Umesh Ghimire, Veera Gnaneswar Gude

Scientific Reports • 2019

Abstract This study reports an investigation of the concept, application and performance of a novel bioelectrochemical nitritation-anammox microbial desalination cell (MDC) for resource-efficient wastewater treatment and desalination. Two configurations of anammox MDCs (anaerobic-anammox cathode MDC (AnA mox MDC) and nitration-anammox cathode MDC (NiA mox MDC)) were compared with an air cathode MDC (CMDC), operated in fed-batch mode. Results from this study showed that the maximum power density produced by NiA mox MDC (1,007 mW/m 3 ) was higher than that of AnA mox MDC (444 mW/m 3 ) and CMDC (952 mW/m 3 ). More than 92% of ammonium-nitrogen (NH 4 + -N) removal was achieved in NiA mox MDC, significantly higher than AnA mox MDC (84%) and CMDC (77%). The NiA mox MDC performed better than CMDC and AnA mox MDC in terms of power density, COD removal and salt removal in desalination chamber. In addition, cyclic voltammetry analysis of anammox cathode showed a redox peak centered at −140 mV Vs Ag/AgCl confirming the catalytic activity of anammox bacteria towards the electron transfer process. Further, net energy balance of the NiA mox MDC was the highest (NiA mox MDC-0.022 kWh/m 3 >CMDC-0.019 kWh/m 3 >AnA mox MDC-0.021 kWh/m 3 ) among the three configurations. This study demonstrated, for the first time, a N-E-W synergy for resource-efficient wastewater treatment using nitritation-anammox process.

Xiumin Niu, Xufeng Luo

Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal • 2023

The technique of directly converting solar energy into electricity using PV modules is distributed photovoltaic (PV) power generation. It is frequently used in a system and is referred to as a distributed PV power system. The system generates power in the surrounding areas and connects to the neighbouring utility grid. A distributed energy storage (DES) system is a bundled solution that stores energy for future use. In the short term, one of the most significant problems with solar power storage is that the batteries utilized for the application are still costly and giant. The more power requires the bigger battery must be. Further research revealed that maximizing solar and wind energies minimizes greenhouse gas emissions and lower the total cost of energy. The ability to store energy is crucial in balancing because it makes the grid more adaptable and stable. The mission of energy conservation and energy storage (ECES) aims to help integrate energy-storage technology research, production, deployment, and integration to improve the energy efficiency of all energy systems and enable the increased use of renewable energy in place of fossil fuels. Storage benefits are examined in terms of distribution transformer loads and storage support during energy fluctuations from renewable energy. However, the results show that the methodology’s recommended framework is successful and obtained with enhanced performance with a reliability of 95.6%. The proposed technique improves the Reliability analysis ratio of 95.4%, Performance analysis comparison ratio of 98.6%, accuracy analysis ratio of 91.3%, ECES model’s efficiency is estimated at 95.6%.

Assistant Professor, JSPM’s Bhivarabai Sawant Institute of Technology and Research, Wagholi, Pune, India., Manasi P. Deore*, Dr. A. M. Mulla et al.

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering • 2020

As the future energy generation, renewable energy as a cleaner energy is more targeted area of research. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) in hybrid energy sources, one can use wind, solar and MFC with its capability to use bio-catalytic and microorganisms to generate an electrical current. This research focuses on the impact of temperature on generation of energy for Maharashtra regions. The proposed framework presents the study about MFC bio-catalysts and its ability to produce electrical power. The proposed MFC model generates an optimum current by making use of bio-waste as the single electron donor. This paper presents impact of different weather temperatures on the power generation by proposed model.

Matthew Lo

2023 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids (ETFG) • 2023

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are a promising renewable and sustainable energy solution for low-power field electronic devices, but remain in the research phase mainly due to low power output efficiency. Based on the author’s previous studies, this research focused on the development of a proposed novel plant-based hybrid MFC, with two different configurations (dry and wet). Additionally, three main factors of the MFC systems were studied: the effect of plants through rhizodeposition and photosynthetic efficiency, the impact of soil physiochemical and biological characteristics, and the configuration design of an efficient MFC. All hybrid MFC systems were carefully constructed using three types of soils (potting soil, yard soil, and river soil), six plants (Bonnie Curly Spider, Peace Lily, Lemongrass, Tomato Plant, Basil, and Lettuce), and three electrode types (zinc mesh, copper spiral, and graphite felt). Power density from each system was calculated as a function of days during growth and was based on the experimental measurement of the open voltage of every setup. Statistical t-tests were applied for data analysis. The results indicated that adding water to the MFC systems increased power output and decreased internal resistance. T-test analyses showed that the differences between wet and dry systems were statistically significant, with the wet system reducing internal resistance by up to 2 times and increasing power density by up to 3 times. Furthermore, the hybrid systems displayed significant advantages over their S-MFC and P-MFC counterparts, especially in sustained power output and lowered internal resistance, and reached a maximum power density of 0.28 W m-2, suggesting that future implementation of this technology in a scaled-up setting is more feasible. Therefore, it is suggested that plant-based hybrid MFC systems will be the future direction of S-MFC and P-MFC technology.

Matthew Lo

2023 IEEE Green Technologies Conference (GreenTech) • 2023

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are a promising renewable and sustainable energy solution for low-power field electronic devices, but still remain in the research phase due to low power output efficiency. This research systematically studied three tubular MFC systems including standalone soil microbial fuel cells (S-MFCs), plant microbial fuel cells (P-MFCs), and a proposed hybrid MFC (H-MFC) system. All tubular MFC systems were carefully constructed using three types of soils (potting soil, yard soil, and river soil), four plants (Bonnie Curly Spider, Peace Lily, Lemongrass, and Tomato Plant), and two types of electrodes (zinc mesh as the cathode and copper spiral as the anode). Power density from each system was calculated as a function of the days during growth and was based on the experimental measurement of the open voltage of every setup. The results showed that a standalone S-MFC system had easy implementation and a higher power density initially than some P-MFCs but was not as sustainable as P-MFCs, whereas both P-MFC and hybrid systems could produce power densities for sustained periods of time. However, the difference in power density between P-MFC and hybrid systems was observed after 18 days for potting soil and 11 days for yard soil, and after 30 days, the power density of all hybrid systems was roughly 2 times that of all P-MFC setups. Furthermore, the hybrid systems displayed significant advantages over their S-MFC and P-MFC counterparts, especially in the sustained power output and ease of replaceability, meaning that future implementation of this technology in a scaled-up setting is more feasible. Therefore, it is suggested that hybrid MFC systems will be the future direction of S-MFC and P-MFC technology.

Suriya Ponnambalam, M. K. Ilampoornan

Advances in Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering • 2024

In response to the growing energy crisis, increasing environmental awareness, and adverse effects of climate change, adopting renewable energy (RE) technology for electric vehicle (EV) charging has emerged as a promising solution. While EVs demonstrate high efficiency, their effectiveness in reducing greenhouse gas emissions is directly linked to the source of electricity used for charging. This review examines several key aspects of RE integration with EV charging. First, it analyzes current RE sources utilized in EV charging infrastructure and their global deployment patterns. Second, it investigates various energy storage technologies, charging systems, and intelligent grid integration methods that facilitate RE adoption in the EV sector. Third, it evaluates implemented smart charging strategies that align with current global trends in EV energy consumption. Finally, the review addresses critical challenges and opportunities in grid integration, infrastructure modernization, standardization protocols, maintenance requirements, network security, and supply chain optimization.

Akawu Shekari Biliyok, Salawudeen Ahmed Tijani

Renewable Energy - Recent Advances • 2023

This chapter discuss an improvement on the novel computational intelligent algorithm using the smell phenomenon. In the standard smell agent optimization algorithm, the olfactory capacity is constant thereby assuming that every smell agent has the same sensing capacity. In the improved smell agent optimization algorithm, that is changed to account for the difference in smell agent capacity. The algorithm was run against the standard smell agent optimization on Matlab to find the best HRES design using annual cost, Levelized cost of electricity (LCE), loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and excess energy. It was shown after the comparative analysis that there was a 79%, 99.9% and 53.4% improvement for annual cost, LCE and LPSP respectively. Statistically, results showed that the iSAO obtained the most cost effective HRES design compared to the benchmarked algorithms.

Loso Judijanto

Journal of Renewable Engineering • 2025

This study aims to examine the potential contribution of the Hybrid Renewable Energy System in supporting sustainable energy transitions in the future, especially in the context of reducing carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. This study uses a descriptive-quantitative research type with an engineering simulation approach. The study focuses on modeling and analyzing the contribution of a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) in reducing carbon emissions and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. . Based on the results of observations and analysis of technical data on solar radiation and daily wind speed, photovoltaic (PV)-based renewable energy systems show significant technical potential in generating electricity consistently throughout the year, especially in tropical areas. Meanwhile, although the potential for wind energy is relatively smaller, especially in areas with low average wind speeds, wind turbines can still provide additional contributions — especially when solar conditions are limited such as at night or in the rainy season. By combining these two energy sources into a hybrid system (HRES), the efficiency of renewable energy utilization can be maximized. The combination of PV and wind turbines allows : 1 ) Direct carbon emission reduction, which is ~22.7 tons of CO₂ per year from the PV system alone. 2) Diversification of energy sources, which reduces vulnerability to single dependence on fossil fuels. 3) Increasing the reliability of the electricity system, especially for remote areas and areas not yet covered by the PLN network. Overall, HRES provides a practical, efficient, and sustainable solution to meet the energy needs of small to medium-scale communities. It also opens up opportunities for energy decentralization, promotes a green economy, and strengthens Indonesia's commitment to net zero emissions targets in the future.

Primož Medved

Družboslovne razprave • 2023

To reach the ambitious EU 2030 renewable energy targets, new innovative models and collective investment schemes are needed to release citizens’ socio-economic potential to fully participate in the energy transition. The article aims to set the direction and basis for a concrete renewable energy communities (RECs) platform able to encourage the multiplication of RECs while ensuring the inclusion and empowerment of the most vulnerable parts of society. The REC platform is an interactive meeting, learning and investing point – a “one-stop shop” which connects REC producers with the customers, the urban and rural population, local and virtual members, (crowdfunding) investors and the most vulnerable individuals.

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Journal of Electronics and Sensors • 2019

There are many renewable energy sources in nature today. The most commonly used of these are solar, wave, wind and flow energy. The weakest aspect of these renewable energy sources in nature is that the amount of energy produced depends on the nature conditions. The power generation capacities of these energy sources depending on the weather conditions in order to more stable them are necessary to combine. By combining more than one renewable energy source, a hybrid power generation system is created. Hybrid energy storage units are added to this hybrid power generation system to ensure persistence of energy. In this study, sea flow energy and offshore wind energy are combined and a hybrid power generation system has been created. In addition, a hybrid energy storage unit consisting of a battery and ultracapacitor has been created in order to ensure the persistence of the energy produced. All two hybrid units were simulated using MATLAB/Simulink program. By integrating these systems with each other, their dynamic behaviors were investigated under possible working conditions. The results of the simulation show that the hybrid energy storage unit supports the wind and sea flow energy.

Shilaja C, Dr. S. Jeyanthi

Psychology and Education Journal • 2021

Power generation is more important to fulfill power demand throughout the world. Population and their electric power demand are increasing day by day. Achieve the energy demand from end-users, and recent research works have concentrated on designing a hybrid energy system. This paper proposed a multi-objective optimized model of a hybrid renewable energy system for a grid. The optimal model can choose a suitable design model of solar, wind, diesel, and batteries interconnected in the hybrid energy system. Optimization is applied for minimizing the system cost, fuel cost and diminish the fuel emission. It also aimed to improve the reliability of renewable sources. Initially, the problem is defined as a multi-objective problem and solved by a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. From the simulation results, it is identified that the proposed multi-objective evolutionary algorithm performs better.

Sonia, Anil Kumar Dahiya

Energy Storage • 2023

Abstract The need to incorporate renewable energy sources in the present grid due to energy demand and environmental issues has led the power industry to face new challenges and unexpected transformations. This new epitome to build a flexible power system with coordination of increasing intermittent renewable energy resources and delivering power efficiently with reliability demand new technologies. This work investigates the coupling of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) with the most exclusive superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) device designed for the improved functioning of a grid network that is incorporated with a wind farm. The widespread integration of intermittent wind generators in the grid is disturbing its stability and reliability. The SMES is interlinked with the grid system via a power electronic interface and chopper for the energy exchange. This work suggests STATCOM as a power electronic interface and a three‐level chopper configuration with novel control scheme for enhancing the functioning of the test system. This integrated controller (STAT‐SMES) has been analyzed for grid‐connected doubly fed induction generator wind farm under different fault conditions and time durations. The results have been compared without any controller, with STATCOM only, and with the proposed STAT‐SMES controller using MATLAB. The simulation outcomes prove that coupled control scheme is effective and better in handling wind farm integration issues.

Mehmet Cem Catalbas

Energy Storage • 2022

Abstract In this study, the effect of the COVID‐19 pandemic on electrical energy storage technologies was investigated. The results of the crises and opportunities created by this unpredictable epidemic in the future processes were evaluated according to energy and especially electrical energy storage areas. Home quarantines used to reduce the spread of the epidemic significantly increased the electrical energy needs of home users. In addition, great changes have occurred in public transportation habits during the COVID‐19 pandemic, and it has been observed that approximately 20% of individuals may prefer electric micromobility devices working with lithium batteries due to the risk of infection in closed areas such as public buses or metros. Although the demand for main energy sources has decreased significantly during the COVID‐19 pandemic, it is important that the percentage of energy produced from renewable energy sources increases by about 1%. With the increasing use of renewable energy sources and the increasing importance of the concept of sustainability in all areas of our lives, energy storage systems compatible with renewable energy technologies will become more and more important. At the beginning of these technologies, hydroelectric energy storage systems with closed‐loop pumps are preferred for large‐scale applications.

Armin U. Schmiegel

Energy Storage Systems • 2023

Abstract This chapter describes the different applications of storage systems: mobile applications, such as mobile, laptops, and electric tools; mobility applications, such as cars, bicycles, and electric scooters, but also mobile commercial vehicles and mobile machines. The chapter’s final section is made up of stationary applications that temporarily store energy surpluses from renewable energy sources or are used for energy trading or auxiliary services. The applications are characterized in terms of their energy content and the observed charging rates. The relationship between energy content and charging rate, the E-Rate, is also described.

Sumita Srivastava

Energy Storage • 2024

Abstract Hydrogen energy has been assessed as the clean and renewable energy source with the highest energy density. At present, 25% of energy demand comes from the transport sector, while 20% of greenhouse gases are produced from the transport sector at the global level. Hydrogen may be utilized in the vehicles as a fuel for fuel cell vehicles or as a hydrogen system in internal combustion engine vehicles. In both cases, hydrogen storage remains a key parameter. Various types of hydrogen storage materials have a wide range of operating conditions in terms of temperature, hydrogen plateau pressure, and hydrogen storage capacity with other relevant hydrogenation characteristics. At present, not a single hydrogen storage material is available to fulfill all the requirements of hydrogen storage for vehicles on the set target of DOE US. MgH 2 has high hydrogen storage capacity equivalent to 7 wt%, but desorption temperature is 300°C. The normal vehicles do not operate at such a high temperature. Therefore, in the present communication, combinations of metal hydrides have been studied. The first combination belongs to MgH 2 and AB 2 system and another belongs to MgH 2 , NaAlH 4 , and AB 2 system. In the calculation performed, it has been shown that the amount of heat and temperature available in the exhaust gas of a vehicle is enough to liberate the hydrogen from the high‐temperature metal hydride system. The calculated specific capacity on the system basis has been found as 1.13 kWh/kg (0.034 kgH 2 /kg) and 1.20 kWh/kg (0.036 kgH 2 /kg) for both combinations, respectively. These values of specific capacity are very much close to the present target of DOE US.

Patricia Scholczova

Energy Consumption, Conversion, Storage, and Efficiency • 2024

Renewable energy sources with their growing importance represent the key element in the whole transformation process worldwide as well as in the national/global restructuring of the energy system. It is important for a sufficient energy system is to find a solution and key element to complete energy supply, that is, energy storage. Reasons and background, which make the energy storage so crucial, imply that exact, enduring development of energy storage is an indispensable part of the full energy supply. There are some necessary components for further development and implementation of renewable energy sources, and these components involve not only a flexible generation system but also network expansion, demand-side integration, and storage. As the energy storage is a much needed component that can facilitate a low carbon energy system, energy storage technologies find their applications in two major areas, and these are electricity network energy storage and transport/mobility. Interest toward energy storage has also grown due to technical and innovative progress in the field of energy storage technologies. Additionally, energy storage can be considered from different perspectives, which always give corresponding benefits, emphasizing the importance and attractiveness of energy storage.

N Abdul Harris, A Abdul Halim

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science • 2021

Abstract The world’s main source of energy now is fossil fuels but the demand for power is increasing. In addition, the burning of fossil fuels produces harmful greenhouse gases and has a significant impact on the environment. The fuel cell system in this study is based on the aerobic and anaerobic integration system are used in most waste disposal methods in Malaysia. It is a system of electrochemistry results from the oxidation of organic matter that transfers electrons to carbon graphite This research is to study the effectiveness of the method generating electricity from micro-fuel cells produced from leachate wastewater and it is also conducted to identify microbial activity using a double chamber system. The food waste obtain is divided into double chambers which is aerobic and anaerobic. Digital readings using a multimeter are performed for ten to thirteen days continuously to obtain the highest reading results for voltage and electric current. The measurement of the highest reading result on the 11th day recorded a reading as high as 146.8 mV at 2000 mV while the current reached 28 μA at 2000 μA. This study has proven that there is the production of electrical sources from the activity of organisms present in food waste using microbial fuel cell systems. The result show that food waste and cattle manure produce the highest voltage and current. This has provided an opportunity to explore alternative ways of generating electricity according to the environment and conditions of each region.

Siddharthsingh K. Chauhan, Vineeta S. Chauhan

Novel Energy Storage and Conversion Technologies for Two-Dimensional MXenes and MBenes • 2025

The integration of hydrogen electrolyzers and fuel cells into existing power grids presents significant opportunities and technical challenges, particularly in the context of renewable energy expansion and decarbonization. Hydrogen electrolyzers, which convert electricity into hydrogen, offer a promising solution for energy storage, enabling surplus renewable energy to be stored as hydrogen for later use. When integrated with fuel cells, hydrogen can be reconverted into electricity, providing a reliable, carbon-free power source. This dual functionality positions hydrogen as a key enabler for balancing grid supply and demand, especially during periods of high renewable generation or low energy availability. This chapter explores the opportunities and technical challenges of integrating hydrogen electrolyzers and fuel cells into power grids, highlighting their potential to enhance grid resilience, reduce carbon emissions, and support the transition to a sustainable energy future.

Murali Krishna Pasupuleti

Programmable Matter and Morphogenetic Engineering • 2024

This chapter explores the engineering of adaptive structures using smart materials with programmable mechanical and optical properties, offering a pathway to innovation in fields such as aerospace, architecture, and biomedical engineering. These materials, including shape-memory alloys, electroactive polymers, and photonic crystals, can alter their stiffness, elasticity, transparency, and light transmission in response to external stimuli like heat, electricity, and light. The chapter covers the design principles, fabrication techniques, and computational modeling tools used to develop these materials, highlighting real-world applications in aerospace shape-shifting components, self-healing medical implants, and dynamic building façades. Future trends such as AI-driven material optimization and biocompatible smart materials for regenerative medicine are also discussed. Keywords: smart materials, adaptive structures, programmable properties, shape-memory alloys, electroactive polymers, photonic crystals, mechanical properties, optical properties, self-healing, computational modeling, AI-driven material design, aerospace, biomedical engineering, regenerative medicine, dynamic façades, sustainability.

Shucheng Chen, Xianmao Lu

Smart Materials for Advanced Environmental Applications • 2016

With the growing global demand for fresh water for consumption, it is of great importance to find novel technologies to produce fresh water efficiently. In recent years, forward osmosis (FO) has emerged as a promising membrane technology for seawater desalination and wastewater treatment. A crucial requirement for an efficient FO process is to find a draw solute that is able to generate a high water flux and can be regenerated via facile recovery methods. Smart materials exhibit advantages as FO draw agents to lower the energy cost of regeneration as they can respond to stimuli to undergo physical or chemical changes that facilitate separation from solvents. Therefore, increasing research efforts have been devoted to the design of smart draw solutes. This chapter aims to review the recent development of various smart draw solutes. It begins with a general introduction to the FO process. Next, hydrophilic magnetic nanoparticles and stimuli-responsive magnetic nanoparticles are discussed, followed by the study of smart polyelectrolytes, solvents and hydrogels. The concluding remarks present future perspectives on using smart draw solutes for FO processes.

Henry Pupiales, Raúl Bahamonde Soria, Daniel Arboleda et al.

Preprints.org • 2025

Chitosan biopolymer membranes reinforced with channel-selective ZIF-8 nanofillers were developed and characterized for use as separators in bioelectrochemical systems. The study focused on the application of biopolymer chitosan in combination with ZIF-8 as nano reinforcement agents to improve membrane performance. Key properties such as water retention, chemical and thermal stability, surface resistance, antifouling ability, and ionic conductivity of the mixed matrix membranes (Composite ZIF-8/chitosan) were evaluated and compared with commercial Nafion-117 and nanofiltration (NF) membranes. The composite ZIF-8/chitosan membranes exhibited excellent water retention and structural stability under harsh conditions, while reducing surface resistance and effectively rejecting organic contaminants and salts (NaCl, Na₂SO₄). Impressively, the ionic conductivity reached 0.105 S/cm, which is similar to that of Nafion-117. These results suggest that biopolymer chitosan reinforced with ZIF-8 nanofillers offers a sustainable and cost-effective alternative for use as separators in bioelectrochemical systems applications.

Mohsen Shahinpoor

Fundamentals of Smart Materials • 2020

Chapter 19 reviews conductive polymers (CPs). There are currently a fairly large number of CPs or synthetic conductors that are being used industrially or medically. Some of the basic conducting polymers are polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, poly(phenyl vinylene), polyacetylene, etc., which can be manufactured via chemical or electrochemical oxidation and reduction (redox) procedures. CPs with the ability to conduct electrical charges in addition to being flexible, optically active and not difficult to synthesize present a tremendous opportunity for the industrial and medical applications of CPs. Pioneering work on CPs reported the observation that the conductivity of polyacetylene increases by millions of times when it is oxidized via “doping” with iodine vapor. CPs can conduct electrical charge because within their molecular network charges can jump between the molecular chains of the polymer. CP molecular structures possess both single and double chemical bonds, which enhance charge transfer.

S Venkata Raju, K Madhusudhana

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ONLINE OF SCIENCE • 2016

Renewable energy is the energy created by sources, which are naturally replenished such as sunlight, rain, wind and tides. Although there is much debate about how to define and distinguish renewable energy from non-renewable, other energy types such as biomass, biofuel and anaerobic digestion are also widely considered as renewable energy. Microbial fuel cells(MFCs) that generate electricity by the break-down of organic matter(e.g. wastewater) have a great potential for the future energy and environmental challenges. MFCs are often compared with anaerobic digestion, which also uses microbial activity for breaking down organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Unlike anaerobic digestion, which is relatively well understood and already widely used in municipal wastewater treatment plants, MFCs have received far less attention and funding, hence the technology is still at laboratory level in its development.

Erin M. Gaffney, Shelley D. Minteer

Science • 2021

Silver nanoparticles in Shewanella membranes boost electron transfer to graphene electrodes

Işılay BİLGİÇ

Turkish Journal of Water Science and Management • 2022

Günümüzün en önemli sorunları arasında artan enerji ihtiyacını karşılamak ve fosil kaynakların enerji üretimi için kullanımından kaynaklanan çevre kirliliğinin önlenmesi yer almaktadır. Ayrıca, dünyadaki kullanılabilir sudaki azalma insan sağlığı ve nüfusu için bir tehdit haline gelmiştir. Mikrobiyolojik yakıt hücreleri (MYH) bu üç önemli sorunu çözme potansiyeli sebebiyle son yıllarda daha ilgi çekici bir konu haline gelmiştir. Atık sulardaki organik ve inorganik içerikler potansiyel bir enerji kaynağı olarak görülebilir. MYH'ler, atık suyun organik ve inorganik içeriğindeki kimyasal enerjiyi elektriğe dönüştürebilen tek sistemdir. Bu dönüşüm gerçekleştirilirken, atık suyun temizlenmesi işlemi yapılabilir. Bu sistemlerin maliyetlerini azaltmak, sistemin kullanımını hızlandırmak için en önemli parametredir. Son zamanlarda özellikle, oksijen indirgeme reaksiyonunun gerçekleştiği katot bölmesinde kullanılan katalizörlerin maliyetinin düşürülmesi ve verimliliğinin arttırılması üzerine yapılan araştırmalar hız kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, MYH 'lerde kullanılan katot malzemeleri incelenecek ve alternatif malzemeler tartışılacaktır.

Barbara Bielec

Proceedings of the Wisconsin Space Conference • 2015

The BioPharmaceutical Technology Center Institute (BTC Institute) is a non-profit educational organization founded in 1993; located in Fitchburg, WI. During the summers of 2013 and 2014, the BTC Institute offered teacher training in biotechnology through two graduate education courses, Biotechnology: The Basics (2013 & 2014) and Biotechnology: Beyond the Basics (2013). Teachers of a wide variety of subjects with varied levels of teaching experience were active participants in this lab-based learning that provided teachers with training, background and curriculum materials including information about NASA and biotechnology. In addition to the teacher courses, the BTC Institute in partnership with the African American Ethnic Academy, Inc. (AAEA), a Madison non- profit organization, also offered "A Celebration of Life!, a science program for upper elementary and middle school students. The focus of the 2013 program was Energy and the focus of the 2014 program was Flight.

Nebiyu Wolde Girgibo

Climate • 2022

This review paper describes seaside renewable energy resources. The motivation and need behind this work are to give background literature on the use of climate change effects as a resource support for shallow geothermal-energy (seaside energy solutions) production. This leads to combating and mitigating climate change by using its effect to our advantage. As a part of my literature review as a report series, this report gives some background about seaside energy solutions relating to water quality and climate change. This review paper addresses all aspects of renewable energy. The methodology implemented in this review paper and other series was a systematic literature review process. After searching and collecting articles from three databases, they were evaluated by title, abstract and whole article then synthesized into the literature review. The key conclusion is that seaside renewable energy is mainly shallow geothermal-energy and most of the methods use climate change effects to their advantage such as sediment heat energy production. The main recommendation is to use the effects of climate change to combat and mitigate its causes and further consequences. The overall conclusions are built on the relationships between different aspects of the topics. The paper contributes a precise current review of renewable energy. It is the last part of a series of four review papers on climate change, land uplift, water resources, and these seaside energy solutions.

D. D. Pham, Sumiko Kurashima, N. Kaku et al.

Water Supply • 2018

A bench-scale experiment to cultivate rice for animal feeding with continuous irrigation of treated municipal wastewater (TWW) in six different conditions was carried out to examine nitrogen removal from TWW, yield and quality of harvested rice, and accumulation of heavy metals in soil and rice grains. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) system comprising graphite felt electrodes was also installed to generate electricity in the paddy field. The highest rice yield (9.0 ton/ha), dry mass (12.4 ton/ha), and protein content (13.1%), an important nutrient in animal feed, were obtained when a bottom-to-top irrigation (TWW was supplied to the underdrain pipe) was applied at the highest flow rate. The bottom-to-top irrigation achieved 79 to 91% removal of nitrogen in TWW, which was much higher than the top-to-top irrigation (58%). No accumulation of heavy metals was found in the experimental soils, and heavy metal concentrations in brown rice were lower than the allowable levels of current standards. The electric output from the MFC system was much lower than that reported in normal paddy fields, probably due to the poor connection between cables and electrodes. Further study is necessary to improve the electricity generation and to continuously monitor heavy metals in brown rice and the soil.

Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability • 2020

Membrane technologies play a very important role in water and wastewater treatments. These membrane processes provide key advantages over the conventional processes, such as lower energy requirement, lower footprint, easier to operate, and more effective contaminants removal. This chapter introduces different membrane processes: (1) pressure-driven membrane processes which are the most widely used in water and wastewater treatments, and (2) several advanced membrane processes. These processes perform physical or physicochemical separations. Most of the separations occur between liquid-liquid phases, but liquid-gas and gas-gas separation phases are also performed in the latest membrane development. The contemporary membrane bioreactor is the heart of membrane technologies that are used in various applications. However, fouling is a common phenomenon that reduces the efficiency of the membrane operation. Thus, the concept of critical flux and introduction of some control and preventive mechanism could prevent or reduce the fouling in membrane bioreactors.

Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability • 2020

The application of microalgae-based wastewater treatment was first introduced in the 1940s to treat municipal wastewater. Microalgae have been studied for its various potentials such as for nutrients removal, carbon dioxide (CO2) removal, biofuel production from biomass, etc. This chapter focuses on the potential of microalgae membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment, microalgae cultivation, and harvesting. Furthermore, the selection of microalgae species is covered by comparison of nitrogen, phosphorus, COD, and BOD removal from various studies. Microalgae membrane bioreactors combine the biological treatment of microalgae with the conventional membrane bioreactor. Still, membrane fouling phenomenon is a challenge in microalgae membrane technology. Thus, several other technologies of immobilized microalgae are introduced which can potentially reduce the membrane fouling occurrence and concurrently remove the need for microalgae harvesting process.

Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability • 2020

Conventional wastewater treatment consists of chemical, biological, physicochemical, and mechanical processes to remove organic loading, solids, and nutrient contents from wastewater. Biological processes are more commonly used in wastewater treatment as secondary or tertiary treatments, as it is more effective and more economical than chemical and mechanical processes. In this chapter, several types of wastewaters generated from municipal or industrial activities are discussed. Wastewater has different pollutant contents depending on the point of generation which consequently requires different ways of treatment. Some commonly used conventional wastewater treatment technologies are introduced. A particular focus is given to both aerobic and anaerobic treatments.

Lina María Agudelo-Escobar, Santiago Erazo Cabrera

Environmental Sciences • 2024

Water resource sustainability is a critical global concern, leading to extensive scientific research. Proposed alternatives for wastewater effluent use include the promising Bioelectrochemical Systems (BES) that not only treat wastewater effectively but also generate electricity, produce biofuels, and synthesize valuable compounds through integrated microbial and electrochemical processes. BES research aims to enhance device design and develop superior electrochemical materials for optimal performance. The efficiency of treatment and energy co-generation depends on the metabolic characteristics of microbial communities responsible for oxidation-reduction processes in wastewater. The diversity of these communities, along with electron transport mechanisms and metabolic pathways, significantly impacts BES functionality and effectiveness. This study focuses on microorganisms in various BES setups, presenting their electrochemical performance. It compiles data on microbial ecology, emphasizing controlled communities and model microorganisms from wastewater treatment systems. The study highlights the scarce research on native microbial communities for agroindustrial wastewater. Its main goal is to consolidate information on microorganisms with electrogenic capacity, demonstrating their potential in different bioelectrochemical systems. These applications can transform wastewater bioremediation and enable the production of green energy, biofuels, and high-value compounds.

Sayali Udakwar, Dilip Sarode

Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika • 2023

Background: Agricultural residues are a significant part of the waste generated in India. It is challenging for farmers to manage surplus crop residue sustainably because of large production and limited options. Ultimately, most farmers burn crop residue without giving it a second thought. Besides affecting the environment, burning crop residues also reduces soil fertility, soil nutrient content and soil organic humus levels by releasing greenhouse gases. Methods: This study was conducted to identify surplus crop residues available and their current uses. Vidarbha region in Maharashtra was selected for the study and cotton, tur and soybean crops were selected since these are the most commonly grown crops there. A man-to-man survey was conducted to determine the type and amount of crop residue available and how it is currently being used. Three farmlands in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra were selected for the study. Four different varieties of cotton, tur and soybean were grown on three farms. The yield and crop residue generated were measured per unit area. Analysis of crop residue availability was conducted using statistical methods. Result: Based on the study, it can be concluded that biomass waste is abundantly available and there is potential to generate bioenergy by utilizing agricultural waste effectively. Furthermore, the regression study shows that crop output is a major predictor of crop residue generated.

Gopal Sonkar

Journal of Global Resources • 2022

This paper deals with three issues related to surplus residues biomass energy: 1. the concept of surplus crop residues biomass energy, 2. institutional setup for residues biomass energy policy and planning, and 3. Its achievement at the national level. The choice of surplus crop residues biomass energy is dependent on the institutional framework that shaped its existence in the renewable energy sector. The current study is shaped by various alternative learning-based approaches used by academics and practitioners in the field of renewable energy. The approaches show similarities with Clean Development Management (CDM) goals and reflect the alternative and sustainable development context within which they were framed toward ecological-based energy capacity building. The institutional framework can encourage surplus crop residual biomass energy, and it is one of the few alternative energy resources in which individuals appear eager to invest. However, the surplus crop residues biomass energy initiative is slowly spreading across the country, wait and watch if the surplus crop residues biomass energy approach can prove its merits.

Erica Cruz

Global Scientific Research in Environmental Science • 2025

The growing environmental concerns have intensified interest in renewable sources, promoting the use of agro-industrial residues as alternative substrates for the production of materials, chemicals, and bioenergy. Among these residues, cheese whey stands out due to its high content of lactose, proteins, and minerals, and is widely used in microbial fermentations to produce industrially relevant compounds such as enzymes. Likewise, lignocellulosic wastes like sugarcane bagasse have proven effective as carbon sources for cellulase production, while corn steep liquor has been employed as an inexpensive nitrogen source. Studies involving Bacillus licheniformis SMIA-2 have demonstrated its potential to produce enzymes such as proteases, avicelase, and carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) using agro-industrial residues, including passion fruit peel flour, cheese whey, and sugarcane bagasse supplemented with corn steep liquor. Replacing conventional inputs with industrial by-products not only reduces enzyme production costs but also contributes to minimizing the environmental impact caused by residue disposal. This review highlights the importance of agro-industrial residue valorization as a sustainable and economically feasible strategy for microbial enzyme production.

Eti Best Herbert

Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy (The) • 2022

Most Nigerian living in the rural areas lack access to electricity due to lack of connectivity to the national grid network. The national grid expansion strategy to rural areas has not yielded much result due to financing and centralised approach. Off-grid electricity is considered more suitable for rapid electrification of rural areas. This paper examined the American and Indian approach to rural electrification and derived suitable lessons for Nigeria. While America ensured a robust national grid network to service rural areas, India adopted the renewable energy based off-grid options, thereby becoming the fastest developing country in rural electrification. Keywords: Rural Electrification; Off-grid, National Grid; Renewable Energy; Financing; Decentralisation

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International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering • 2019

Renewable energy finds major application in electrification of remote areas where the access to electrical energy from grid is not possible.Renewable energy resources also act as the most important source for electrical energy production to overcome the energy crisis due to lapse of conventional sources and expected to meet the large demand in power all over the world especially in developing country like India. Among the renewable resources, wind & solar are the most popular ones because of their abundance, ease of accessibility and which can be easily converted to the electricity. This paper presents the design and analysis of a hybrid solar-wind system for domestic purpose in the remote areas of the country where continuous power supply from central grid is a problem

Momina Sirguroh

Ecology, Environment and Conservation • 2024

The diverse landscapes, climates and social structures across India’s numerous regions, encompassing approximately 0.586 million villages present a spectrum of economic prospects rooted in leveraging local resources carefully. Sustainable development relies on the prudent utilization of these resources. Among various resources energy stands out as a very crucial for the sustainable development of rural areas. Rural electrification plays a pivotal role in fostering sustainable development in India by facilitating economic growth and social progress. Despite efforts, only 44% of rural households have access to electricity. The Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY), a national renewable energy scheme, aims to address this gap outlined in the National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP). While significant investments have been made in physical infrastructure, the focus has been on development rather than effective management. Ensuring reliable 24/7 power supply to essential facilities is crucial. The success of initiative like RGGVY hinges on empowering State Electricity Boards (SEBs) to enforce regulations and ensure reliable service delivery, especially during peak demand hours in rural areas. This paper delves into the significance and challenges of rural electrification, exploring technical solutions and viable strategies to empower policymakers in utilizing electrical energy effectively.

Chris Bell, Ayoolu Olukemi, Abram Gracias

Preprints.org • 2024

The transition to renewable energy sources is critical for sustainable development, particularly in rural regions with limited access to electricity. Solar-powered microgrids offer a promising solution for rural electrification by providing reliable, clean energy that can enhance economic opportunities and improve quality of life. This paper presents a techno-economic analysis of solar-powered microgrids for rural areas, evaluating their feasibility, costs, and benefits. The analysis encompasses technological aspects, such as solar panel efficiency, battery storage, and grid management, alongside economic factors including initial investment, maintenance costs, and potential returns. Additionally, the study assesses the social impact of solar-powered microgrids, exploring their effects on local communities, including improvements in education, health, and economic activities. The findings indicate that solar microgrids can be a viable and impactful solution for rural electrification, with significant long-term benefits for both economic development and social well-being.

Evaristo Haulle, Gabriel Kanuti Ndimbo

International Journal of Development Issues • 2024

Purpose Tanzania is rich in small hydropower (SHP) potentials. However, many of these potentials have yet to be fully used, and more than two-thirds of its rural population lacks access to electricity. The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of SHP stations in improving rural welfare in the southern highlands of Tanzania. It further explores the history, cost-effective analysis and threats to the sustainability of SHP as one of the renewable energy sources. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a qualitative research design to explore respondents’ views on the role of SHP stations in facilitating rural electrification and welfare improvement. Primary data were gathered using semi-structured interviews with the 27 key informants and beneficiaries of SHP stations from the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. In addition, the study used documentary research to complement the information from the field survey. Findings The findings found that SHP stations enhance rural electrification and welfare by providing electricity in remote areas with sparse populations. They operate as standalone off-grids, often by church communities and individuals. However, the sustainability of SHP stations is hampered by challenges such as climate change impacts, high capital investment costs, heavy siltation of small reservoirs, skilled manpower shortages, limited local manufacturing capabilities and infrastructural issues. Originality/value The study contributes to the ongoing debate on renewable energy supply and uses, focusing on how SHP stations could contribute to sustainable rural electrification and achieve the 2030 United Nations agenda for sustainable development, which, among other things, aims to safeguard access to sustainable and modern energy and alleviate energy poverty.