Yassir Lekbach, Toshiyuki Ueki, Xiaomeng Liu et al.

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2022

Abstract Nanowires have substantial potential as the sensor component in electronic sensing devices. However, surface functionalization of traditional nanowire and nanotube materials with short peptides that increase sensor selectivity and sensitivity requires complex chemistries with toxic reagents. In contrast, microorganisms can assemble pilin monomers into protein nanowires with intrinsic conductivity from renewable feedstocks, yielding an electronic material that is robust and stable in applications, but also biodegradable. Here we report that the sensitivity and selectivity of protein nanowire-based sensors can be modified with a simple plug and play genetic approach in which a short peptide sequence, designed to bind the analyte of interest, is incorporated into the pilin protein that is microbially assembled into nanowires. We employed a scalable Escherichia coli chassis to fabricate protein nanowires that displayed either a peptide previously demonstrated to effectively bind ammonia, or a peptide known to bind acetic acid. Sensors comprised of thin films of the nanowires amended with the ammonia-specific peptide had a ca. 100-fold greater response to ammonia than sensors made with unmodified protein nanowires. Protein nanowires with the peptide that binds acetic acid yielded a 4-fold higher response than nanowires without the peptide. The results demonstrate that protein nanowires with enhanced sensor response for analytes of interest can be fabricated with a flexible genetic strategy that sustainably eliminates the energy, environmental, and health concerns associated with other common nanomaterials.

Kai Xiong, Xinmiao Liu, Zheng Zhao et al.

2025 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Power Science and Technology (ICPST) • 2025

As the penetration rate of wind and solar power in the power system rapidly increases, the power system requires more flexible resources to ensure the balance of power supply and demand. Advancements in information and communication technologies have led to the widespread deployment of 5G base stations, whose backup batteries remain idle most of the time and thus represent untapped potential for providing flexibility for the power system. In this regard, this paper applies the maximum inner approximation method to aggregate the scheduling feasible regions of massive 5G base station backup batteries (BSBBs) to provide flexibility for the power system. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly improve the renewable energy consumption capacity and operational economy of the power system.

M. Rizwan, Ciwei Gao, Xingyu Yan et al.

2023 International Conference on Energy, Power, Environment, Control, and Computing (ICEPECC) • 2023

Variable renewable energy-based distributed generations (VRE-DG) have extensively penetrated into the conventional distribution network. A virtual power plant (VPP) can group the diversified VRE-DG into one unit. The VPP operator (VPO) can control the VRE-DG operation and coordinate with the distribution system operator (DSO) for electricity trade and economic dispatch. Thus, converting consumers into prosumers. The VPP commissioning can complex or degrade the operation of the protection system. In this paper, a detailed analysis of potential susceptibility degradation of primary-backup overcurrent relay (OCR) coordination owing to VPP is provided. Protection degradation index (PDI) is introduced and a novel strategy to emend the parameters of affected OCR according to PDI is proposed to rehabilitate the coordination among primary-backup OCR. The studied VPP includes wind turbine generator (WTG), Photovoltaic (PV), and communication station-based storage batteries (CSESB). The case studies are conducted on the Tianjin distribution network (TDN) China, modified with the incorporation of VPP to show the impact of VPP on protection coordination and proficiency of the proposed strategy.

Veeranjaneyulu Gopu, M. Nagaraj

International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) • 2023

In a micro grid system during standalone condition the system may not be stable and might not compensate the required load. Especially for renewable source integrated micro grid system grid disconnected condition is more critical as the renewable sources are unpredictable. The renewable distribution generator needs backup module for support to the loads during standalone condition. In this paper complete distribution network with multiple renewable sources which include PV plant, wind plant and fuel cell source is modeled with power management algorithm (PMA) in only photovoltaic (PV) plant. PMA controls the hybrid backup modules supporting the PV DG. The hybrid backup modules considered for the support are battery unit and super capacitor (SC) unit. The battery and SC units charge or discharge as per the PMA controller with respect to power generated by the PV source. The charge and discharge of these units are dependent on PV power, state of charge (SOC) of battery and SOC of SC. These three sources compensate the critical load connected in the micro grid. A comparative analysis is carried out with and without backup modules and PMA during grid islanding condition on the proposed distribution network. All graphical and parametric comparisons are done using MATLAB/ Simulink software with time domain plots generated by PowerGUI tool.

Ali Khadra, Rabih Rammal

2022 International Conference on Smart Systems and Power Management (IC2SPM) • 2022

This paper aims to design a PV farm with SCADA system (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) for cost-effective community solar backup power. The design is to be used in rural village in Lebanon where power is needed for irrigation systems and houses. This is a daytime PV system, with no batteries needed. The design provides optimized monitoring, logging, and control. ON-grid system has capacity 288.3 KWp and annual produced energy 516.75 MWH with performance ratio 84.32 %. Design a typical solar system for pump has 5 HP to provide daily demand water volume 45 (m3/day). ON-grid system can supply up to 50 deep well pumps with power rate 5 hp for every pump. The carbon dioxide reduction of the system is 481.61.3ton CO2/year. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of this solution in Lebanon, the design used a small rural village in south Lebanon to design and performance evaluation of a system with take into consideration the economic study and environmental evaluation.

Muhammad Ryan Hafizan, Azriyenni Azhari Zakri, Dirman Hanafi et al.

International Journal of Electrical, Energy and Power System Engineering • 2024

Indonesia has an average solar energy potential of 4.8 kWh/m²/day with a monthly variation of around 9%, providing opportunities for renewable energy utilization through Solar Power Plants to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and lower carbon emissions. This study is applied to The Lana Apartment, projected to have high electricity consumption. The main supply comes from PLN with a capacity of 2000 kVA, while backup power is provided by a generator with a capacity of 1250 kVA. To reduce reliance on the generator, this study aims to design and analyze Solar Power Plants as an environmentally friendly backup power system for the apartment. The Solar Power Plants design was created using HOMER software to model energy production potential, calculate power requirements, and evaluate system performance using the performance ratio. Simulation results show that the designed Solar Power Plants have a capacity of 2997.28 kWp, an inverter capacity of 3500 kW, and a battery capacity of 50160 Ah. This system can generate approximately 4,165,251.97 kWh per year with a performance ratio of 79.32%, indicating good operational efficiency in line with optimal Solar Power Plants standards. The implementation of these Solar Power Plants is expected to provide a more environmentally friendly backup power alternative and potentially reduce operational electricity costs in the apartment building.

Markus Strömich-Jenewin, Abdessamad Saidi, Andrea Pivatello et al.

Preprints.org • 2025

This paper explores cleaner and techno-economically viable solutions to provide electricity, heat, and cooling using green hydrogen (H₂) and green ammonia (NH₃) across the entire decarbonized value chain. We propose integrating a 100% hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine (e.g., Jenbacher JMS 420) as a stationary backup solution and comparing its performance with other backup technologies. While electrochemical storage systems, or battery energy storage systems (BESSs), offer fast and reliable short-term energy buffering, they lack flexibility in relocation and typically involve higher costs for extended backup durations.Through five case studies, we highlight that renewable-based energy supply requires additional capacity to bridge longer periods of undersupply. Our results indicate that, for cost reasons, battery-electric solutions alone are not economically feasible for long-term backup. Instead, a more effective system combines both battery and hydrogen storage, where batteries address daily fluctuations and hydrogen engines handle seasonal surpluses. Despite lower overall efficiency, gas engines offer favorable investment and operating costs in backup applications with low annual operating hours. Furthermore, the inherent fuel flexibility of combustion engines eventually will allow green ammonia-based backup systems, particularly as advancements in small-scale thermal cracking become commercially available. Future studies will address CO₂ credit recognition, carbon taxes, and regulatory constraints in developing more effective dispatch and master-planning solutions.

Ravikumar Jayabal

Energy Storage • 2025

ABSTRACT Flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) have emerged as a sophisticated methodology for energy recuperation, power transmission, and eco‐friendly transportation. These systems utilize state‐of‐the‐art high‐speed rotors, attaining rotational velocities that surpass 100 000 rpm through the application of carbon fiber‐reinforced composites, which augment energy density while minimizing material deformation. Furnished with magnetic bearings, FESS effectively lowers friction and supports elevated rotational speeds, delivering power outputs that can reach up to 10 kW/kg. Recent progress in control algorithms, encompassing neural networks and predictive maintenance frameworks, guarantees meticulous energy management, thereby diminishing energy losses and enhancing reliability. The hybrid integration of FESS with batteries or supercapacitors further refines energy recovery, effectively addressing the constraints associated with standalone systems. Significant applications encompass hybrid vehicles, wherein FESS facilitates fuel savings of up to 35% in urban traffic scenarios, and rail systems, where the recuperation of braking energy leads to a reduction in energy consumption by 30%. Public transit buses outfitted with FESS exhibit fuel savings of 45%, while motorsport applications leverage FESS for immediate energy surges, underscoring their adaptability. Notwithstanding these merits, challenges such as gyroscopic phenomena, standby energy losses, and substantial initial investment costs continue to persist, necessitating advancements in nanotechnology and IoT‐enabled monitoring systems to bolster performance. As international initiatives aimed at decarbonizing transportation gain momentum, FESS is strategically positioned to assume a crucial role in sustainable mobility by facilitating efficient energy storage, curtailing emissions, and ensuring enduring reliability. This review elucidates emerging trends, numerical advancements, and the overarching implications of FESS, thereby providing a comprehensive framework for prospective research and development in next‐generation energy solutions.

Umair Younas, Ahmet Afsin Kulaksiz

Research Square • 2023

Abstract The simultaneous rise in energy demand brought on by urbanization, industrialization, population growth, and the significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions from conventional energy sources pushes the energy market to divert towards sustainable energy. Among renewables, Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has been identified as an abundant, clean, environmentally friendly, noiseless, and economically sustainable energy source to fulfill the future energy demand. However, the output power of a solar PV panel is unpredictable due to temperature (T) and irradiance (G) fluctuations, as well as the relatively low efficiency of solar cells (15 to 25%) limits its applications in grid-connected mode. To work for the PV panel at its maximum power, this paper presents the deep learning associated with Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) network-based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller for a 100 kW grid-connected PV array. The performance of the proposed LSTM-based MPPT is contrasted with that of the Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) and the traditional Perturb and Optimization (P&O) MPPT controller using the Simulink MATLAB environment. Over one million datasets, the LSTM and FFNN are trained for two inputs (T, G) and a single output (Vmp). The Mean Square Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Average Error (MAE), and Prediction error between the actual power and the extracted power by the respective MPPT are used as performance indices in the comparison of LSTM and FFNN. The trained models are exported to Simulink, where an MPPT comparison is accomplished among the LSTM, FFNN, and P&O controllers. LSTM-based MPPT controller extracted more power in kilo watt (99.14) from the PV panel than FFNN (96.75) and P&O (95.11) controllers. The LSTM comprised of least RMSE value (0.20) than FFNN (2.62), and P&O (4.22) respectively. Hence, the proposed LSTM MPPT controller proceeded to establish the control of active power between the PV array and grid, Direct Current (DC) bus voltage control, and grid-tied inverter control

Sahin Gullu, Mohammad Nilian, Issa Batarseh

International Journal of Energy Studies • 2024

The control methods of Grid-forming (GFM) inverters are discussed and reviewed. Then, the droop control method’s weak points are modified to have better load sharing performance and improving the lifetime of the inverters when the system has light load situations. Also, the effects of the coupling reactance on stability and reliability are investigated. This control method is applied to three different scenarios in order to see frequency and voltage stability and load sharing between three Inverter Based Resources (IBRs) and the grid. The first case is that the voltage and frequency regulation control algorithm is presented when the IBRs have equal power ratings during the off-grid. Then, the second case is also performed in islanding mode where the load sharing control algorithm is determined based on the different power ratings of the IBRs. Lastly, this setup examined the load sharing status during the grid-tied scenario when the IBRs are not capable of supplying enough power to the load. In all cases, loads are added to and removed from the system to ensure that the frequency and voltages are in the range of continuous operation.

Manjusha Palandurkar, Mohan M Renge

ECS Transactions • 2022

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the renewable energy source technologies to realize the shift to decarbonize energy supply because of availability of safe, limitless, free and reliable long-term sources of power. PV modules/cells are instruments to convert this solar energy to DC energy. Grid interconnection with solar power system is comparatively easier to install as the same do not require storage system. This paper presents injection of 3 kW power generated from solar PV array to 230V grid distribution network. Technique uses phase angle difference between grid voltage and voltage source inverter. The grid acts like a virtual energy storage system with an unlimited storage capacity. Hence, the proposed system is designed without a battery backup. This system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to confirm the desire output. In the second step, hardware circuit is designed and implemented based on the simulation results.

P. Balamurugan, S. Kumaravel, S. Ashok

ISRN Renewable Energy • 2011

The focus of the world on renewable energy sources is growing rapidly due to its availability and environment friendliness. However, the renewable energy influenced by natural conditions is being intermittent, it is difficult to accomplish stable energy supply only by one kind of renewable energy source. In order to achieve reliability, it is necessary to integrate two or more energy sources together in an optimal way as hybrid energy system. Optimal allocation of sources, unpredictable load demand, intermittent behaviors of sources, and charging and discharging of storage devices are the major challenges in operating a hybrid energy system. A new controller algorithm is developed and implemented in controller hardware to overcome the above issues. The controller is incorporated in biomass gasifier-based hybrid energy system in a university campus at south India. A case study is carried out in real-time at the site for a typical day. From the experimentation, it is estimated that the annual savings in the operating cost are Rs 375,459.00 ($8475.4) for the optimal allocation of the sources by the controller.

Sweeka Meshram, Ganga Agnihotri, Sushma Gupta

Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy • 2014

This paper presents modeling and simulation of the advanced photovoltaic (PV)/hydro based Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) to electrify such isolated/remote areas, where grid accessibility is not possible. For 7.5 kW hydro generation system, a Self Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) with improved technique is used to optimize the utilization of hydro power. To achieve this aim, an uncontrolled bridge rectifier coupled with Hydro side Voltage Source Inverter is implemented for the SEIG based advanced hydro system. The PV system is configured by PV array, battery, DC/DC converter, maximum power point tracking controller, and PV side Voltage Source Inverter. A Constant Current Control scheme is developed in this paper to control active and reactive power flow and to synchronize hydro and PV systems. The proposed system uses fewer controlled switches, hence complexity of control has been reduced and system has higher efficiency and lower switching losses. The performance analysis of the HRES has been done to authenticate the existence of the system using the MATLAB software and results demonstrate that power quality of the proposed system is better and HRES is able to put into services.

Tomoki Taniguchi, Shigesuke Ishida, Yoshimasa Minami

Volume 8: Ocean Renewable Energy • 2013

This paper addressed assessing feasibility of hybrid use of ocean renewable energy, such as wave and wind energy around Japanese coast. At first, wave and wind energy theoretical potentials were calculated and, in the second step, correlation coefficient between wave and wind energy was computed around Japanese coast. Sea area suitable for hybrid use of ocean renewable energy resources is supposed to have high potential for some types of energy resources. Furthermore, correlation of power generation between wave and wind energy resources should be low because one energy resource needs to complement another one for stabilizing power generation. Based on the assumptions, feasibility of wind and wave energy was evaluated on some sea areas where R&D project are ongoing.

Ambati SANDEEP, K. ARCHANA, Sivakumar ELLAPPAN et al.

Journal of Thermal Engineering • 2020

Metal nitride multilayer films display a unique combination of exceptional properties with respect to optical absorption, thermal emission, corrosion resistance, adhesion between coating and surface and high temperature withstand. Most considerable aspects of nitride coatings were economical, environmentally friendly and easy to develop. Similar to nitride thin films, to achieve a considerable absorption (α) -0.92 and low emission (Є) -0.08 along with chemical and radiation stable solar selective coatings, Diamond Like Carbon (DLC) thin films exhibit the desirable properties for Concentrated Solar thermal Power(CSP)applications. The main advantages of DLC films were high hardness, chemical and radiation stability and good control over the optical properties. To achieve above-mentioned properties, optimization of each layer of the DLC coating has needed. The main aim of this research is optimization of Cr-base layer using Cr-Target current 175A to get 125 nm thicknesses, optimise the AlSiN absorber layer by controlling the AlSi- target current 175A to maintain 35nm thickness. The sequence of the DLC coating layers was selected based on their relative thickness, which was optimize to get good solar selectivity (α/Є). Individual layers of the DLC solar coatings have unique properties to get overall required high absorbance and low emission along with chemical and radiation stability. These solar selective multi-layers (Cr/DLC/AlSiN) have deposited by using available Cathodic targets (Cr , AlSi & Ti) in Cathodic Arc Physical Vapor Deposition (CAPVD) and optimized parameters were mainly depend on the target currents to control over the thickness of the each layer, base pressure 1*10-5 mbar and deposition temperature 400°C. The DLC multilayer solar selective coatings were characterized using Ultraviolet Visible Near infrared (UV- Vis- NIR) spectrophotometer, Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy etc. Scratch test and corrosion tests have conducted for these absorber coatings testing.

Nitin Dattatray Nikam

Solar Thermal Technologies and Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials for High-Efficiency Electric and Solar Mobility • 2025

The rapid evolution of solar energy technologies necessitates equally advanced solutions for efficient thermal energy storage (TES). Nano-enhanced phase change materials (NePCMs) have emerged as a promising class of materials capable of significantly improving thermal conductivity, energy density, and phase stability in TES systems. The realizing their full potential demands intelligent control, adaptability, and real-time responsiveness to environmental and operational dynamics. This chapter presents a comprehensive framework that integrates algorithmic intelligence with NePCM-based TES to achieve highly efficient, self-regulating thermal storage solutions for solar energy applications. The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning algorithms, predictive analytics, and real-time data processing, enables dynamic monitoring, adaptive control, and performance optimization of TES units. The synergistic deployment of sensor networks, Internet of Things (IoT) architectures, and digital twin platforms ensures seamless data acquisition and system modeling, facilitating informed decision-making and autonomous management. This chapter underscores the critical importance of embedding social pedagogy and ethical considerations into the development and deployment of smart TES systems. By doing so, it addresses the need for public engagement, regulatory coherence, and equitable access in the context of advanced energy technologies. Future trajectories discussed include the development of multifunctional and stimuli-responsive NePCMs, AI-powered thermal self-healing mechanisms, and scalable deployment strategies within smart cities and decentralized energy grids. The proposed interdisciplinary framework bridges the gap between material innovation, intelligent systems engineering, and human-centric policy design—laying the foundation for the next generation of sustainable energy infrastructure.

, Dr. Rico Fernandez

International Journal of Research in Engineering • 2022

This article reviews the recent advancements in solar thermal cooling technologies, highlighting the significance of renewable energy for cooling applications, especially in regions with high cooling demand and abundant sunlight. Solar thermal cooling utilizes the heat from the sun to drive cooling processes, and this review explores the primary methods, including absorption chillers, adsorption chillers, and solar-assisted vapor compression systems. We also discuss the latest innovations, challenges, and the future outlook of solar thermal cooling in commercial and residential applications. The study further emphasizes the environmental and economic benefits of these technologies, particularly in reducing carbon footprints and operational costs.

Rajkumar Malviya, Veeresh Vishwakarma, Prashant V. Baredar et al.

Solar Thermal Systems: Thermal Analysis and its Application • 2022

With the rising population and continuous depletion of our natural resources, it has become very tough for everyone to meet their basic needs of food and water. Also, at the rate with which the water-stressed area continues to rise, we soon will be facing a huge water crisis. This chapter specifically talks about India and its potential to make a switch from conventional methods of water usage and switch to a renewable energy-based water desalination unit. This chapter presents an elaborate analysis of the Indian peninsular region and talks about the major cities’ comparative performance in the basic design of the solar humidificationdehumidification desalination unit. It can be concluded that the southern-most area has a very large potential for setting up an economically feasible desalination unit. Various parameters are discussed, like humidity ratio, outgoing airstream temperature, and mass rate of evaporated water. As Chennai has the best performance for the particular unit for most of the year, with productivity reaching 44 kg/day, the least favorable site seems to be Puri in Odisha, where productivity remains less and constant at a maximum of 34 kg/day during summers.

A.K. Dhamneya, M.K. Gaur, Vikas Kumar Thakur et al.

Solar Thermal Systems: Thermal Analysis and its Application • 2022

The consumption of conventional energy has increased exponentially due to the ever-increasing population of the world. Studies revealed that cooking activities contribute majorly to the overall energy consumption throughout the globe, further accounting for an increasing global warming potential. Being an enormous, virtually unlimited, and expandable source, solar energy turns out to be a favorable solution to the situation. Solar energy's widespread availability and processing technologies make the thermal energy conversion process easily accessible. Hence, solar energy has emerged as a ‘natural solution’ to the energy crisis and the adverse environmental impact, such as the greenhouse effect. This chapter outlines the various solar cooker fundamentals and development in different types of solar cookers, namely box type, panel, funnel type, parabolic type, and indirect type, along with the application of different solar cookers.

Rishika Shah, R.K. Pandit, M.K. Gaur

Solar Thermal Systems: Thermal Analysis and its Application • 2022

Many harmful effects on the environment can be observed over the past decades due to the extensive usage of non-renewable energy. Most discussed and harmful are the ever-changing global climate change scenarios and their aftermath. As a point of fact, a major part of the world’s energy consumption is dependent on non-renewable energy sources, such as petroleum, oil, coal, and gas. Unquestionably, these fossil fuels contribute a great deal to greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide, methane, etc., which further leads to global health issues, global warming, and climate change. With the emergence of sustainable development as a holistic concept since the late 1980s, the issue of global warming has been given prominent attention. It is evident that failure to curb global warming has led to slower progress in achieving sustainable development. About 30% of energy demand is from the built environment sector, which is also responsible for contributing 28% of carbon emissions and continues to add an estimated 1% every year, according to reports by UN Environment [1]. Therefore, the fossil fuel-based energy systems are antagonistic with the goals of sustainable development agendas. Hence, using renewable sources in harnessing clean energy for the built environment has not remained a choice but a fundamental need. Solar energy is one of the cleanest renewable energy sources that provide solutions to climate change and global warming. Often termed as the alternative energy source against oil and coal-based energy sources, solar energy has the potential for abundant availability and is an economical way with a lower ecological and environmental footprint, leading to a better quality of life. Thus, there is a massive amount of global interest in harnessing solar energy for its application and development in building systems.

Desh Bandhu Singh, G.N. Tiwari

Solar Thermal Systems: Thermal Analysis and its Application • 2022

The design, analysis and modeling of solar energy-based water purifiers, commonly known as a solar still, which is based on the greenhouse effect, is the requirement of time as there is a scarcity of freshwater throughout the globe. The technology of purifying dirty water using solar energy is a promising solution for simplifying contemporary water scarcity as this technology does not create any bad effect on the surroundings, unlike conventional water purification technology, which creates a lot of polluting elements and ultimately has become problematic for the environment. Most solar energy-based water purifiers are self-sustainable, and they can be installed in remote locations where sunlight and source of impure water are available in abundance. This solar energy-based technology of water purification should perform better in hilly locations as the intensity of light is higher than the intensity of light in fields. The current chapter deals with the thermal modeling of different types of passive and active solar stills, including solar stills loaded with water-based nanofluids, followed by their energy and exergy analyses.

Zülâl Muganlı, Ismail Butun, Ghazaleh Gharib et al.

Energy Advances • 2024

New-generation sustainable energy systems serve as major tools to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions and effects of climate change. Biophotovoltaics (BPVs) presents an eco-friendly approach by employing solar energy to...

Farshid Salimijazi, Jaehwan Kim, Alexa M. Schmitz et al.

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2020

Electromicrobial production technologies (EMP) aim to combine renewable electricity and microbial metabolism. We have constructed molecular to reactor scale models of EMP systems using H2-oxidation and extracellular electron transfer (EET). We predict the electrical-to-biofuel conversion efficiency could rise to ≥ 52% with in vivo CO2-fixation. H2 and EET-mediated EMP both need reactors with high surface areas. H2-diffusion at ambient pressure requires areas 20 to 2,000 times that of the solar photovoltaic (PV) supplying the system. Agitation can reduce this to less than the PV area, and the power needed becomes negligible when storing ≥ 1.1 megawatts. EET-mediated systems can be built that are ≤ 10 times the PV area and have minimal resistive energy losses if a conductive extracellular matrix (ECM) with a resistivity and height seen in natural conductive biofilms is used. The system area can be reduced to less than the PV area if the ECM conductivity and height are increased to those of conductive artificial polymers. Schemes that use electrochemical CO2-fixation could achieve electrical-to-fuel efficiencies of almost 50% with no complications of O2-sensitivity.

A. Yadav, R. Nair

2021 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE) • 2021

Renewable energy sources and technological advancements are playing a significant role in the current scenario. Biophotovoltaics depicts a relatively novel output in the field of research using the microbial system. The process of harvesting light energy and converting them to electrical energy by photosynthetic organisms is the basic mechanism of this technology. The crucial role is the extraction of electrons from the photosynthetic microbe followed by transfer to the anode. In this review, we are summarizing the significant properties of the biological photovoltaic system and the role of cyanobacteria as a key microbial model for the energy system. The types of BPV along with its light-harvesting sources and electron transfer mechanisms are extensively discussed. The variant species of cyanobacteria have been analyzed with different conditions of the anode, power system, and their consecutive efficiencies. The role of the redox mediator in enhancing the output by creating the redox homeostasis in autotrophs is another critical part of our study.

Abdul Waris, F. Ghaith

ASME 2022 Power Conference • 2022

Many countries around the world depend primarily on seawater desalination process which is an energy-intensive process and incorporates high electricity consumption. In United Arab Emirates (UAE), desalinated seawater accounts for almost 89.9% of the country’s water needs. The average residential water consumption is 550 liters per capita per day which is almost 82% higher than the world average. This paper aims to design a greywater treatment plant which is fully powered by solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. The proposed water treatment plant consists of a three-step filtration process to treat greywater. Initially, the collected greywater from households is pumped to a multimedia filter to reduce the level of turbidity followed by pumping the water at high pressure through Reverse Osmosis unit and finally passing the water in the chlorination chamber to remove odor and prevent microbial growth. The proposed system was implemented to the case study of a villa community located in Dubai which comprises 38 villas and accommodates a total of about 152 residents. The proposed water treatment plant has a capacity of producing about 83 m3 of clean water per day at a high recovery rate of 67%. The solar system proved to be efficient by providing energy of 57397 kWh which was enough to power entirely the greywater treatment plant. Cost analysis was carried out to assess the economic feasibility of the proposed plant. The system resulted in a tangible reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of 204 ton/year.

Raymond Daniel Rodriguez Martinez

Clean Energy • 2024

Developing a sustainable energy model is imperative considering the current trend towards decarbonizing sectors worldwide. For this purpose, Venezuela was used as a reference to propose an energy model focused on taking advantage of plant photosynthesis through microbial–vegetable fuel cells together with an agro-photovoltaic system to enhance energy and agricultural production. Energy production from the cells was estimated using an average power density of 264 mW/m2 over 4% of the areas destined for crops in the entire Venezuelan region, obtaining an annual production of 19.889 GWh/year. In contrast, the energy production of the agro-photovoltaic system was modelled using PVsyst software on 50% of the area used for the cells distributed throughout the states of Anzoátegui, Guárico, Monagas and Portuguesa according to their meteorological conditions, solar irradiation and agricultural activity, resulting in 3 703 417 GWh/year. The resulting whole system proved to be able to cover >10 times the installed electricity generation capacity at a national level and, together with the tremendous scalability of the microbial fuel cells, it shows that Venezuela has a high potential for the production and distribution of clean energy.

Yonas Lamore, A. Beyene, Samuel Fekadu et al.

Applied Water Science • 2018

Unaffordable construction cost of conventional water treatment plant and distribution system in most developing countries makes difficult to provide safe and adequate water for all households, especially for the rural setup. Water treatment at the source can be the best alternative. Solar disinfection is one alternative among point of use treatments. In this study, aqua lens, photovoltaic box and glass bottle were used subsequent to plant coagulants to evaluate microbial reduction potentials. Laboratory- and field-based experiments were conducted from May to August 2016. The Escherichia coli, total coliforms and heterotrophic plate counts were used as indicator organisms. The result indicated that aqua lens (AL), photovoltaic box (PV) and glass bottle (GB) have high inactivation rate subsequently almost for all indicator organisms in short solar exposure time. Total coliforms were inactivated in AL (SD = 15.8 °C, R2 = 0.92) followed by PV inactivation temperature association (SD = 11.6 C, R2 = 0.90), and the GB concentrator was inactivated (SD = 10.9 °C, R2 = 0.70) at turbidity level of 3.41 NTU. As the study indicated, aqua lens coupled with Moringa oleifera coagulant can be an effective with minimum cost for household water treatment system. The study also concludes heterotrophic bacteria were more resistant than other types of bacteria in SODIS with similar exposure time.

N. Pichel, M. Vivar, M. Fuentes

2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) (A Joint Conference of 45th IEEE PVSC, 28th PVSEC & 34th EU PVSEC) • 2018

A hybrid solar water disinfection and energy generation system was subjected to a microbial kinetic study to apply system optimizations. E. coli response and photovoltaic performance was studied using natural water sources and natural sunlight. Results showed that under strong climatic conditions the time required for the solar disinfection could be reduced by half, increasing the quantity of treated water and improving the SOLWAT energy output due to the cooling effect of the water being purified on the top of the PV module. The module could even be benefited from lower temperatures when using reduced treatments times.

Viviane Faria Morais Jotta, G. García, P. Fonseca et al.

Journal of Applied Microbiology • 2024

AIMS Biofilms are complex microbial cell aggregates that attach to different surfaces in nature, industrial environments, or hospital settings. In photovoltaic panels (PVs), biofilms are related to significant energy conversion losses. In this study, our aim was to characterize the communities of microorganisms and the genes involved in biofilm formation. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, biofilm samples collected from a PV system installed in southeastern Brazil were analyzed through shotgun metagenomics, and the microbial communities and genes involved in biofilm formation were investigated. A total of 2 030 different genera were identified in the samples, many of which were classified as extremophiles or producers of exopolysaccharides. Bacteria prevailed in the samples (89%), mainly the genera Mucilaginibacter, Microbacterium, Pedobacter, Massilia, and Hymenobacter. The functional annotation revealed more than 12 000 genes related to biofilm formation and stress response. Genes involved in the iron transport and synthesis of c-di-GMP and c-AMP second messengers were abundant in the samples. The pathways related to these components play a crucial role in biofilm formation and could be promising targets for preventing biofilm formation in the PV. In addition, Raman spectroscopy analysis indicated the presence of hematite, goethite, and ferrite, consistent with the mineralogical composition of the regional soil and metal-resistant bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings reveal that PV biofilms are a promising source of microorganisms of industrial interest and genes of central importance in regulating biofilm formation and persistence.

H. Dvořáčková, Jan Dvořáček, V. Vlček

Cogent Food & Agriculture • 2024

Abstract New photovoltaic panels are installed on agricultural land every day and yet their effect on the quality of the soil has not yet been fully verified. Unfortunately, there are not many scientific works that focus on the effect of photovoltaic panels on real soil in real conditions. The presented work intended to establish the basic principles through which the placement of photovoltaic panels changes the quality of the surrounding soil. Since the soil is a very complex system, six basic soil properties were worked on, which were labeled as soil ‘master properties’ in the work by Kuzyakov and Zamanian. It was found that the photovol power plants can have a positive effect on the soil under certain conditions. According to our conclusions, it can be assumed that the placement of PV panels will have a positive effect on a number of soil properties, we can mainly expect an increase in the stability of soil aggregates, an increase in the content of organic matter and an increased development of the microbial community. Graphical Abstract

J. A. Siggers, Matt Sturchio, Lillian Gordon et al.

Global Change Biology • 2025

ABSTRACT The rapid expansion of photovoltaic (PV) energy production has generated concern over its potential ecosystem impacts. PV arrays induce unique microenvironmental conditions by altering resource availability and substantially impacting aboveground processes. However, the belowground consequences of PV development are understudied, limiting our understanding of overall ecosystem impacts. Here, we paired soil physiochemical, molecular, and functional analyses with aboveground measures to assess plant–soil–microbial responses to distinct microsites beneath a single‐axis tracking PV system in a semi‐arid C3 grassland. We hypothesized that each PV microsite would harbor a unique suite of soil physiochemical properties and microbiomes. We found only subtle differences in soil organic matter and pH, corresponding with aboveground productivity patterns, but other physiochemical properties remained unchanged. However, soil microbial community structure and function differed markedly across PV microsites and from a reference grassland plot. Within the array, microbial decomposition rates were highest where plant productivity and organic matter were greatest, but surprisingly lowest where soil moisture remained elevated throughout the growing season. Overall, these findings suggest that PV arrays create disparate patterns of soil microbial community structure and function, which may feedback to influence overall ecosystem functionality. Coarse measures of soil physiochemical properties, such as total carbon, may overlook key impacts of PV development.

Abderrahmen Ben Chaabene, Khira Ouelhazi

Solar Radiation - Measurement, Modeling and Forecasting Techniques for Photovoltaic Solar Energy Applications • 2022

The major problem of the industrial sectors is to efficiently supply their energy requirement. Renewable energy sources, in particular solar energy, are intermittently accessible widely around the world. Photovoltaics (PV) technology converts sunlight to electricity. In this work, we present a contribution dealing with a new mathematic development of tracking control technique based on Variable Structure Model Reference Adaptive Following (VSMRAF) control applied to systems coupled with solar sources. This control technique requires the system to follow a reference model (the solar radiation model) by adjusting its dynamic and ensuring the minimal value of error between the plant dynamics and that of the reference solar radiation model. This chapter provides a new theoretical analysis validated by simulation and experimental results to assure optimum operating conditions for solar photovoltaic systems.

Madhumita Das, Ratan Mandal

Nanomaterials and Energy • 2023

India is a tropical country that gets a significant amount of solar irradiation that is suitable for photovoltaic (PV) applications. The country is also endowed with wind energy in its large coastal areas. India is an agro-economic country that has a growing need for irrigation. Utilization of hybrid renewable energy for the agricultural needs of the country would be a step toward a sustainable future. For the environmental conditions of Haldia, India, a stand-alone PV–wind–lead-acid battery hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) was developed to cater to the needs of agricultural activities. An investigation was conducted on the impact of PV penetration on the system wind energy capacity, battery capacity, capacity shortage, net present cost, cost of energy (COE), PV and wind energy percentage and surplus energy produced. The optimization was based on the assumption that the HRES had no unmet load and the lowest COE. This research provided a range of wind energy capacities for the location with no unmet loads. The research discovered the ideal HRES of the site with a COE of US$0.312/kWh. This study may help farmers by boosting their reliance on power from renewable energy sources and decreasing their dependency on grid power for agricultural activities.

Anbarasi MP, Kanthalakshmi S

Research Square • 2022

Abstract A control strategy for power maximization which is an important mechanism to extract maximum power under changing environmental conditions using Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (APSO) is proposed in this paper. An Adaptive Inertia Weighting Factor (AIWF) is utilised in the velocity update equation of traditional PSO for the improvement in speed of convergence and precision in tracking Maximum Power Point (MPP) in standalone Photovoltaic system. Adaptation of weights based on the success rate of particles towards maximum power extraction is the most promising feature of AIWF. The inertia weight is kept constant in traditional PSO for the complete duration of optimization process. The MPPT in PV system poses a dynamic optimization problem and the proposed APSO approach paves way not only to track MPP under uniform irradiation conditions, but also to track MPP under non uniform irradiation conditions. Simulations are done in MATLAB/Simulink environment to verify the effectiveness of proposed technique in comparison with the existing PSO technique. With change in irradiation and temperature, the APSO technique is found to provide better results in terms of tracking speed and efficiency. Hardware utilizing dSPACE DS1104 controller board is developed in the laboratory to verify the effectiveness of APSO method in real time.

Jawad Sarwar, Arshmah Hasnain, Ahmed Abbas et al.

Thermal Science • 2021

In this work, a novel design of a concentrated photovoltaic system with thermal management using phase change material is analyzed. The novelty lies in utilizing two mono-facial photovoltaic cells, installing one on upper side of the receiver to receive non-concentrated sunlight and installing another photovoltaic cell on bottom side to receive concentrated sunlight. An RT47 (melting range of 41-48?) phase change material enclosed in an aluminum containment regulates the temperature of the system. Parabolic trough concentrator is used to focus sunlight on the bottom photovoltaic cell with a concentration ratio of 25. A finite volume based coupled thermal, electrical and optical model is developed and the system is analyzed for environmental conditions of Doha, Qatar. Temperature regulation and electrical power output of upper photovoltaic cell and bottom concentrated photovoltaic cell of proposed design are compared to a conventional flat plate system. Analysis is made for one day of each month of a year. It is found that the proposed design maintains the temperature below 85? for all months of a year. The performance of the proposed system is comparable to the conventional flat plate system and excels it with power production in the range of ?4.7% and +21.7%.

Fatima Haidar, Imen Mrad, Quang Truc Dam

Engineering Perspective • 2024

In this research, the integration of an alkaline electrolyzer system with a photovoltaic (PV) array is explored to facilitate the green production of hydrogen. By directly coupling these two technologies, solar energy is harnessed to drive the electrolysis process, consequently generating hydrogen as a sustainable energy carrier. To enable accurate simulation and analysis of the integrated system, a novel methodology is introduced for identifying and quantifying the various parameters crucial for understanding the electrical behavior of the alkaline electrolyzer system. Through this method, the interplay between the PV array's output and the electrolyzer's operation can be comprehensively captured, allowing for precise modeling of the overall system dynamics. Moreover, mathematical equations are established to provide insights into the anticipated quantities of hydrogen generated by the electrolyzer system under different operating conditions. These equations serve as predictive tools, offering valuable insights into the system's performance and efficiency, essential for optimizing its design and operation. The proposed methodology and equations are implemented and validated using the MATLAB/Simulink environment, a powerful tool for simulating complex systems. By leveraging this platform, the integrated PV-electrolyzer system can be simulated with high fidelity, capturing its dynamic behavior and performance characteristics under varying scenarios. The promotion of renewable energy-based solutions for sustainable hydrogen production is aimed to be facilitated by this research, thereby contributing to the transition towards a greener and more resilient energy future.

Lilik J Awalin, Syahirah Abd Halim, Syahiman et al.

Wind Engineering • 2022

This paper presents the performance investigation of voltage and current for dynamic model of the wind turbine. In this study, the various numbers of wind turbine speed are applied in the simulation. This treatment is intended to see how much influence the turbine speed has on the voltage and current output. IEEE 14 bus system is integrated to the wind turbine in order to observe the impact of on-grid connection to the voltage and current performance. How to model wind turbine in PSCAD simulation software also discussed in this paper. The detail of supporting components in designing a wind turbine system and their functions are also explained. Several values of turbine speed are also considered in this paper as a study material in seeing the performance of wind turbines. The relationship between wind speed and pitch angle will also be discussed to ensure that the wind turbine is not damaged. In order to prove the accuracy of the simulation model, the obtained measurement generation of active power from the wind turbine is matched with the manual calculation. Based on the various wind speed values that have been tested, this can be the basis for the application of wind turbine (renewable energy) design development for further research.

Mitch Clement, Timothy Magee, Edith Zagona

Wind Engineering • 2014

Hydropower is considered a good resource to provide the needed flexibility to balance wind variability, but its flexibility is limited by non-power constraints associated with environmental and water management objectives not fully accounted for in previous wind integration studies. We present a method for a more realistic evaluation of integrated hydropower and wind using the RiverWare river system and hydropower modeling tool. The model provides a representation of physical and economic characteristics of the hydro system with the limitations from realistic non-power constraints. A test case is analyzed for a range of hydrologic conditions, levels of policy constraints and wind penetrations from 0 to 40 percent. Results show that at low penetrations wind adds economic value but has diminishing value as installed capacity increases, primarily due to increased reserve requirements. Increased wind generation increases policy constraint violations. Non-power constraints can significantly limit the total economic value of the integrated system.

Ramesh Kumar Behara, Kavita Behara

Wind Turbines - Advances and Challenges in Design, Manufacture and Operation • 2022

Recently, scientists and academics are discovering progressive improvements in the arena of wind power technology economically and reliably, allowing them to produce electricity focusing on renewable energy resources. Wind turbines (WT) using the Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs) have attracted particular attention because of their advantages such as variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) operation, independent control capabilities for maximum power point tracking (MPPT), active and reactive power controls, and voltage control strategy at the point of common coupling (PCC). When such resources have to be integrated into the existing power system, the operation becomes more challenging, particularly in terms of stability, security, and reliability. A DFIG system with its control strategies is simulated on MATLAB software. This entails the rapid control prototype testing of grid-connected, variable speed DFIG wind turbines to investigate the WT’s steady-state and dynamic behavior under normal and disturbed wind conditions. To augment the transient stability of DFIG, the simulation results for the active and reactive power of conventional controllers are compared with the adaptive tracking, self-tuned feed-forward PI controller model for optimum performance. Conclusive outcomes manifest the superior robustness of the feed-forward PI controller in terms of rising time, settling time, and overshoot value.

Murat LÜY, Nuri Alper METİN

International Scientific and Vocational Studies Journal • 2022

Due to the increase in electricity consumption in the world, the tendency to increase resource diversity in the electricity generation section has increased. With the decrease in the reserves of petroleum and derivative products used in traditional energy production systems, energy production has turned to renewable energy sources. Examples of renewable energy sources are the sun, wind turbines, and fuel cells. In order to provide sustainable energy production in wind turbines, the blades and body must be protected. In this study, the blade pitch angle control of the wind turbine is realized with the PID controller and the wind turbine is protected from high speeds. The coefficient control of the PID controller is determined by the PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) and Ziegler Nichols method. Simulation was carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment. It has been observed that the PID coefficient parameters optimized with PSO in the pitch angle control process reach the reference power value in a shorter time compared to the PID parameter values calculated with Ziegler Nichols. In addition, it was observed that the oscillation value was less at the reference power reached and the pitch angle increased.