porosity. From these data, spent coffee grounds with treatment of HCl could be considered to be the next-generation electrolyte for batteries in the future.

Himanshi Jangir, Mainak Das

Scientific Reports • 2022

Abstract Water vapor increases the electrical conductivity of silk cocoons, human hair, jute, and corn silk. This phenomenon is unclear. In the present study, XPS analysis of cocoons showed that water vapor reduces the surface presence of low-energy carbon species (C–C, C–H). In contrast, electron-dense, high-energy carbon species (C–N, C=C, C=O) remained unchanged, possibly enhancing surface charge hopping. While water vapor improves the conduction, the deficiency of charge carrier diminishes the effect. We increase the charge carrier by soaking the cocoon in an aqueous solution of common salt (NaCl) to amplify the current. Salt treatment followed by 2-min exposure to water vapor results in a sharp upward spike in the current (3.6 ± 1.07 mA, n = 12; mean ± SE) from the baseline (0.06 ± 0.02 mA, n = 12). After 1 h, it maintains an average value of 0.39 ± 0.12 mA; n = 12, indicating an upward shift in the baseline. Every time the cocoon charges with water vapor, the next charging cycle initiates after the cocoon dries up. Inspired by the cocoon ecology, we demonstrate an alternating 'water vapor–dry air' cycle for rapid charging and discharging of the cocoon battery. Finally, we designed a prototype of a self-lighting kettle and water–vapor panels for futuristic homes using a 'brine-silk cocoon protein bio-battery,' where moist waste heat generates electricity.

K. M. Jain, Susamma Abraham, Anuj Hundet

Japanese Journal of Applied Physics • 1988

The ability of vitamin A acetate to form charge-transfer (CT)-complexes in the solid state with electron acceptors has been exploited for the direct conversion if chemical energy into electrical energy. The electrochemical cell devised for this purpose has the configuration zinc/CT complex/Pt or graphite. An open-circuit voltage of 1.08 V and short-circuit current densities of up to 5 mA/cm 2 were found at room temperature. The current-voltage and discharge characteristics gave a maximum power density of 4.0 W/kg and a useful energy density of 17 W·h/kg, respectively. The battery was found to be useful in operating various low-power-consuming electronic circuits.

Riswanti Sigalingging, Yohana Sitorus

Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering • 2024

Organic vegetable and fruit waste may be used for green energy. Electrolyte-rich fruits can be used to make pollution-free bio-batteries. This study measures fermentation temperature and environment, pH before and after fermentation, electrical voltage, current, power, resistance, and energy in starfruit (Averrhoa carambola), mango (Mangifera indica), and strawberry (Fragaria) waste for 8, 10, and 12 days. A fully randomized factorial design was used for the experiment. The investigation concluded that 8-day strawberry waste fermentation was the optimum treatment. Temperature after fermentation was 28°C, ambient temperature was 29°C, pH before fermentation was 4, after fermentation was 3.2, voltage was 2.97 volts, current was 3.65 mA, power was 10.84 mW, resistance was 1,297 Ohm, and electrical energy was 73.32 mWh.

Ishak Pawarangan, Wilson Jefriyanto

BULETIN FISIKA • 2021

Principally, renewable energy technology produces energy by converting natural resources into useful forms of energy. Bio-battery is an alternative natural energy source that utilizes nanoparticles from plants to generate electricity. In this study, coffee grounds were used as an electrolyte paste to produce bio-battery. This study aims to determine the potential use of spent coffee grounds as an electrolyte paste. Furthermore, the analysis of the composition of the best coffee grounds to produce the optimum current and the level of effectiveness of the bio-battery in terms of the current value. To determine whether there is an effect of coffee grounds concentration on the resulting current, a series of experiments were carried out to determine the best composition between the type and concentration of coffee grounds. Characterization of the device produces a maximum voltage of 1.11 ± 0.09 V and a power of 0.25 mW. The combination of series and parallel needs to be developed to achieve higher circuit voltages and power.

Denis Kornilov, Tirupathi Rao Penki, Andrey Cheglakov et al.

Battery Energy • 2022

Abstract A novel type of Li/graphene oxide (Li/GO) battery based on a spontaneous redox reaction between Li metal and GO cathode is introduced as an alternative viable primary battery system. Here, we present an efficient synthesis of GO by the modified Hummers method and focus on a comprehensive study of the reduction mechanism. The Li/GO battery was thoroughly analyzed by various physical and electrochemical methods. GO rich in oxygen‐bearing functional groups on graphene layers provided lithium storage sites and delivered a high discharge capacity of around 720 mAh/g at 12 mA/g. Products formed on the surface during reduction were analyzed, and a mechanism was proposed. The results uncovered the reasons underlying the improved electrochemical properties and the contribution of the irreversible capacity of reduced GO in graphene‐based composite electrode materials for metal‐ion batteries. The Li/GO concept is expected to shed light on the design of similar M/GO batteries based on other active metal anodes (e.g., M = Na, Mg, Al, Zn).

Maria Ulfa, Inda Noviani, Emmy Yuanita et al.

Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA • 2023

Many studies have been conducted and developed on cellulose-based battery separator materials, including bacterial cellulose, which has characteristics like plant cellulose. This research aims to synthesize BC/Al2O3 composite and analyze its potential as a battery separator. The synthesis of the composite with the ex-situ method is to immerse BC from tofu liquid waste (fermentation time variation of 6, 7, and 8 days) into Al2O3 suspension. The characterization results showed that the immersion of Al2O3 in BC can increase porosity, electrolyte absorption, and conductivity, indicating that the composite has the potential to be used as a battery separator.

Jiajun Zhao, Yin Chen, Yan Gong et al.

Batteries • 2024

Although phase change materials (PCMs) exhibit effective performance in the thermal management of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), their development is limited by low thermal conductivity and susceptibility to leakage during the solid–liquid phase transition. To address these challenges and enhance thermal management capabilities, this study introduces a novel composite phase change material (CPCM) synthesized by physically mixing paraffin (PA), expanded graphite (EG), and bacterial cellulose (BC). The thermal performance of CPCMs with varying BC proportions is evaluated, and their impact on temperature control in battery thermal management systems (BTMS) is assessed. The results show that the addition of EG and BC significantly improves the thermal conductivity of the CPCM, reaching a value of 1.39 W·m−1·K−1. This also enhances the uniformity of temperature distribution within the battery module and reduces CPCM leakage. By comparing temperature variations within the battery module under different operating conditions, it was found that the intricate network structure of the CPCM promotes uniform temperature distribution, effectively mitigating temperature rise. Consequently, the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference within the battery module were maintained below 47 °C and 4 °C, respectively. Compared to a system without phase change material at a 3C discharge rate, the maximum cell temperature, maximum module temperature, and maximum temperature difference were reduced by 32.38%, 26.92%, and 34.94%, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of BTMS.

Xiangjun Wang, Yongqing Chi, Peng Wu et al.

Crystals • 2022

In this paper, CoFe2O4@pyrolyzed bacterial cellulose (CFO@PBC) nanocomposites were synthesized by a hydrothermal process and an in situ composite technique as the cathode for rechargeable Li-O2 batteries (LOB). CoFe2O4@Ketjenblack (CFO@KB) were prepared in the same way as the comparison. The as-prepared materials were characterized by SEM, XRD, and BET. The LOB with CFO@PBC-3 showed a maximum initial discharge capacity of 2660 mAh g−1 (electrode) at the current density of 100 mAg−1, while the mass ratio of CoFe2O4 and pyrolyzed bacterial cellulose was 3. The cyclic voltammetry of the CFO@PBC nanocomposite electrodes was investigated at 0.1 mVs−1 in the voltage window of 2.0–4.5 V. With the limited capacity of 640 mAh g−1 (electrode), the CFO@PBC-3 electrode showed the best cycle stability and higher cutoff voltage of discharging. The pyrolyzed bacterial cellulose, as the fibrous 3D backbone in CFO@PBC nanocomposite electrodes, produced better results than the CFO@KB.

Qiumei Huang, Chuanshan Zhao

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science • 2021

Abstract Separator plays a major role in lithium-ion batteries. For conventional polyolefin separators, low porosity is a serious problem, which will affect the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries. In this work, we prepared membranes with different porosities by controlling the amount of oxidant in the Tempo oxidation process. 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidation bacterial cellulose (TOBC8) separator exhibits suitable porosity (65%), excellent wettability, high lithium ion conductivity (0.388 mS cm−1), and outstanding cycle stability.

JR Scully, HP Hack

Galvanic Corrosion • 1988

Galvanic corrosion predictions for heat exchanger tube/tubesheet galvanic couples are presented and discussed. The predictions were performed using finite element analysis using two programs, WECAN and MARC, and by Wagner number analysis under conditions of secondary and tertiary current distribution. Long-term electrochemical potentiostatic polarization data generated over 120 days in natural seawater were used to account for time effects. Results of the predictions are presented in the form of potential and galvanic current density as a function of distance from the tubesheet along the tube axis. Seawater exposures of some tube/tubesheet material combinations were performed to compare with the predictions. These exposures used segmented tubes connected in series through the use of zero resistance ammeters. Material combinations exposed included a Monel Alloy 400 tubesheet coupled to a 90-10 copper-nickel tube, a 90-10 copper-nickel tube coupled to a zinc anode at the position of the tubesheet, and a nickel-aluminum-bronze tubesheet coupled to an Alloy 625 tube. Tube/tubesheet data obtained from the literature were also compared to predictions. This study is directed towards determining not only the degree of accuracy of the predictions from the finite element and Wagner number analysis techniques, but also the sensitivity of the analyses to small changes in the electrochemical data used to obtain the predictions. The feasibility of these two analysis techniques for accurate qualitative as well as quantitative galvanic corrosion prediction for the tube/tubesheet configuration is discussed.

YH Yau, MA Streicher

Galvanic Corrosion • 1988

The effect on corrosion of composition and microstructure in a series of Fe-Cr-10% Ni alloys with increasing chromium content has been investigated in reducing acids. In the range of 25 to 35% chromium there is a wide variation in the relative amounts of ferrite and austenite. In reducing acids (H2SO4 and HCl) there is preferential attack on the ferrite phases. However, the rate of attack on ferrite is considerably greater than expected on the basis of its chromium and nickel contents alone. This is because corrosion on the ferrite phase is significantly increased by galvanic action with the austenite in the microstructure. This galvanic effect is a function of the relative surface areas of the ferrite (anode) and the austenite (cathode). Previous investigators have derived equations for the effect of relative surface areas of anodes and cathodes on galvanic corrosion of two dissimilar metals in the form of parallel sheets of constant composition. However, in the alloys of this investigation there are simultaneous changes, not only in the areas of ferrite and austenite, but also in the compositions of these two phases. In the analysis of the data on the Fe-Cr-10% Ni alloys, the mathematical treatment developed for relative areas with constant compositions has been used to separate this factor from that of the varying composition of ferrite and austenite. The results may contribute to an understanding of the action of duplex microstructures in castings, weldmetal, and duplex stainless steels when these are exposed to reducing acids during pickling and plant service.

Qi Zhang, Zheng Liang, Xiaotao Guan et al.

Frontiers in Environmental Science • 2022

The application of iron–carbon microbial cell activated sludge (ICMC-AS) was carried out in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) processor to treat wastewater from an integrated railway station. Results showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies of the original MBR processor increased from 80%, 30%, and 10% to 92%, 93.5%, and 92%, respectively. Further research showed that the combined sewage treatment system also had a strong impact resistance ability. The combined sewage treatment system ran stably when the COD, TN, and TP concentrations changed greatly. The in-depth analysis of the reaction process and reaction rate of the combined sewage treatment system revealed that the combined system is dominated by COD removal with high nitrogen removal efficiency. The removal rate constants of various pollutants were in the order: K COD (0.647 ± 0.017) > K N O 3 − − N (0.416 ± 0.044) > K N H 4 + − N (0.275 ± 0.014) > K TN (0.258 ± 0.083). Calculations of the energy saving and carbon emission reduction of the combined system showed that the system’s annual carbon emission reduction could reach more than 388,203.55 kg CO 2 e, which remarkably improves the carbon emission reduction effect and obtains a good green effect. The results indicate that adding ICMC-AS to the MBR processor for combined wastewater treatment can substantially improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment and obtain better energy-saving and emission-reducing effects. This combined application provides an effective way for the transformation and upgrading of small- and medium-scale water treatment systems.

Humberto Garcia-Arellano, Miguel Alcalde, Antonio Ballesteros

Microbial Cell Factories • 2004

Abstract Industrial development may result in the increase of environmental risks. The enzymatic transformation of polluting compounds to less toxic or even innocuous products is an alternative to their complete removal. In this regard, a number of different redox enzymes are able to transform a wide variety of toxic pollutants, such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, azo dyes, heavy metals, etc. Here, novel information on chromate reductases, enzymes that carry out the reduction of highly toxic Cr(VI) to the less toxic insoluble Cr(III), is discussed. In addition, the properties and application of bacterial and eukaryotic proteins (lignin-modifying enzymes, peroxidases and cytochromes) useful in environmental enzymology is also discussed.

Kenneth H. Williams, Susan S. Hubbard, Jillian F. Banfield

Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences • 2007

We have evaluated the usefulness of the self‐potential (SP) geophysical method to track the onset and location of microbial sulfate‐reduction in saturated sediments during organic carbon amendment. Following stimulation of sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) by addition of lactate, anomalous voltages exceeding 600 mV correlated in space and time with the accumulation of dissolved sulfide. Abiotic experiments in which the sulfide concentration at the measurement electrode was systematically varied showed a positive correlation between the magnitude of the SP anomaly and differences in the half‐cell potential associated with the measurement and reference electrodes. Thus, we infer that the SP anomalies resulted from electrochemical differences that developed between sulfide‐rich regions and areas having higher oxidation potential. In neither experiment did generation of an SP anomaly require the presence of an in situ electronic conductor, as is required by other models. These findings emphasize the importance of incorporation of electrochemical effects at electrode surfaces in interpretation of SP data from geophysical studies. We conclude that SP measurements provide a minimally invasive means for monitoring stimulated sulfate‐reduction within saturated sediments.

GA Gehring

Galvanic Corrosion • 1988

The use of dissimilar metal construction in power plant condensers is a common practice. It is not unusual to encounter condensers fabricated with stainless steel or titanium tubes, copper alloy tubesheets, and cast iron or carbon steel waterboxes. Furthermore, condensers initially furnished with copper alloy tubes and copper alloy tubesheets are frequently being retubed with stainless steel or titanium tubes. In several instances, the use of dissimilar alloys in power plant condensers has led to severe galvanic corrosion, particularly of the tubesheet. The primary factors affecting galvanic corrosion in a condenser include the electrochemical characteristics (that is, potential and polarization) of the different alloys, the effective area relationships of the different alloys, and the specific characteristics of the cooling water (for example, conductivity, temperature, and so forth). A number of studies have been conducted to develop a better understanding of the relative influence and the interrelationship of these various factors. These studies, conducted under simulated condenser flow conditions, have shown that (1) the length of tube involved in a tubesheet/tube galvanic cell can extend beyond 6 m down the tube, depending on the tube alloy and water salinity; (2) the use of either titanium or stainless steel tubes with a copper alloy tubesheet can result in significant galvanic corrosion of the tubesheet; (3) galvanically coupling a Muntz metal tubesheet to either stainless steel or titanium can cause severe dezincification of the tubesheet; (4) the intensity of galvanic attack will tend to diminish as the salinity of the cooling water decreases; (5) the intensity of the galvanic attack will tend to diminish as the cooling water temperature decreases; (6) certain copper alloy tubesheets may be galvanically compatible with either stainless steel or titanium tubes if the cooling water salinity or temperature is sufficiently low; (7) as a tubesheet alloy coupled to either stainless steel or titanium tubes, aluminum bronze (Alloy D) is significantly less susceptible to galvanic attack than Muntz metal; (8) cathodic protection properly implemented can effectively mitigate galvanic attack of copper alloy tubesheets caused by more noble alloy tubes, and (9) the cathodic protection current required to mitigate galvanic corrosion will be greater in higher salinity, higher temperature cooling water.

JW Oldfield

Galvanic Corrosion • 1988

Galvanic corrosion can be defined simply as that corrosion that occurs as a result of one metal being in electrical contact with another in a conducting corrosive environment. The corrosion is stimulated by the potential difference that exists between the two metals, the more noble material acting as a cathode where some oxidizing species is reduced, the more active metal, which corrodes, acting as the anode. To fully understand this process it is first necessary to understand the basic thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical reactions. These are considered with particular reference to exchange current densities and the factors that control them, linear and Tafel kinetics, concentration and mass transfer effects, and mixed potential theory. The practical side of galvanic corrosion and its relationship to electrochemical parameters is considered with particular reference to the most important cathodic processes, that is, oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution, as they occur on engineering materials, for example, steel, stainless steel, copper base alloys, and so forth and to the general form of the anodic processes that occur. Finally the use of galvanic series as a predictive tool is discussed. In addition methods used to model galvanic situations with the aim of predicting corrosion are briefly mentioned and their advantages and limitations outlined.

Nurettin ÇEK

Turkish Journal of Engineering • 2018

Detection and control of galvanic corrosion is a critical aspect of engineering for the chemical processes used in the fabrication of metals, alloys and materials industry. Galvanic corrosion can occur when two metals having different status in the electrochemical ambient are configured in mutual interaction within the galvanic cell structure and are exposed to the ion conducting electrolyte. In this study, ion-containing water was used as an electrolyte, the zinc as the anode electrode, copper as the cathode was used as an electrode, and a galvanic cell was fabricated. The formation of corrosion products with time on zinc anode reduced the voltage and current in galvanic cell considerable and anode film layer of considerable increase. Time-dependent experiments have provided good sources of information about the performance of the zinc anode electrode and the copper cathode electrode in the galvanic cell.

Giacomo Spisni, Giulia Massaglia, Candido Fabrizio Pirri et al.

Preprints.org • 2023

In this work, we describe the optimization of carbon-based electrodes employed in Bio-Electrochemical Systems (BES) by the deposition on commercial carbon paper electrodes of nanostructured layers of poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxy-thiophene) poly(styrene-sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) via Ultrasonic Spray Coating (USC). This innovative application of USC allowed us to demon-strate that uniform and controlled depositions of PEDOT:PSS can be successfully obtained on car-bon-based electrodes. We characterized the morphology and verified the spatial uniformity of depositions via scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical charac-terizations on fabricated electrodes demonstrated a more than two-fold increase in electrochemi-cal active surface area with respect to bare carbon paper. A lab-scale experiments on BES was performed selecting Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) as the reference devices. Devices featuring USC-deposited PEDOT:PSS electrodes showed a three-fold higher Energy recovery with respect to con-trol cells, reaching a maximum value of (13 ± 2) J·m−3. Furthermore, the optimal PEDOT:PSS con-centration for the MFCs improvement is in line with the values reported in the literature for other deposition methods. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that USC is a promising technique for application in BES.

Kevin C. Honeychurch, Martina Piano

Biosensors • 2018

In recent years, great progress has been made in the development of sensors and biosensors to meet the demands of environmental and food analysis. In this Special Issue, the state of art and the future trends in the field of environmental and food analyses have been explored. A total of seven papers (three research and four review papers) are included. These are focused on the fabrication and detection of contaminates such as heavy metals, pesticides and food components, including uric acid and 3-hydroxybutyrate. Included in this Issue is a paper dedicated to the experimental determination of the electroactive area of screen-printed electrodes, an important parameter in the development of such sensors.

Hemanth Kumar Tanneru, Resmi Suresh, Aravind Vyas Ramanan et al.

TECHNOLOGY • 2016

A simple first-principles mathematical model is developed to predict the performance of a micro photosynthetic power cell ([Formula: see text]PSC), an electrochemical device which generates electricity by harnessing electrons from photosynthesis in the presence of light. A lumped parameter approach is used to develop a model in which the electrochemical kinetic rate constants and diffusion effects are lumped into a single characteristic rate constant [Formula: see text]. A non-parametric estimation of [Formula: see text] for the [Formula: see text]PSC is performed by minimizing the sum square errors (SSE) between the experimental and model predicted current and voltages. The developed model is validated by comparing the model predicted [Formula: see text] characteristics with experimental data not used in the parameter estimation. Sensitivity analysis of the design parameters and the operational parameters reveal interesting insights for performance enhancement. Analysis of the model also suggests that there are two different operating regimes that are observed in this [Formula: see text]PSC. This modeling approach can be used in other designs of [Formula: see text]PSCs for performance enhancement studies.

Wassila Sefari, Ali Zazoua, Helim Rabiaa et al.

Journal of The Electrochemical Society • 2024

Bisphenol A is a widely used endocrine disruptor known for its toxicity and prevalence in the environment. It contaminates drinking water, especially when plastic bottles are exposed to Sunlight. Rapid, on-site detection of BPA in drinking water is crucial for protecting human health and the environment. Herein, we developed an electrochemical sensor for detecting and monitoring bisphenol A in water bodies utilizing biobased materials. The device uses a biopolymeric membrane with agarose and gelified green tea tannins (GT/Agar). A sensitive part was made using this natural composite due to its high ability to attach bisphenol A to tannin monomers. Green tea tannins were purified and characterized through HPLC, FTIR, SEM, and AFM. The electrochemical activity of the GT-Agar/Au sensor is also evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and scan rate. Based on its redox signal under the optimal experimental conditions, this sensor has a detection range of 10 −16 M to 10 −4 M, a limit of detection of 1.52 to 10 −17 M and very high selectivity. The proposed sensor successfully determined BPA levels from ultra-trace concentrations in bottled water samples, achieving satisfactory recovery rates. Compared to the results obtained using HPLC, it demonstrates high reliability.

Amal Elleuch, Kamel Halouani, Yongdan Li

Energy Technology • 2019

Abstract In this paper, we propose the first demonstration of the flexibility of operating directly Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT‐SOFC) with liquid biofuels for sustainable clean power generation. Biofuel used in this part is prepared through an upgrading process of bio‐oil obtained from olive mill wastewater sludge detailed in part 1 and demonstrated a successful improvement in physicochemical properties. Cell electrochemical polarization behavior, stability and internal decomposition of upgraded bio‐oil over the Ni‐SDC anode at different operating conditions such as temperatures and feed flow rates were deeply investigated. Results showed that IT‐SOFC is able to convert the upgraded bio‐oil to electricity at viable power densities (230 mW cm −2 at 750 °C) which is majorly related to the production of reactive fuels (H 2 , CO, CH 4 ) from upgraded bio‐oil cracking over Ni‐based catalyst. Several side reactions may also occur over anode. Reverse Boudouard reaction is the main reaction reducing deposits as it forms. Bio‐oil upgrading leads to a promising stability with limited carbon deposits (1.35 wt %) at 750 °C.

Fiza Noor Zahara, J. Keshavayya, Chethan Krishnamurthy et al.

Luminescence • 2024

ABSTRACT The fluorescent materials have sparked a lot of research interests due to their unique electronic, optical and chemical characteristics. Here, we are intended to present a simple and facile synthesis of novel orange emitting thiazole‐pyridone fluorescent tag (TPFT) by a simple diazo coupling reaction and the structural elucidation was carried out by IR, NMR ( 1 H and 13 C), UV–Vis, photoluminescence and HR‐MS spectrometry. The solvatochromic behaviour of the TPFT offered crucial information about the formation of hydrazone and azo tautomeric forms. The DFT simulations are computed to calculate HOMO‐LUMO energy gap (3.028 eV) of TPFT along with MEP and RDG analyses. Comprehensive LFP visualization is revealed under both normal and UV light conditions (365 nm). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to analyse the electrochemical behaviour of the TPFT‐modified glassy carbon electrode (MGCE) and exhibited a lower detection limit of 7.89 × 10 −8 M (S/ N = 3) with a linear range of 0.5–8.0 μM for DA detection. The live‐cell imaging study of TPFT showed a strong blue emission at 453 nm, which generally indicates the existence of fluorescence stability.

Jana Klein, Siegfried R. Waldvogel

ChemSusChem • 2023

Abstract A sustainable electrochemical pathway for degradation and thermal treatment of technical lignosulfonate is presented. This approach is an opportunity to produce remarkable quantities of low molecular weight compounds, such as vanillin and acetovanillone. For the electrochemical degradation, a simple two‐electrode arrangement in aqueous media is used, which is also easily scalable. The oxidation of the biopolymer occurs at the anode whereas hydrogen is evolved at the cathode. The subsequent thermal treatment supports the degradation of the robust chemical structure of lignosulfonates. With optimized electrolytic conditions, vanillin could be obtained in 9.7 wt% relative to the dry mass of lignosulfonate used. Aside from vanillin, by‐products such as acetovanillone or vanillic acid were observed in lower yields. A new and reliable one‐pot, two‐step degradation of different technically relevant lignosulfonates is established with the advantages of using electrons as an oxidizing agent, which results in low quantities of reagent waste.

Abanti Shama Afroz, Donato Romano, Francesco Inglese et al.

Applied Sciences • 2021

Sustainable, green energy harvesting has gained a considerable amount of attention over the last few decades and within its vast field of resources, bio-energy harvesters have become promising. These bio-energy harvesters appear in a wide variety and function either by directly generating energy with mechanisms similar to living organisms or indirectly by extracting energy from living organisms. Presently this new generation of energy harvesters is fueling various low-power electronic devices while being extensively researched for large-scale applications. In this review we concentrate on recent progresses of the three promising bio-energy harvesters: microbial fuel cells, enzyme-based fuel cells and biomechanical energy harvesters. All three of these technologies are already extensively being used in small-scale applications. While microbial fuel cells hold immense potential in industrial-scale energy production, both enzyme-based fuel cells and biomechanical energy harvesters show promises of becoming independent and natural power sources for wearable and implantable devices for many living organisms including humans. Herein, we summarize the basic principles of these bio-energy harvesting technologies, outline their recent advancements and estimate the near future research trends.

Amro Hassanein, Freddy Witarsa, Stephanie Lansing et al.

Sustainability • 2020

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a biological-based technology that generates methane-enriched biogas. A microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) uses electricity to initiate bacterial oxidization of organic matter to produce hydrogen. This study determined the effect of energy production and waste treatment when using dairy manure in a combined AD and MEC (AD-MEC) system compared to AD without MEC (AD-only). In the AD-MEC system, a single chamber MEC (150 mL) was placed inside a 10 L digester on day 20 of the digestion process and run for 272 h (11 days) to determine residual treatment and energy capacity with an MEC included. Cumulative H2 and CH4 production in the AD-MEC (2.43 L H2 and 23.6 L CH4) was higher than AD-only (0.00 L H2 and 10.9 L CH4). Hydrogen concentration during the first 24 h of MEC introduction constituted 20% of the produced biogas, after which time the H2 decreased as the CH4 concentration increased from 50% to 63%. The efficiency of electrical energy recovery (ηE) in the MEC was 73% (ηE min.) to 324% (ηE max.), with an average increase of 170% in total energy compared to AD-only. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was higher in the AD-MEC (7.09 kJ/g COD removed) system compared to AD-only (6.19 kJ/g COD removed). This study showed that adding an MEC during the digestion process could increase overall energy production and organic removal from dairy manure.

Yaniv Shlosberg, Vera Brekhman, Tamar Lotan et al.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences • 2022

In recent years, extensive efforts have been made to develop clean energy technologies to replace fossil fuels to assist the struggle against climate change. One approach is to exploit the ability of bacteria and photosynthetic organisms to conduct external electron transport for electricity production in bio-electrochemical cells. In this work, we first show that the sea anemones Nematostella vectensis and eggs of Artemia (brine shrimp) secrete redox-active molecules that can reduce the electron acceptor Cytochrome C. We applied 2D fluorescence spectroscopy and identified NADH or NADPH as secreted species. Finally, we broaden the scope of living organisms that can be integrated with a bio-electrochemical cell to the sea anemones group, showing for the first time that Nematostella and eggs of Artemia can produce electrical current when integrated into a bio-electrochemical cell.

Xin-Li Du, Zhenhua Zhang, Xiaodi Zheng et al.

Nature Communications • 2020

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is critically involved in a variety of biological processes. Electrochemical sensing offers potential to develop more effective technology for EMT detection. In this study, by using the unique performance of quantum dot (QD)-nanocomposite materials, we establish an electrochemical biosensor that can specifically detect the change of E-cadherin and analyze different stages of EMT. The signal for EMT is largely magnified due to the transmission of molecular information to the electronic device. In addition, differential pulse voltammetry reveals that the response of the electrochemical signals is rapid and sensitive, due to the synergistic effect of QDs and carbon nanotube-gold nanoparticles. Our study thus suggests that electrochemical sensing is an effective technology for detecting EMT and may have broad applications in analyzing various cell type transitions. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a key role in embryonic development, wound healing and cancer. Here the authors develop an electrochemical sensor to detect EMT using E-cadherin antibody-quantum dot conjugates and a carbon nanotube-gold nanoparticle-modified electrode as a detection platform.

Wenhui Ji, Xiao Tang, Wei Du et al.

Chemical Society Reviews • 2021

This review highlights the biological importance of mitochondrial energy metabolism and the applications of multiple optical/electrochemical approaches to determine energy metabolites. Mitochondria, the main sites of oxidative phosphorylation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) biosynthesis, provide the majority of energy required by aerobic cells for maintaining their physiological activity. They also participate in cell growth, differentiation, information transmission, and apoptosis. Multiple mitochondrial diseases, caused by internal or external factors, including oxidative stress, intense fluctuations of the ionic concentration, abnormal oxidative phosphorylation, changes in electron transport chain complex enzymes and mutations in mitochondrial DNA, can occur during mitochondrial energy metabolism. Therefore, developing accurate, sensitive, and specific methods for the in vivo and in vitro detection of mitochondrial energy metabolites is of great importance. In this review, we summarise the mitochondrial structure, functions, and crucial energy metabolic signalling pathways. The mechanism and applications of different optical/electrochemical methods are thoroughly reviewed. Finally, future research directions and challenges are proposed.

Tailin Xu, Nikki Scafa, Li‐Ping Xu et al.

Electroanalysis • 2014

Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in physiological processes and it has been confirmed some human diseases are related to its biological function. Electrochemical sensors provide an efficient way to explore the NO function in biological processes. This review details different kinds of electrochemical sensors used for NO concentration detection between 2008 and 2013 together with their application in biological samples. Four commonly used electrodes and different assisted analysis membranes used for contributions towards the development of the novel sensors were summarized. Electrochemical sensors employed to measure NO concentration in a single cell, cell culture, tissue homogenate, organ, in vivo, human being, as well as in plant were also detailed. The trends of developing novel NO sensors were outlooked in the last part.

N. Ktari, P. Poncet, H. Sénéchal et al.

Langmuir • 2010

Polystyrene surfaces may be patterned by Ag(II), NO(3)(•), and OH(•) electrogenerated at the tip of a scanning electrochemical microscope. These electrogenerated reagents lead to local surface oxidation of the polymer. The most efficient surface treatment is obtained with Ag(II). The patterns are evidenced by XPS and IR and also by the surface wettability contrast between the hydrophobic virgin surface and the hydrophilic pattern. Such Ag(II) treatment of a polystyrene Petri dish generates discriminative surfaces able to promote or disfavor the adhesion of proteins and also the adhesion and growth of adherent cells. The process is also successfully applied to a cyclo-olefin copolymer and should be suitable to pattern any hydrogenated polymer.

Jun Wang, Chengxiong Wu, N. Hu et al.

Biosensors • 2012

Cellular biochemical parameters can be used to reveal the physiological and functional information of various cells. Due to demonstrated high accuracy and non-invasiveness, electrochemical detection methods have been used for cell-based investigation. When combined with improved biosensor design and advanced measurement systems, the on-line biochemical analysis of living cells in vitro has been applied for biological mechanism study, drug screening and even environmental monitoring. In recent decades, new types of miniaturized electrochemical biosensor are emerging with the development of microfabrication technology. This review aims to give an overview of the microfabricated electrochemical cell-based biosensors, such as microelectrode arrays (MEA), the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) technique, and the light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS). The details in their working principles, measurement systems, and applications in cell monitoring are covered. Driven by the need for high throughput and multi-parameter detection proposed by biomedicine, the development trends of electrochemical cell-based biosensors are also introduced, including newly developed integrated biosensors, and the application of nanotechnology and microfluidic technology.

Yuan Li, Chao Yu

Journal of Nanomaterials • 2016

A novel nanointerface of graphene oxide-doped polypyrrole (GO/PPy) is prepared on the surface of an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode for electrochemical impedance detection of cell adhesion and proliferation through a facile one-step electropolymerization. The prepared GO/PPy nanocomposite had a robust surface and provided a biocompatible substrate for A549 cells adhesion and proliferation. The adhesion and proliferation of A549 cells on the surface of the GO/PPy modified ITO electrode directly increased the electron transfer resistance of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox probe and influenced the impedance properties of the GO/PPy modified ITO electrode system. Based on these results, the adhesion and proliferation of A549 cells could be detected by electrochemical impedance technology using two approaches. Therefore, the present paper confirms that the GO/PPy nanocomposite film provides an excellent biological-electrical interface for cell immobilization and offers advantages of simple, low-cost fabrication and multiparameter detection and possesses potential application in cytological studies.

Li-Ping Yan, Ming-Yong Wen, Yu Qin et al.

Angewandte Chemie International Edition • 2022

Many cells in vivo have their inherent motions, which involve numerous biochemical and biophysical signals synergistically regulating cell behaviors and functions. However, existing methods offer little information about the concurrently chemical and physical responses of dynamically pulsing cells. Here, we report a soft electrode with electrospun poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-based nanomesh to fully comply with spontaneous motions of cells. Moreover, this electrode demonstrated excellent electrical conductivity, electrochemical performance and cellular biocompatibility. Cardiomyocytes cultured thereon exhibited autonomous and rhythmic contractility, and synchronously induced mechanical deformation of the underlying electrode, which allowed real-time monitoring of nitric oxide release and electrophysiological activity of cardiomyocytes. This work provides a promising way toward recording chemical and electrical signals of biological systems with their natural motions.

L. Fritea, F. Bǎnicǎ, T. Costea et al.

Materials • 2021

Monitoring human health for early detection of disease conditions or health disorders is of major clinical importance for maintaining a healthy life. Sensors are small devices employed for qualitative and quantitative determination of various analytes by monitoring their properties using a certain transduction method. A “real-time” biosensor includes a biological recognition receptor (such as an antibody, enzyme, nucleic acid or whole cell) and a transducer to convert the biological binding event to a detectable signal, which is read out indicating both the presence and concentration of the analyte molecule. A wide range of specific analytes with biomedical significance at ultralow concentration can be sensitively detected. In nano(bio)sensors, nanoparticles (NPs) are incorporated into the (bio)sensor design by attachment to the suitably modified platforms. For this purpose, metal nanoparticles have many advantageous properties making them useful in the transducer component of the (bio)sensors. Gold, silver and platinum NPs have been the most popular ones, each form of these metallic NPs exhibiting special surface and interface features, which significantly improve the biocompatibility and transduction of the (bio)sensor compared to the same process in the absence of these NPs. This comprehensive review is focused on the main types of NPs used for electrochemical (bio)sensors design, especially screen-printed electrodes, with their specific medical application due to their improved analytical performances and miniaturized form. Other advantages such as supporting real-time decision and rapid manipulation are pointed out. A special attention is paid to carbon-based nanomaterials (especially carbon nanotubes and graphene), used by themselves or decorated with metal nanoparticles, with excellent features such as high surface area, excellent conductivity, effective catalytic properties and biocompatibility, which confer to these hybrid nanocomposites a wide biomedical applicability.

J. Rivnay, M. Ramuz, P. Leleux et al.

Applied Physics Letters • 2015

Electrical impedance sensing of biological systems, especially cultured epithelial cell layers, is now a common technique to monitor cell motion, morphology, and cell layer/tissue integrity for high throughput toxicology screening. Existing methods to measure electrical impedance most often rely on a two electrode configuration, where low frequency signals are challenging to obtain for small devices and for tissues with high resistance, due to low current. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are conducting polymer-based devices, which have been shown to efficiently transduce and amplify low-level ionic fluxes in biological systems into electronic output signals. In this work, we combine OECT-based drain current measurements with simultaneous measurement of more traditional impedance sensing using the gate current to produce complex impedance traces, which show low error at both low and high frequencies. We apply this technique in vitro to a model epithelial tissue layer and show that the data can be fit to an equivalent circuit model yielding trans-epithelial resistance and cell layer capacitance values in agreement with literature. Importantly, the combined measurement allows for low biases across the cell layer, while still maintaining good broadband signal.

F. Mariani, I. Gualandi, W. Schuhmann et al.

Microchimica Acta • 2022

Electrode miniaturization has profoundly revolutionized the field of electrochemical sensing, opening up unprecedented opportunities for probing biological events with a high spatial and temporal resolution, integrating electrochemical systems with microfluidics, and designing arrays for multiplexed sensing. Several technological issues posed by the desire for downsizing have been addressed so far, leading to micrometric and nanometric sensing systems with different degrees of maturity. However, there is still an endless margin for researchers to improve current strategies and cope with demanding sensing fields, such as lab-on-a-chip devices and multi-array sensors, brain chemistry, and cell monitoring. In this review, we present current trends in the design of micro-/nano-electrochemical sensors and cutting-edge applications reported in the last 10 years. Micro- and nanosensors are divided into four categories depending on the transduction mechanism, e.g., amperometric, impedimetric, potentiometric, and transistor-based, to best guide the reader through the different detection strategies and highlight major advancements as well as still unaddressed demands in electrochemical sensing.

S. Lakard, Ileana‐Alexandra Pavel, B. Lakard

Biosensors • 2021

Neurotransmitters are biochemical molecules that transmit a signal from a neuron across the synapse to a target cell, thus being essential to the function of the central and peripheral nervous system. Dopamine is one of the most important catecholamine neurotransmitters since it is involved in many functions of the human central nervous system, including motor control, reward, or reinforcement. It is of utmost importance to quantify the amount of dopamine since abnormal levels can cause a variety of medical and behavioral problems. For instance, Parkinson’s disease is partially caused by the death of dopamine-secreting neurons. To date, various methods have been developed to measure dopamine levels, and electrochemical biosensing seems to be the most viable due to its robustness, selectivity, sensitivity, and the possibility to achieve real-time measurements. Even if the electrochemical detection is not facile due to the presence of electroactive interfering species with similar redox potentials in real biological samples, numerous strategies have been employed to resolve this issue. The objective of this paper is to review the materials (metals and metal oxides, carbon materials, polymers) that are frequently used for the electrochemical biosensing of dopamine and point out their respective advantages and drawbacks. Different types of dopamine biosensors, including (micro)electrodes, biosensing platforms, or field-effect transistors, are also described.