Mahboob Mian, Nawal Al Qubaisi

Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition • 2012

Abstract Gas Processing Facility (GPF) project achieved Zero flaring 1.7million standard cubic feet per day (41.65 tons) gas recovered thru Vapor Recovery System and protect the environment by reducing; CO2: 3,924 tons/yr CO: 123.6 tons/yr NOx: 21.6 tons/yrs ➢ Total gas recovered: 612 million standard cubic feet per year ➢ Revenue saving: 835,380 US$ /year Vapor Recovery Unit (VRU): Under this unit, gases from the Tertiary Ethyl Glycol (TEG)Dehydration package and vents from compressors dry gas seals are recovered/ captured and compressed in the VRU and then sent to the suction for the main gas compressor for reuse instead of going to flare Gas Processing Project (GPF) at Zakum complex is a new gas treatment platform that will augment the existing gas processing capacity of the Zakum West Super Complex. It will increase the associated gas production from Zakum oilfield. The beauty of this project is that ADMA has employed the Zero flaring policy. There will be no flaring at all at this platform. This is one of the unique project of its nature in the ADNOC group of companies, even in Emirates and could be in the whole middle east where is there would be NO flaring. We have designed flare as well in this project but that would be used only for emergencies. GPF is a stand alone platform with independent utilities and support facilities. The GPF platform is 67.5 meter in length and 43 meters in width. GPF is located at Zakum oilfield, offshore facility about 65 kilometer Northwest of Abu Dhabi. This platform has three main decks, cellar, mezzanine and main. The flare structure consists of a 120 meter long flare bridge with a 80m above sea level angled boom. The distance from the flare tip to the GPF platform is 150 m. There will not be any flaring during normal operation of the GPF, as Zero flaring technology is installed. Hydrocarbon from the GPF platform will be recovered using a Vapour Recovery Unit (VRU) facility. Flaring will only be undertaken during emergency conditions.

Tiziano Gallo Cassarino, Mark Barrett

Research Square • 2021

Abstract With over a third of the United Kingdom's greenhouse gas emissions, decarbonising heat is key to achieving the Government's net-zero target by 2050. Here, we simulate high renewable zero-emission energy system architectures with heat supply based on the major options of district heating, heat pumps, and electrolytic hydrogen boilers. We adopt a novel whole system modelling approach that combines meteorology-driven hourly simulations of demand and supply with storage, flexible technologies, and interconnections on the European scale. Our results show that systems with heat supply based on consumer or district heat pumps require about four times less electricity per unit of heat, with a heat cost about half of that from electrolytic hydrogen boilers. Furthermore, we compare trade-offs between investment in different infrastructure components. For example, we find that, compared to the reference scenario, increasing renewable capacity by 33%, or interconnections by 200%, can lower system storage capacity by up to 50%.

Leah Foecke, Zachary Karson, Thomas Tiberghien

• 2024

As the US public transportation sector accelerates its shift from fossil fuels to zero-emission alternatives, transit agencies and transit bus manufacturers alike face significant uncertainty and instability. This report provides policymakers with updated insights into the US transit bus market, focusing on key industry dynamics, financial challenges with zero-emission bus (ZEB) acquisition, technological obstacles in deployment, and regulatory issues. The research relies on interviews with stakeholders, a detailed review of existing literature, and an analysis of US public transit data. Key findings reveal ongoing challenges related to costs, supply, reliability, and workforce development, all of which hinder the adoption of ZEBs. Specifically, challenges include the reality that purchase prices for zero-emission buses in the United States remain significantly higher than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and have not declined as quickly as previously theorized. Additionally, the full-size ZEB market in the US has become highly consolidated, and most transit agencies lack capacity in terms of technical knowledge, staff, and funding required for a successful transition to ZEBs. Potential options to combat these challenges may include enhanced funding mechanisms, industry partnerships, facilitating access to supporting technologies and best practices, and undertaking initiatives to prepare the ZEB workforce. While more research is needed to support the sector's full transition to ZEBs, this report provides actionable insights policymakers can use in a rapidly evolving market to identify solution areas for further exploration and ease transit into a more sustainable future.

Aiman Rashid, Marco Caredda

Preprints.org • 2023

A layout of urban waste fired zero emission power plant is described in this paper. The principle of layout, which comes from similar coal-fired plants retrieved from the literature, integrates gasification with a power generation section, and implements two parallel conversion processes, one supplied by the heat of the gasifier consisting of a thermoacousticmagnetohydrodynamic (TAMHD) generator, while in the second one the syngas is treated in order to obtain almost pure hydrogen, which is fed to fuel cells. The CO2 deriving from the oxidation of Carbon base is stocked in liquid form. The novelty of the proposed layout lies in the fact that the entire conversion is performed without solid moving parts. The resulting plant avoids any type of emissions in the atmosphere, increases mechanical efficiency as compared to traditional plants, thanks to the absence of moving parts, nonetheless, resolving at its root the ever-increasing waste-related pollution problems.

, Gökçe Soydemir, Orestis Panagopoulos

• 2024

This study investigates the degree to which underrepresented construction contractors face challenges in California's zero-emission transportation sector to devise a simpler and more efficient bonding structure. Using a survey dispersed over underrepresented businesses across the state, the study provides several suggestions for a statewide bonding program that caters to the needs of contractors. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used in the study. The survey data are evaluated using econometric tools to analyze whether there are any statistically significant associations between contractors' characteristics and their industry experiences. Focus groups and focused interviews are conducted to identify those perspectives the survey does not capture, enhancing the quantitative results with firsthand accounts from contractors. This research reveals that many barriers prevent underrepresented businesses from competing effectively and having a more efficient bonding structure. The main obstacles include lack of funds, redundancies in the system such as the retention requirement, insufficient availability of necessary resources, the presence of unconscious bias, problems encountered in guaranteeing faster payments by having a payment clause that works very similarly to the federal system, and relatively high percentages required for bonding and lack of statewide consistency of funding assistance in the bonding process. These businesses exhibit a lack of information and trust regarding the efficacy and accessibility of these programs. The findings indicate the need for legislative changes that prioritize increasing these contractors' access to resources, transparency, prompt automatic payment, and mentee-mentor support. The study also recommends reorganizing the current support systems, such as by implementing an online forum to assist underrepresented contractors, enabling them to compete and cooperate more effectively and contribute to a more equitable and sustainable zero-emission transportation sector in California.

Mafalda S Baptista, Charles K. Lee, Maria R. Monteiro et al.

Environmental Microbiome • 2024

Background Isolating the effects of deterministic variables (e.g., physicochemical conditions) on soil microbial communities from those of neutral processes (e.g., dispersal) remains a major challenge in microbial ecology. In this study, we disturbed soil microbial communities of two McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica exhibiting distinct microbial biogeographic patterns, both devoid of aboveground biota and different in macro- and micro-physicochemical conditions. We modified the availability of water, nitrogen, carbon, copper ions, and sodium chloride salts in a laboratory-based experiment and monitored the microbial communities for up to two months. Our aim was to mimic a likely scenario in the near future, in which similar selective pressures will be applied to both valleys. We hypothesized that, given their unique microbial communities, the two valleys would select for different microbial populations when subjected to the same disturbances. Results The two soil microbial communities, subjected to the same disturbances, did not respond similarly as reflected in both 16S rRNA genes and transcripts. Turnover of the two microbial communities showed a contrasting response to the same environmental disturbances and revealed different potentials for adaptation to change. These results suggest that the heterogeneity between these microbial communities, reflected in their strong biogeographic patterns, was maintained even when subjected to the same selective pressure and that the ‘rare biosphere’, at least in these samples, were deeply divergent and did not act as a reservoir for microbiota that enabled convergent responses to change in environmental conditions. Conclusions Our findings strongly support the occurrence of endemic microbial communities that show a structural resilience to environmental disturbances, spanning a wide range of physicochemical conditions. In the highly arid and nutrient-limited environment of the Dry Valleys, these results provide direct evidence of microbial biogeographic patterns that can shape the communities’ response in the face of future environmental changes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40793-024-00587-0.

Guangyue Xu, Ruochen Zhu, Qichan Zhang et al.

Research Square • 2024

Abstract The overuse of fossil energy in industrialization process is a major cause of the frequency of global warming and environmental pollution problems, which seriously threaten the sustainable socio-economic development of Italy and other countries. In response to climate change, Italy has declared a goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. Against this background, this paper selects Italy's carbon emissions from 2011 to 2021 and predicts Italy's future carbon emissions using the GM (1, 1) model. The study results show that Italy's carbon emissions show a decreasing trend, with an average annual rate of change of 1.65% in the process of carbon neutrality. Italy's carbon dioxide emissions will drop to 195.46 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2050, which is about 60.40% lower than the peak in 2005. In addition, according to the capacity of forest carbon sinks, Italy will be able to achieve the carbon neutrality target in 2033. Therefore, this study demonstrates Italy's carbon-neutral promotion strategy and enhances the related carbon-neutral system. It provides some references for other countries, including China, to improve their policy design to promote the green and low-carbon transition of the global economy.

Marilena Maragkaki, Kartikeya Rajput

Eco Cities • 2023

<p>Athens’ extensive urbanisation, lack of green areas and the extreme heat caused by increasingly frequent heat waves indicate the need for actions improving indoor and outdoor comfort, which is closely related to the energy consumption of the buildings. This work’s aim is to create a carbon neutral block in Athens on the 2050 horizon. The optimization of the block’s form based on principles of environmental design and climatic analysis was performed to enhance its environmental benefits. Simulations on the energy performance of the block and calculations on the ability to cover the energy loads by renewables were conducted. Finally, to meet the zero-carbon neutrality, a connection with the neighbouring blocks was established. The results demonstrate the benefits of a bioclimatic, carbon neutral building design in Athens and provide a practical prototype, which can be adapted in other projects, thereby enabling the shift to a more efficient and environmentally friendly built environment.</p>

Ubaida Yousaf, Denise Vonhoegen, Sören Thiele-Bruhn

• 2023

Recent research indicates that soil microbes play a significant role in the formation and turnover of soil organic matter (SOM). Thus, OM is metabolized by microorganisms through intracellular and extracellular enzymatic activity, with one portion of it being converted into biomass and another being respired for energy. This causes an energy and matter flux that is adjusted and slowed down by ongoing recycling of the matter and residual energy. Matter and energy are conserved as much as possible throughout repeating microbial growth cycles, resulting in an "energy use channel," and/or storage as necromass. Soil fertility and several other soil functions depend on the activity of diverse soil microbial populations and, consequently, on continual energy and carbon flows within the soil system. Fluxes and stoichiometry concerns must be considered for the maintenance of microbial diversity and ecosystem activities in soil, including C storage. To comprehend C turnover and sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems, further knowledge of the relationship between element cycling and energy fluxes is required. In this project, we present a conceptual overview of microorganisms as mediators of SOM production, we do that by investigating seven carbon substrates with varying complexity with the same model soil (fertilized Dikopshof) in five different incubation experiments.In the first experiment, we study the effect of substrate size (Glucose — 180 Da, α — 1,4-maltotetraose — 666,6 Da). We hypothesize that exoenzymes would be required to degrade any substrate greater in size than 600 Da, meaning different CUE/EUE due to a change in the process type from growth-oriented processes — high energy flux for glucose degradation to the adaption-oriented processes for the larger substrate, i.e., maltotetraose in this case. The substrates were labelled with 13C to determine various carbon pools in the samples. Destructive sampling was used to obtain subsamples from 6 different time points. Aminosugars and acids were used as markers of microbial biomass/necromass. Chloroform fumigation extraction was performed to determine microbial biomass of carbon and nitrogen. In combination with further data to calculate the microbial quotient (Cmic/OC), the respiratory quotient (qCO2= resp./Cmic), and CUE. Gas flux sampling and isotope selective CO2 analysis to determine the differences in the turnover of the substrates (Energy consumption respiration) The energy accumulation includes the formation of additional biomass, necromass, and metabolites. Analysis of C, H, N, S, O, and P to calculate the stoichiometry of OM.  

Kongzhai Li, Jun Cai, Yuhao Wang et al.

Carbon Neutral Systems • 2025

Abstract Metallurgy represents the primary source of CO 2 emission within China's industrial sector. Blast furnace gas (BFG), rich in CO 2 and CO from ironmaking, serves as the principal contributor to carbon emissions. Transforming these carbon molecules into high-value chemicals or energy products is essential for achieving carbon neutrality in the steel industry. Traditional technologies require extensive separation and purification processes for BFG's CO 2 and CO, resulting in significant energy consumption. Consequently, a major challenge facing the steel industry in advancing flue gas carbon capture lies in developing cost-effective and energy-efficient solutions. This perspective outlines our latest advancements in CO 2 -CO co-hydrogenation for methanol production from BFG. We introduce an innovative approach by integrating blue hydrogen derived from chemical looping, green hydrogen obtained through water electrolysis, and hydrogen sourced from industrial by-products to enhance co-hydrogenation processes. This multifaceted strategy aims to improve carbon sequestration while promoting sustainable hydrogen utilization within chemical production. By developing catalysts for both hydrogen production pathways, we have established high-performance hydrogen reserves. Additionally, we have designed advanced core–shell thermal storage catalysts to optimize methanol synthesis via CO 2 -CO co-hydrogenation. Our research emphasizes the identification of advanced catalytic materials resilient to varying temperatures and pressures—an essential factor for effective hydrogenation. The prepared Cu–ZnO–ZrO 2 catalyst for CO 2 -CO co-hydrogenation achieved a remarkable 52.8% increase in methanol selectivity compared to its commercial counterparts. Additionally, further insights into heat transfer and storage mechanisms will enhance process efficiency, thereby improving energy management and reducing operational costs. This study aims to establish a robust framework addressing carbon emissions while fostering a circular economy through efficient use of resources. The development of a cyclic catalytic system will facilitate industrial-scale CO 2 -CO co-hydrogenation for methanol production, contributing significantly to sustainable development initiatives focused on energy savings and carbon reduction. Graphical abstract

Zhaoyang Luo, Jianning Ren, Simone Fatichi

• 2024

Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE), describing the partitioning of microbe assimilated carbon into microbial growth and respiration, is commonly used in soil carbon models to link microbial activities with the consumption of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the role of CUE in regulating SOC storage remains debated. Previous studies have reported that a higher CUE could not only favour SOC formation through microbial necromass accumulation, but also trigger SOC losses because an enhancement in enzyme production facilitates SOC decomposition. The former leads to a positive relationship between CUE and SOC, while the latter leads to a negative one. Temperature dependencies introduce additional uncertainties while exploring the SOC-CUE relationship since temperature affects both SOC decomposition and CUE. Based on the meta-analysis and numerical simulations with a mechanistic model (T&C), we examined the relationship between CUE, SOC storage and temperature. Numerical results recover the expected SOC storage decrease with increasing temperature when temperature effects are isolated; however, an increase of SOC storage with decreasing CUE is found once temperature effects are discounted, indicating that SOC storage increase with increasing CUE is likely a by-product of temperature dependencies. In addition, we show that CUE variability plays a more important role in affecting SOC storage at lower temperature. Our study helps refine the understanding of SOC responses in a warming climate.

M. Spohn

• 2014

Abstract. Soil microbial respiration is a central process in the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle. In this study I tested the effect of the carbon-to-nitrogen (C : N) ratio of soil litter layers on microbial respiration in absolute terms and per unit microbial biomass C. For this purpose, a global dataset on microbial respiration per unit microbial biomass C – termed the metabolic quotient (qCO2) – was compiled form literature data. It was found that the qCO2 in the soil litter layers was positively correlated with the litter C : N ratio and negatively related with the litter nitrogen (N) concentration. The positive relation between qCO2 and litter C : N ratio resulted from an increase in respiration with the C : N ratio in combination with no significant effect of the litter C : N ratio on the soil microbial biomass C concentration. The results suggest that soil microorganisms respire more C both in absolute terms and per unit microbial biomass C when decomposing N-poor substrate. Thus, the findings indicate that atmospheric N deposition, leading to decreased litter C : N ratios, might decrease microbial respiration in soils.

Xianjin He

• 2025

Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) affects the fate and storage of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems, but its global importance remains uncertain. Accurately modeling and predicting CUE on a global scale is challenging due to inconsistencies in measurement techniques and the complex interactions of climatic, edaphic, and biological factors across scales. The link between microbial CUE and soil organic carbon relies on the stabilization of microbial necromass within soil aggregates or its association with minerals, necessitating an integration of microbial and stabilization processes in modeling approaches. In this perspective, we propose a comprehensive framework that integrates diverse data sources, ranging from genomic information to traditional soil carbon assessments, to refine carbon cycle models by incorporating variations in CUE, thereby enhancing our understanding of the microbial contribution to carbon cycling.

N Grahamslaw

Historic Ships 2023 • 2023

Brunel’s SS Great Britain, the first iron ship, is conserved and displayed in the historic dry dock where she was built. The most vulnerable parts of the original wrought iron hull are preserved by keeping the surrounding air at 20% relative humidity to prevent corrosion. A glass “sea” at waterline level creates a seal, and bespoke desiccant dehumidifiers desiccate the environment inside and underneath the ship. This conservation method relies on natural gas for drying the air, and electricity for circulating it.

Lisa Göransson

Preprints.org • 2023

This work investigates how to balance the electricity supply and demand in a carbon-neutral northern Europe. Applying a cost-minimizing electricity system model including options to invest in eleven different flexibility measures, cost-efficient combinations of strategies to manage varia-tions are identified. The results of the model are post-processed using a novel method to map the net load before and after flexibility measures are applied to reveal the contribution of each flexi-bility measure. The net load is mapped in the space spanned by the amplitude, duration, and number of occur-rences. The mapping shows that, depending on cost structure, flexibility measures contribute to reduce the net load in three different ways; 1) by reducing variations of long duration but low amplitude, 2) by reducing variations of high amplitude but short duration and low occurrence or 3) by reducing variations of high amplitude, short duration and high occurrence. It is found that cost-efficient variation management is achieved by combining wind and solar power and by combining strategies (1-3) to manage variations. The cost-efficient combination of strategies de-pends on electricity system context where electricity trade, flexible hydrogen and heat production (1) manage the majority of variations in regions with good conditions for wind power while sta-tionary batteries (3) are the main contributors in regions with good conditions for solar power.

Henrik von Storch

• 2020

<p> <em>Deutsche Post DHL Group is the world’s leading logistic company. </em><em>The Group connects people and markets and is an enabler of global trade. It aspires to be the first choice for customers, employees and investors worldwide. To this end, Deutsche Post DHL Group is focusing on growth in its profitable core logistics businesses and accelerating the digital transformation in all business divisions. The Group contributes to the world through sustainable business practices, corporate citizenship and environmental activities. By the year 2050, Deutsche Post DHL Group aims to achieve zero emissions logistics. Deutsche Post DHL Group is home to two strong brands: DHL offers a comprehensive range of parcel and international express service, freight transport, and supply chain management services, as well as e-commerce logistics solutions. Deutsche Post is Europe’s leading postal and parcel service provider. Deutsche Post DHL Group employs approximately 550,000 people in over 220 countries and territories worldwide. The Group generated revenues of more than 63 billion Euros in 2019.</em> <em> </em> <em>Deutsche Post DHL Group’s greenhouse gas footprint was 28.95 million tonnes CO2e in 2019. We acknowledge our responsibility to tackle climate change and have committed to net-zero emissions by 2050 in 2017. We do not only rely on the further development of technologies to reduce our carbon footprint but also on collaboration with our customers and transport partners to achieve the aspired emission reduction. Less knowingly, companies like Deutsche Post DHL group need suitable and reasonable standards for carbon accounting to allocate emissions reduction to the party funding them. Based on the rationale that emissions reduction is not always possible or reasonable where the funds are located but at another location, the concept of carbon offsetting was invented based on the rules set out by the Kyoto Protocol. Carbon offsetting has never been acknowledged in international carbon accounting standards such as the greenhouse gas protocol. The rationale behind this is the target to drive emissions reduction in each and every emitting sector. This is why we call for a new approach to enable faster emissions reduction called insetting. With this approach, emissions reduction become tradable within the sector and independent of local availability of carbon reducing technologies, each and every emitter can contribute to reducing emissions in their sector.</em></p>

, Soo Jung Ryu

• 2010

<p>Universities have always had an important leadership role in society in demonstrating the types of changes that need to occur with respect to the prime issues of the time. All around the world, universities are lining up to declare themselves the next carbon neutral school as part of the global trend of becoming "sustainable." But what does it really mean to be carbon neutral? In 2007 Victoria University's School of Architecture and Design (SoAD) declared themselves the first carbon neutral campus in the world through the use of sponsored and purchased carbon credits. However 100% reliance on offset schemes is not the answer as it does not guarantee the capture of carbon forever. Also, the continuing purchase of carbon offsets could be costly and maintaining businessas- usual without any significant changes will result in continuing environmental degradation as a result of the SoAD's unsustainable activities. This research explores various solutions for reducing the three biggest factors that contribute towards the emissions, which are energy, transport and waste. It looks at the difference between behavioural changes (low cost) and technological investment (high cost) in order for SoAD to reduce its carbon footprint to meet three possible reduction targets, established by this research as 25%, 50% and 90%. The findings are that 25% could be saved through simple behavioural changes which cost very little, as they are mainly related to avoiding wastage, 50% could be saved through a combination of low and high cost measures, and 90% comes from considerable investment in new technologies or drastic reduction in use. A further aim of the research is to translate all possible savings into other means, such as knowing how much carbon or land is saved, using a measure such as the ecological footprint, and more importantly what these savings mean to the third world where resources are scarce and expensive. If SoAD's wasteful activities from neglect can be translated into saving people's lives in other nations, it might lead to more responsible energy use. What this research indicates is that for SoAD to be carbon neutral various factors need to be considered and user behaviour is paramount.</p>

Wanjia Hu, Yue Cai, Xingqi Li et al.

• 2025

Soil microbes play an important role in stabilizing soil organic carbon (C) as microbial residues, a process known as soil ‘microbial C pump’ (MCP). Accurately assessing MCP efficiency is essential for understanding microbial-mediated soil C sequestration. Conventional assessments based on microbial C use efficiency (CUE) hinge on microbial biomass only and do not include microbial necromass, which may not depict MCP efficiency. Here we propose a relatively simple and rapid approach based on 13C-glucose amendment experiment to assess microbial C accumulation efficiency (CAE)  as a novel metric for assessing MCP efficiency. We first validated the approach by showing negligible retention of glucose to soils with a wide range of edaphic properties. Glucose-derived 13C may hence be considered to represent microbial C (including biomass and residues) after a few days of addition, given the rapid uptake of glucose by microbes. Microbial CAE may thus be assessed as the recovery of glucose-derived 13C in the soil. By further conducting a meta-analysis of literature data involving isotopically labeled glucose amendment experiments, we revealed distinct variation patterns and influencing factors of microbial CAE and CUE across various terrestrial ecosystems. Compared to CUE which is mainly regulated by factors influencing microbial physiological processes (particularly substrate availability), CAE is jointly regulated by factors that influence microbial growth (e.g., biomass and climate) and residue preservation (e.g., clay content). These findings underscore that CAE is decoupled from CUE. Incorporating CAE into soil C models may provide new insights into future SOC dynamics under climate change.

Yashfa Khalid, Arifa Tahir, Naseem Akhtar et al.

Carbon Neutral Systems • 2025

Abstract Cement production is highly carbon-intensive and contributes significantly to carbon emissions. The study aimed to estimate the carbon footprint of sawdust combustion compared to coal, highlighting the ecological benefits of sawdust as an alternative energy source. Refuse-derived fuel energy was produced by converting waste into alternative fuels to replace coal. This process can reduce the carbon footprint and provide additional environmental credentials. For this, we used one year of data to compare the carbon footprints of coal and sawdust sourced from furniture factories, which were burned in the local cement industry. The carbon footprint was evaluated by identifying the key emission categories, collecting relevant data, and calculating greenhouse gas emissions. The calorific value of coal was found to be 24 MJ/kg, while that of sawdust was 17.5 MJ/kg. An average of 586.116 tons of sawdust was used monthly, peaking at 1,302.60 tons in October 2023 and dropping to 34.735 tons in May 2024. Monthly, 974.08 tCO₂e emissions were generated from sawdust, with October 2023 recording the highest release at 2,164.83 tCO₂e. In contrast, coal combustion in the same month released 2931.12 tCO₂e, resulting in a 766.29 tCO₂e difference. In May 2024, sawdust usage was minimal, resulting in a release of only 57.73 tCO₂e, with a difference of 11.97 tCO₂e. By increasing the mass of the sawdust-to-coal ratio, its heating value can be matched to that of coal. The study found that while sawdust has a lower calorific value than coal, it produces significantly less CO₂ emissions per unit of energy generated, making it a cleaner alternative in terms of greenhouse gas output. The research highlighted sawdust as a sustainable energy source. Graphical Abstract

Toyin Onafujabi

Prosperitas • 2021

Purpose – This paper seeks to explore the transition and process of migrating from high dependence on internal combustion engine (ICE), to one that is a sustainable carbon neutral fleet. Design/Methodology/Approach – Comparative studies will be completed for commercial vehicles with combustion engines and carbon-neutral alternative vehicles. Findings – This paper provides informed decision for people who may wish to consider alternative sustainable carbon neutral propulsion systems. Practical implications – Historically, modes of transportation rely on the conversion of chemical (stored) energy to motion via the use of internal combustion engine (ICE). However, with more awareness, rise in “Green” consumers, and government policies, businesses are open to exploring sustainability and reducing their carbon footprint contribution to the environment. This study suggests that there will be some level of trade-off discussions needed to make such decisions based on the different requirements, industries, geographical locations, and the environment in which such businesses operate. Some companies will be able to justify the need to be more carbon neutral, though some may not, or off-set the capital outlay required to transition and remain carbon neutral, without some form of external help.

Qi Cheng, Lizhuo Wang, Jun Huang

Carbon Neutral Systems • 2025

Abstract Addressing the grand challenge of climate change, carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies have gained significant attention. However, the high energy consumption of conventional CCUS limits its economic feasibility for widespread application. Drawing inspiration from nature, using sustainable solar irradiation to drive CCUS offers a promising solution, with the core challenge being the development of efficient solar-driven catalysts for CO 2 upcycling, akin to natural photosynthesis. This review comprehensively explores the structure–activity relationship of nanocatalysts in three solar-driven catalytic CO 2 reduction systems: photocatalytic CO 2 reduction, plasmonic catalytic CO 2 reduction, and photoelectrocatalytic CO 2 reduction. The paper begins with an introduction to the fundamental theories, thermodynamics, kinetics, reaction mechanisms, and key factors involved in these solar-driven CO 2 reduction processes. It then focuses on applying photocatalysts (PC) with various structures, including multidimensional structures, junctions, and metallic or alloy compositions, which enhance light absorption, facilitate charge transfer, electron–hole pair separation, and increase active sites. In photoelectrocatalytic (PEC), metal–semiconductor junctions enhance product selectivity, while semiconductor–semiconductor junctions improve overall efficiency. In plasmonic photocatalysis (PPC), introducing localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) metals and bimetallic nanocatalysts significantly boosts the efficiency and selectivity of CO 2 conversion through hot-electron participation. By thoroughly analyzing the performance of various catalysts in different solar reaction systems, this review aims to provide a scientific foundation and innovative ideas for future research, advancing sustainable CO2 reduction technology development. Graphical Abstract

Murali Krishna Pasupuleti

Artificial Intelligence and Climate Resilience: Building Carbon-Neutral Cities and Sustainable Agriculture • 2024

This chapter explores the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in achieving a carbon-neutral future by enhancing sustainability in both urban and agricultural systems. AI-driven innovations are revolutionizing energy efficiency, resource management, and disaster resilience, contributing to significant reductions in carbon emissions. In urban settings, AI optimizes energy use through smart grids, facilitates the adoption of renewable energy, and supports sustainable infrastructure. In agriculture, AI powers precision farming, optimizes water and soil management, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions from livestock. The chapter also examines the synergy between urban and agricultural systems, highlighting AI’s role in sustainable food supply chains, urban farming, and agroforestry. Challenges such as data privacy, economic barriers, and technological limitations are addressed, along with future trends in AI-driven renewable energy integration, climate prediction, and global collaboration for sustainability. AI is positioned as a critical tool in the global push towards carbon neutrality and resilience. Keywords: AI, carbon neutrality, sustainable strategies, urban resilience, agricultural resilience, smart cities, precision farming, renewable energy, disaster resilience, sustainable food supply chains, urban farming, carbon capture, climate prediction, agroforestry, global sustainability.

Tina Soliman Hunter, Jun Huang, Yijiao Jiang

Carbon Neutral Systems • 2025

Abstract Australia’s path to net-zero emissions by 2050 depends heavily on the development and commercialisation of hydrogen as a substitute for hydrocarbons across transport, power generation, and industrial heat sectors. With hydrocarbons currently supplying over 90% of national energy needs, hydrogen must scale rapidly to fill the gap. Existing low-carbon hydrogen production methods, blue hydrogen via steam methane reforming and green hydrogen via electrolysis, are constrained by high water requirements, posing a challenge in water-scarce regions targeted for hydrogen development. This paper investigates dry reforming of methane (DRM) as a water-independent alternative, using CO₂ as a reactant. DRM offers dual benefits: reduced reliance on freshwater resources and the utilisation of CO₂, supporting broader emissions reduction goals. Recent improvements in nickel-copper catalyst performance enhance the viability of DRM for industrial-scale hydrogen production. The Middle Arm Precinct in the Northern Territory is highlighted as an ideal site for implementation, given its access to offshore gas fields containing both methane and CO₂, presenting a unique opportunity for resource-integrated, low-emission hydrogen production.

Drashti Solanki, Manan Shah, Mitul Prajapati

Carbon Neutral Systems • 2025

Abstract This study explores the impact of the excessive utilization of fossil fuels on the environment. It highlights the potential of utilizing non-conventional energy sources, specifically geothermal and wind energy, to produce green hydrogen. The study includes various hydrogen production methods that integrate with these non-conventional energy resources and evaluates their feasibility as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. The processes involved in hydrogen production include the Kalina cycle, the Rankine cycle, and the utilization of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolysis. The paper also addresses the challenges & opportunities associated with green hydrogen production, including environmental impacts, investment costs, infrastructure limitations and land availability. Additionally, it provides insights into the economic & environmental benefits of adopting renewable energy-integrated hydrogen production. It proposes solutions to overcome the identified challenges, ultimately promoting a carbon-free future.

Dorji Yangka, Vanessa Rauland, Peter Newman

Research Square • 2020

Abstract Background: Bhutan has pledged to remain carbon neutral (CN) in perpetuity. Whether they can sustain this is questionable due to the country’s increasing economic growth (GDP) and commitment to gross national happiness (GNH) outcomes, both of which can lead to a rise in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The nexus between GHG, GNH and GDP is the essence of the sustainable development global project. Results: Through scenario modelling using the Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) model, the study finds that the carbon neutral declaration will derail between 2037 and 2050 without mitigation measures. By putting in place mitigation measures especially in the industry and transport, CN can be retained even under high growth pressure, which may cost just 2% of GDP. CN can be easily retained under low economic growth, but this could undermine GNH. Conclusions: The options to remain CN will require Bhutan to adopt more efficient technologies and electrify industry and transport under both low and high growth scenarios. The additional cost to the Bhutanese economy is feasible through low and high growth opportunities. The options are similar to those confronting emerging nations struggling with issues of climate commitments under economic growth pressures.

Oliver Schwedes, Konrad Otto-Zimmermann

Preprints.org • 2021

With its sights set on sustainable development, transport policy finds itself confronted with the challenge of convincing people to abandon the current path of growth and instead use small, slower vehicles with a reduced range in the future. The problem with this goal is that people's mental structures are shaped by the car ensconced in their heads. Thinking in other terms hardly seems possible; moreover, many of the products classified as vehicles, but smaller in scale than the "car" and that already exist, remain unknown, nor can they be tried out - they are quite literally nowhere to be seen. In light of this situation, the German Federal Environmental Foundation has commissioned a feasibility study to explore the establishment of a World of Experience (Erlebniswelt) of sustainable urban mobility - the EcoMobileum®. Here, the aim is to open up the horizons of a new culture of mobility in order to get people excited about the transformation of mobility.

James Ohioma I Arukhe

International Petroleum Technology Conference • 2014

Abstract The Manifa field development is a megaproject, the world's largest offshore hydrocarbon production increment built in a single phase. Manifa is the world's largest extended reach oil project (2/3 of project's 350 wells are extended reach wells). Manifa's rare species, its marine life in shallow estuaries, and the local communities dwellers who reliance on fishing for survival imposed environmental challenges for the field's development. Consequently the twin objectives for optimization were environmental stewardship and ensuring operational field development excellence. Grassroots efforts in re-developing the field required value-added technical solutions that honor the triple bottom line - economic, social, and environmental objectives. The scope of this paper is to present some engineering solutions for developing the field considering the related ecosystems. The successful field commissioning in April 2013, and the subsequent delivery of the project's first milestone, allows for a thorough analysis and consideration of important variables for meeting Manifa development objectives, and sustainable partnerships that ensure local expertise development. The ecologically sensitive and highly productive nature of Manifa's coastal location necessitated the involvement of marine specialists in comprehensive environmental assessments at project conception to reduce the developmental footprint on the marine environment. Therefore, active construction around the northern part of the causeway was eliminated for better water circulation in the Manifa-Tanajib bay. In addition, the design consideration for the route selection for the causeway and islands ensured minimum disturbance to coral reefs and dense sea-grass meadows. The conversion of 70% of the offshore field into an onshore development through the construction of 27 artificial islands, linked with 41 km of causeway, resulted in major resources and environmental gain as offshore platform requirements and environmental footprints were reduced by more than 50%. Several new technologies enabled the unique Manifa development from ultra-deep high departure well placement to a variety of coiled tubing conveyance solutions. The implications of pushing technological frontiers for environmentally friendly development in a huge and complex field like Manifa holds significant promise for overcoming developmental challenges under similar situations. Background The Manifa oil field on the northeast coast of Saudi Arabia is 15% greater than the size of Singapore. With an aerial extent of more than 800 km2 under shallow waters, the field is one of the world's biggest oil fields. Historically, the Manifa oil field was discovered more than 50 years ago when production of crude oil was minimal. Therefore, Saudi Aramco decided to lay off the operations to a later date. With new technology, the company decided to develop Manifa field to produce Arab Heavy crude oil. About 70% of the field was primarily offshore, while 30% of the field was onshore.

Jasbir S Gill

CORROSION 2006 • 2006

Abstract This paper describes the performance of a new low-phosphate molecule for scale and corrosion control under various industrial conditions. The results are compared to several well-established existing corrosion and scale control treatments in the water treatment industry. The molecule is very stable both hydrothermally and in an oxidizing environment. The laboratory study is supplemented with two case histories in the power generation industry. One of the power plants is a coal-fired zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) and the other is a nuclear power plant. At the latter plant, the new treatment was used for service water and recirculating cooling tower. As seasonal variation changed the water chemistry from soft to moderately hard water, the treatment continued to effectively treat corrosion and scale, respectively. The low phosphate level in the treatment allowed the plant to use part of the once-through service water as make-up to the cooling tower without any additional treatment. The new corrosion treatment, at a total phosphate level of <1 PPM (as PO4), provided corrosion rate of <4MPY under soft water conditions. In the recirculating system, corrosion rates were <2 MPY and scaling was prevented without additional treatment. ZLD application demonstrated the new chemistry’s ability to inhibit calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and mild steel corrosion.

Huey J. Chen, Yue Chen

CORROSION 2002 • 2002

Abstract There is an increasing need in the petroleum industry to develop green products due to more severe environmental legislation. Recently, several environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors became available commercially. We evaluated the performance of five of these commercial green corrosion inhibitors in CO2 saturated 3% sodium chloride solution with or without hydrocarbon. We used the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy technique in the Rotating Cylinder Electrode system for the performance evaluation. Results showed that three of five commercial products gave acceptable inhibition performance and the performance ranking among these products also varied significantly in brines with or without 20% hydrocarbon. This indicates that partitioning characteristics of these products are different.

Juyeon Hwang, Seokhee Jeong

MECC 2023 • 2023

Abstract Cities represent intricate tapestries of diverse infrastructures where elements with distinct functions coexist in a complex harmony. Notably, high-rise buildings, which exert a significant influence on a city's aesthetics, serve a purpose that extends beyond their architectural significance. Their role encompasses the protection of lives and property in the face of calamity. In the unfortunate event of a fire within a steel-framed structure, a myriad of factors comes into play: combustion gases, flames, intense heat, and harmful smoke. The heightened temperature of the blaze threatens the structure's integrity, intensifying the risk of structural collapse. This is where the significance of fire-resistant coatings becomes apparent. When exposed to high temperatures, these coatings undergo a transformative process, expanding and evolving into an insulating layer. This layer acts as a robust barrier, preventing the searing heat from infiltrating the steel framework. This critical delay provides occupants with precious moments to safely evacuate. In this study, we delve into the evolution of the core technology underpinning the foaming mechanism of fire-resistant paint, tracing its historical development. Furthermore, we investigate how various countries establish, quantify, and validate performance standards for fire-resistant paint in practical settings, emphasizing its vital functions. Special attention is directed towards the evaluation of fire-resistant paint during actual fire incidents. Additionally, our research assesses the risks associated with combustion gases generated during fires, contributing to the development of more environmentally sustainable fire-resistant paints. To conclude, we present a noteworthy case study that illustrates the unique application of fire-resistant paint within the Korean context.

, Anatolii DANYLKOVYCH, Olga SANGINOVA et al.

Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences • 2022

The paper presents the results of the development of the technology of sintal-tanid tanning of unhaired hide obtained from the skins of cattle – heavy beef with acid deaeration, in the formation of harness skin without the use of chromium compounds. For this, the samples of the unhaired hide are thoroughly washed with water according to the usual method, and soaking is performed on the residual liquid after draining (20%) in a drum for 2 hours at a temperature of 19–20 C in the presence of 0.5% ammonium sulfate and 0.6% lactic acid mixture and sulfuric at a ratio of 1:1 based on 100% concentration. Reagent consumption are set based on the previous studies. Sodium hexametaphosphate in the presence of 100% water by weight of the semi-finished product (PK 1) for the same temperature is used to transform the unhaired hide into pre-tanning components. After 15 minutes of mixing in a drum 0,6% of the sulfuric acid diluted with water 1: 5 are added. For 30 minutes external layers of a branch are preliminary fixed. Then a second pre-tanning is performed due to the addition of 1.5% formalin. After 4 hours of continuous rotation of the drum, for the next 12 hours the system is set in motion for 2-3 minutes every 2 hours. During this time, the pH value of the cut of the semi-finished product is 4.6. To reduce the content of environmentally hazardous reagents, formalin is excluded from the technological process. The use of sodium hexametaphosphate and formaldehyde instead of chromium compounds before syntane-tanide tanning allows to reduce the duration of the technology by 18 hours, to reduce water consumption by 1.6–2.2 times. When using only sodium hexametaphosphate at the stage of pre-tanning and tanning of the semi-finished product of the developed technology, the toxic substances content in wastewater of leather production is significantly reduced. Harness leather produced using the developed chrome-free tanning technology meets the technical requirements of the current standard in terms of its quality. Tested chemical materials can be effectively used for the development of alternative chrome, environmentally safer, resource-saving technologies to produce leather materials for general purposes.

Alvan Fathony, Syafiqotunnafila

QULUBANA: Jurnal Manajemen Dakwah • 2024

In economic development, the concept of a green economy supports human well-being and pays attention to the preservation of the environment and ecosystems. However, from a negative perspective, economic development can also lead to the loss of natural resources due to excessive management, pollution of land, water, and air by industrial pollution, floods, and the impacts of climate change. The ideal concept of sustainable development can be found in Islam. At least there are basic rules that support sustainable development, namely the application of fiqh al-bi'ah based on maqashid sharia to manage Islamic resources in the economy. This type of research is a descriptive research paper with a qualitative approach. The research procedure produces descriptive data in the form of written words from people and observed behaviors. The results of this research indicate that the application of Islamic fiqh al-bi'ah can significantly contribute to global efforts to address environmental challenges and achieve fair and inclusive sustainable development.

, Shanti Maria Liga

• 2023

(English) The availability of energy is a fundamental ingredient for the development of society. However, the intense consumption of fossil fuels as an energy resource since the second industrial revolution has caused a massive increase in the concentration of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which is nowadays known to be the first cause of climate catastrophe. For this reason, it has become a priority to replace fossil fuels with more sustainable sources, which are renewable and produce low greenhouse gas emissions. Photovoltaics is one of the suitable technologies to carry out this fast transition because it is already well-developed and is based on the use of the infinite energy source, the Sun. However, increasing the efficiency of solar light conversion into electricity and reducing the cost of photovoltaic devices is fundamental to achieve the goals set by policy makers. Consequently, the development of novel optoelectronic materials, based on abundant and environmentally friendly elements, is one of the fundamental scientific advances needed to boost the shift towards a low-carbon society. Perovskites, whose solar cells reached this year a certified record efficiency of 25.7%, are the first solution-processed materials to outperform multicrystalline and thin-film silicon and therefore one of the most interesting new materials for photovoltaic applications. In spite of their astonishing performances in solar cells, the most promising perovskites contain lead, which is toxic for human beings and potentially a threat to the environment. Hence, over the last decade, there has been intensive research on strategies to replace lead in the perovskite structure with nontoxic elements. Among all the novel perovskites studied, titanium-based vacancy-ordered double perovskites demonstrated one of the most promising performances when applied in solar cells. This thesis focuses on the development of new solution syntheses for the preparation of novel lead-free vacancy-ordered double perovskite nanocrystals based on titanium and tin in the oxidation state +4, which are nontoxic and abundant elements. All the synthesized perovskite nanocrystals were characterized structurally, chemically and optically. Moreover, the experimentally observed optical properties and the stabilities of these materials were further confirmed by ab initio density functional theory calculations. We initially developed a colloidal synthesis to prepare mixed bromide-iodide Cs2TiBr6-xIx perovskites. All these materials are intrinsically stable with bandgaps in the visible region; suitable for solar cell applications. However, they showed very high instability in air, which prevented their application in devices and that motivated us to search for strategies to stabilize them. Encouraged by the higher reported stabilities of Sn+4 perovskites with the same vacancy-ordered double perovskite structure, we synthesized pure tin halide perovskite NCs and novel mixed titanium/tin iodide and bromide perovskite NCs. The experiments confirmed that tin perovskites are stable in air and that the mixtures with the highest amount of tin in the structure are stable in air for longer than pure titanium perovskites. Finally, for the case of Cs2TiBr6, we developed a room temperature method to reach comparable stabilities in air through a surface treatment with tin compounds. In summary, we have developed a low-temperature solution method for the preparation of novel environmentally-friendly perovskites based on tin and titanium and studied their properties for the first time, both computationally and experimentally. Finally, we have found a way to increase the stability in air of titanium-based perovskites through the addition of tin in the structure. Overall, this thesis provides an insight into novel lead-free perovskites based on titanium and tin and it represents a milestone for the understanding and development of this new class of materials. (Español) La disponibilidad de energía es un ingrediente fundamental para el desarrollo de las sociedades. A pesar de eso, el elevado consumo de combustibles fósiles como principal fuente de energía desde la segunda revolución industrial ha causado un aumento de la concentración de CO2 en la atmosfera, que a día de hoy se ha reconocido como la primera causa del cambio climático. Por esta razón, se ha convertido en una prioridad remplazar los combustibles fósiles con fuentes más sostenibles. La energía fotovoltaica es una de las tecnologías más adecuadas para progresar rápidamente en esta transición, aunque el aumento de la eficiencia del proceso de conversión de luz solar a electricidad y la reducción del coste de los dispositivos fotovoltaicos sean fundamentales para conseguir a tiempo los objetivos establecidos por los órganos decisorios. Por lo tanto, el desarrollo de nuevos materiales optoelectrónicos, compuestos a partir de elementos que sean abundantes y respetuosos con el medio ambiente, es uno de los avances científicos fundamentales necesarios para impulsar este cambio hacia una sociedad “low-carbon”. Las perovskitas, cuyas celdas fotovoltaicas han alcanzado este año una eficiencia del 25.7% están entre los nuevos materiales más interesantes para aplicaciones fotovoltaicas. A pesar de esto, las perovskitas más prometedoras contienen plomo, que es un elemento tóxico para los seres humanos y una amenaza potencial por el medio ambiente. En consecuencia, a lo largo de la última década, muchos proyectos de investigación se han centrado en la búsqueda de estrategias para remplazar el plomo con elementos que no sean tóxicos. Entre todas las nuevas estructuras estudiadas, las perovskitas dobles con vacantes ordenadas con base de titanio son las que han alcanzado uno de los rendimientos más prometedores en las celdas fotovoltaicas. Esta tesis está centrada en el desarrollo de nuevas síntesis en solución para la preparación de nuevos nanocristales de perovskitas dobles con vacantes ordenadas de titanio y estaño en estado de oxidación +4, ambos elementos abundantes y no tóxicos. Todos los nanocristales de perovskitas que han sido preparados fueron caracterizados estructural, química y ópticamente. Además, las propiedades observadas experimentalmente han sido confirmadas mediante cálculos de la teoría del funcional de la densidad ab initio. Inicialmente, se ha desarrollado una síntesis coloidal para preparar perovskitas mixtas de ioduro y bromuro de cesio y titanio con fórmula Cs2TiBr6-xIx. Todos estos materiales tienen brechas de bandas en el visible, entonces serian aptos para aplicaciones en celdas solares. Por otro lado, tienen una inestabilidad muy alta en aire, que impediría cualquier aplicación en dispositivos, y que nos ha impulsado a focalizarnos en la búsqueda de estrategias para estabilizarlas. Motivados por las altas estabilidades en aire reportadas en las perovskitas análogas que contienen Sn+4, se han sintetizado las perovskitas nanoestructuradas de estaño y de titanio y estaño. Se ha observado que las mezclas con el porcentaje más alto de estaño son estables en aire por un tiempo más largo que las perovskitas de titanio. Finalmente, para el caso de Cs2TiBr6, se ha desarrollado un método para conseguir una estabilidad comparable, mediante un tratamiento superficial utilizando compuestos de estaño. En resumen, se ha desarrollado una nueva síntesis en solución para la preparación de nuevas perovskitas sin plomo a base de estaño y titanio y se han estudiado por primera vez sus propiedades mediante métodos experimentales y computacionales. Finalmente, se ha encontrado una manera para mejorar la estabilidad en aire de las perovskitas a base de titanio, mediante incorporación de estaño en la estructura. En general, esta tesis aporta un entendimiento de las nuevas perovskitas dobles con vacantes ordenadas de titanio y estaño y representa un punto de referencia por la comprensión y el desarrollo de esta nueva clase de materiales

Csaba Hancz

Acta Agraria Kaposváriensis • 2024

Sustainability applies to almost all aspects of human activity, and the ever-growing aquaculture industry is no exception. Feeding aquatic animals is of paramount importance in terms of economic and environmental sustainability. This review discusses practices and promising new results for improving feed efficiency at different levels of production intensity. Special emphasis is placed on demonstrating how semi-intensive pond technology can be considered ab ovo sustainable also from a social point of view. Recent achievements in the field of alternative protein sources to replace fishmeal are also discussed, as well as the beneficial properties of special feed additives such as probiotics and phytochemicals.

Yuji Isshiki, Naoki Hashimoto

IABSE Reports • 2025

<p>TAC.T BRIDGE is a pedestrian bridge, composed of small diameter timbers and the environmentally friendly concrete, that will lead to sustainable action now and future. The site is at the Japanese General Contractor's R&,D department. This bridge functions as a part of a circular pathway, that connects the scattered facilities, and contributes not only to convenience for the researchers but also as a place for a change of pace during working time. As for the used material – small diameter timbers, which has been mainly used for frames of housing in small scale, is easy to procure in a stable price and to machine with precision on NC processing. And the environmentally friendly concrete, which achieves a reduction of CO2 emissions and a negative CO2 balance by replacing a part or all of cement to blast furnace slag and/or carbon‐recycled materials, comprises the bridges abutments. TAC.T BRIDGE is our proposal for the realization of the carbon neutrality by 2050.</p>

• 2009

The 20th century has seen a phenomenal growth in the global economy and continuous improvement in the standard of living in the industrialized countries. Sustainable development has become an ideal target in recent years and in the early 1990s the concept of "Green chemistry" was launched in the USA as a new paradigm, and since 1993 it has been promoted by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The success of the pharmaceutical industry is, in large part, due to the towering achievement of organic chemistry, a mature science which emerged as a distinct discipline well over 150 years ago, however this has been both a blessing and a curse. Many of our most reliable strategies for assembling target molecules employ reactions which are fifty to one hundred years old and are often named in honour of their discoverers. During these early years, the chronic toxicological properties of chemicals were often completely unknown and many unwittingly became indispensable tools of the trade. Early pioneers in green chemistry included Trost (who developed the atom economy principle) and Sheldon (who developed the E-Factor). These measures were introduced to encourage the use of more sustainable chemistry and provide some benchmarking data to encourage scientists to aspire to more benign synthesis. Green chemistry is essentially the design of chemical processes and procedures that reduce or eliminate the use, or the generation, of hazardous substances. Green chemistry is a growing area of research and an increasing number of researchers are now involved in this field. The number of publications has dramatically increased and new recognition of advances made is necessary with respect to other research areas. The synthesis of "Fine Chemicals" represents one of the main goals in organic synthesis and this new book extensively examines the main processes and procedures for their preparation under eco-friendly conditions. The book is a collection of selected research topics delivered by scientists involved in some of the more prominent fields of green chemistry. It is devoted to the synthesis of fine chemicals by the use of alternative eco-friendly solvents (ionic liquids, polyethylene glycol, water, etc.), supported organic catalysis, microwave irradiation or high pressure as contributors to more efficient processes, photochemistry as a green procedure and solvent-free processes. Each chapter gives an introduction to the various methods or procedures and their contribution to green chemistry and a variety of the most representative examples of the eco-friendly synthesis of fine chemicals are reported and discussed. In addition, there is a chapter dedicated to the application of simple reaction to the synthesis of complex molecules.The chapters are all written by authors who are experts in their field and are exhaustively referenced and the book will be invaluable for researchers and industrialists as well as academia.

Anita Restu Puji Raharjeng, Evika Sandi Savitri, Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan

Innovations and Applications of Advanced Biomaterials in Healthcare and Engineering • 2025

This book chapter elucidates key concepts such as the molecular mechanisms of life, biomolecular synthesis, bioenergetics, and chemical interactions within biological systems. This integrated approach is designed to support a science curriculum that meets contemporary needs, emphasizing the exploration of real-world phenomena through laboratory experiments, digital simulations, and cutting-edge technological applications. This book chapter also highlights the importance of global issues such as climate change, waste management, and public health in the context of biology and chemistry. With a research-driven methodology and problem-based learning approaches, it offers practical guidance for educators, students, and researchers to effectively apply molecular science in various academic and industrial contexts. Through educational innovation and cross-disciplinary integration, Molecular Revolution aims to inspire transformation in science teaching and learning, building a strong foundation for future generations to address global challenges with knowledge and empathy.

Victor Alejandro Serrano-Echeverry, Carlos Alberto Guerrero-Fajardo, Karol Tatiana Castro-Tibabisco

Fuels • 2025

Biobutanol is becoming more relevant as a promising alternative biofuel, primarily due to its advantageous characteristics. These include a higher energy content and density compared to traditional biofuels, as well as its ability to mix effectively with gasoline, further enhancing its viability as a potential replacement. A viable strategy for attaining carbon neutrality, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and utilizing sustainable and renewable resources is the use of biomass to produce biobutanol. Lignocellulosic materials have gained widespread recognition as highly suitable feedstocks for the synthesis of butanol, together with various value-added byproducts. The successful generation of biobutanol hinges on three crucial factors: effective feedstock pretreatment, the choice of fermentation techniques, and the subsequent enhancement of the produced butanol. While biobutanol holds promise as an alternative biofuel, it is important to acknowledge certain drawbacks associated with its production and utilization. One significant limitation is the relatively high cost of production compared to other biofuels; additionally, the current reliance on lignocellulosic feedstocks necessitates significant advancements in pretreatment and bioconversion technologies to enhance overall process efficiency. Furthermore, the limited availability of biobutanol-compatible infrastructure, such as distribution and storage systems, poses a barrier to its widespread adoption. Addressing these drawbacks is crucial for maximizing the potential benefits of biobutanol as a sustainable fuel source. This document presents an extensive review encompassing the historical development of biobutanol production and explores emerging trends in the field.

Dibyendu Adak, Manas Sarkar, Moumita Maiti et al.

RSC Advances • 2015

Schematic representation of the anti-bacterial action of silver–silica modified geopolymer mortar for green construction technology.

Somnath Banerjee

Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage • 2025

This chapter explores the integration of sustainable practices into data engineering to drive business success while reducing environmental impact. It examines strategies such as energy-efficient data pipelines, green data storage, and low-carbon cloud architectures that enhance operational efficiency and support sustainability goals. The chapter also highlights real-world case studies to illustrate the application of eco-friendly data practices in various industries. Readers will gain actionable insights into how sustainable data engineering can optimize resources, cut costs, and align businesses with global environmental standards, fostering both economic and ecological benefits.