A. JEKKEL, A. KONYA, E. ILKOY et al.

ChemInform • 1998

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Ciara D Lynch, David J O’Connell

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2021

Abstract Deriving new value from waste streams through secondary processes is a central aim of the circular bioeconomy. In this study we investigate whether chemically defined spent media (CDSM) waste from cell culture bioprocess can be recycled and used as a feed in secondary microbial fermentation to produce new recombinant protein products. Our results show that CDSM supplemented with 2% glycerol supported a specific growth rate of E. coli cultures equivalent to that achieved using a nutritionally rich microbiological media (LB). The titre of recombinant protein produced following induction in a 4-hour expression screen was approximately equivalent in the CDSM fed cultures to that of baseline, and this was maintained in a 16-hr preparative fermentation. To understand the protein production achieved in CDSM fed culture we performed a quantitative analysis of proteome changes in the E. coli using mass spectrometry. This analysis revealed significant upregulation of protein synthesis machinery enzymes and significant downregulation of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes. We conclude that spent cell culture media, which represents 100s of millions of litres of waste generated by the bioprocessing industry annually, may be valorized as a feed resource for the production of recombinant proteins in secondary microbial fermentations.

Tetsuo Endo, Satoshi Koizumi

ChemInform • 2001

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

M. HOSHI, K. W. SHIMOTOHNO, T. ENDO et al.

ChemInform • 1997

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

A. Despina Magiri – Skouloudi, B. Evangelos Topakas, C. Sotirios Karellas

Chemical Valorisation of Carbon Dioxide • 2022

The concept of microbial CO2 conversion has attracted major interest within the past few years from both the research community and industry, as recent advances showcase this technology's potential for wide commercial deployment, mostly due to its notable versatility and effectiveness. The two main microbial bioprocess categories commonly implemented in microbial carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) systems are gas fermentation (either anaerobic or aerobic, with CO2 and CO as main carbon sources) and anaerobic digestion (with CH4 as main carbon source). This chapter examines the main pathways and process configurations developed thus far for microbial CO2 utilization. Target products of microbial CCU processes are also presented, ranging from fuels and commodity chemicals to specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, plastic precursors and intermediates for the paints, lubricants, adhesives and thinners industry, as well as food and feed ingredients. In this chapter, the major metabolic pathways, products and bioprocess characteristics of microbial CO2 conversion configurations are discussed, followed by an analysis of the major benefits, challenges and future prospects of microbial CCU systems.

Ibrahim Khalil, Marco Giulio Rigamonti, Kwinten Janssens et al.

Research Square • 2022

Abstract The search for sustainable polymers requires new ways for accessing monomers from biomass as raw materials. Cis,cis-muconic acid (ccMA), derived from glucose, stands as a potential intermediate to produce valuable monomers, including terephthalic and adipic acids. However, to access terephthalic acid through Diels-Alder cycloaddition, an additional isomerization of ccMA into ttMA (trans,trans-isomer) is required. In this work, we develop a single-atom low-loaded Ru catalyst (0.2 wt.%), supported on *BEA zeolite, that produces tt-muconate in ethanol with total conversion (to equilibrium) and selectivity >95%. We reached productivity rates of 427 mM.h-1 (≈85 g.L-1.h-1), surpassing, by an order of magnitude, the highest values reported for biobased production of 17 mM.h-1 of ccMA, thus making the latter the rate-determining step if both processes were linked. Furthermore, we demonstrate the direct production of terephthalate intermediates with high yields (78%) and selectivity (80%) in a one-pot isomerization/Diels-Alder reaction. This single atom Ru-zeolite isomerizes dienes via a hydride mechanism and could serve the isomerization of other value-added alkenes.

Sofia Lindberg, Erik Hansen

Frontiers in Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis • 2025

As global demand for sustainable food packaging intensifies, bio-based materials have emerged as promising alternatives to petroleum-derived plastics. However, their adoption at industrial scale is hindered by inconsistencies in mechanical performance, barrier properties, and biodegradability under varying environmental conditions. This study proposes a machine learning (ML)-based framework to predict the performance and environmental behavior of bio-based food packaging materials based on their composition, processing parameters, and environmental variables. Multiple ML algorithms, including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), were trained using experimental datasets derived from published studies and lab-generated data. Key target variables included tensile strength, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), oxygen permeability, and biodegradation time. Results demonstrate that ensemble models such as RF provided high prediction accuracy and interpretability, enabling efficient material screening and optimization. The study highlights the potential of data-driven tools to accelerate the development of eco-friendly packaging solutions with tailored properties, reducing trial-and-error experimentation and promoting circular economy objectives.

M. Pelckmans, T. Renders, S. Van de Vyver et al.

Green Chemistry • 2017

Heterogeneous catalysis offers a sustainable toolbox for the synthesis of a wide variety of biomass-derived amines.

Xia Hua, ChenHui Zhang, Jian Han et al.

Research Square • 2022

Abstract Background Hydroxyl acid is an important platform chemical that covers many industrial applications due to dual functional modules. At present, the traditional technology for hydroxyl acid production mainly adopts the petroleum route with benzene, cyclohexane and butadiene and other non-renewable resources as raw materials which violates the law of green chemistry development. Conversely, it is well-known that biotechnology and bioengineering techniques possess several advantages over chemical methods, such as moderate reaction conditions, high chemoselectivity, and are environmental-friendly. However, there still exist some major obstacles for the industrial application of biotechnology as compared with chemical engineering. The critical issue in the competitiveness between bioengineering and chemical engineering is products titer and volume productivity. Therefore, based on the importance of hydroxyl acids in many fields, exploring a clean, environmentally friendly, efficient and practical production technology for the hydroxyl acids preparation is the core purpose of this study. Results To obtain high-purity hydroxyl acid, a microbiological regulation employing Gluconobacter oxydans for its bioproduction was constructed. We achieved a critical point of chain length, determining the end-products. G. oxydans catalyzed diols with chain length ≤ 4, forming hydroxyl acids, and converting 1,5-pentanediol and 1,6-hexanediol to diacids. Based on this principle, we successfully synthesized 75.3 g/L glycolic acid, 83.2 g/L 3-hydroxypropionic acid, and 94.3 g/L 4-hydroxybutyric acid within 48 h. Furthermore, we directionally controlled the products of C5/C6 diols by adjusting pH, resulting in 102.3 g/L 5‑hydroxyvaleric acid and 48.8 g/L 6-hydroxycaproic acid instead of diacids. Combined with pH regulation and cell-recycling, we prepared 271.4 g 5‑hydroxyvaleric acid and 129.4 g 6-hydroxycaproic acid in 6 rounds. Conclusion In this study, a green scheme of employing G. oxydans as biocatalyst for superior-quality hydroxyl acids (C2-C6) production is raised up. The proposed strategy commendably demonstrated a novel technology with simple pH regulation for high-value production of hydroxyl acids via green bioprocess developments.

B. Pawelec, R. M. Navarro, J. L. G. Fierro

Sustainable Catalysis for Biorefineries • 2018

Bio-oil has been identified as a major feedstock for the production of renewable fuels. As bio-oil has a high O-content, and therefore a low heating value and low stability over time, upgrading is desirable to remove the oxygen and to make it similar to crude oil. Here, we examine the two general catalytic routes for bio-oil upgrading: cracking and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). Zeolite cracking is an alternative path in which acid zeolites are used as catalysts for the deoxygenation reaction. In these systems, hydrogen is not required, and so the operation is performed at atmospheric pressure. However, HDO is usually conducted under high H2 pressure in order to remove the O-containing compounds and hence to produce a high grade oil product. The catalysts employed for HDO are traditional hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts, such as Co–MoS2/Al2O3, or metal catalysts. However, the life of the catalyst (more than 200 h on stream) has not been demonstrated. Of the two catalytic routes mentioned above, HDO appears to have the best potential, as zeolite cracking cannot produce fuels of an acceptable grade. Although HDO is considered the best option to produce transportation fuels of a grade and cost equivalent to present fossil fuels, several problems still have to be solved. An understanding of the carbon forming mechanisms and kinetics, an evaluation of the requirement for high pressure, and sustainable sources of hydrogen are some of the areas that have to be elucidated before the process can be commercialized.

Nathaniel Mayer Victor Rothschild

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B - Biological Sciences • 1951

The movements of bracken spermatozoids are photo-reversibly inhibited by carbon monoxide. At 20° C the mean speed of a sperm suspension in the presence of 94% CO in O 2 was 51 μ /sec, in green light, the wave-length of which is outside the region of photochemical absorption by CO-cytochrome oxidase. The same suspension had a mean speed of 95 μ /sec. in white light. Spermatozoids that have been rendered motionless by CO in green light, which takes about 5 min., can be induced to move by illuminating them with white light. A large percentage of the spermatozoids are irreversibly damaged if the CO in green light treatment is continued long enough to stop, rather than slow up, movement.

Dhivagar S, Sabarinathan C, Rajagopal T et al.

JOURNAL OF ADVANCED APPLIED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH • 2017

New vanadium coordinated pincer complex is synthesized and characterized. Coordinating organic ligand (L1) is designed to afford ONO coordination mode. Metal complex (ML1) prepared by reacting VO(acac)2 with 2-hydroxy-3,5-ditertiarybutyl benzaldehyde and o-aminophenol in methanol (where acac stands for acetylacetonate). Ligand (L1) coordinates the central vanadium metal atom via ONO fashion hence occupied three coordination sites. For charge compensation vanadium retains one of the acetyl aetonate ligand and finally sixth coordination satisfied by terminal oxo group consequently attains octahedral geometry. This pincer type coordinated ligand provides strong meridonial environment to the metal center and also support to stabilize the higher oxidation state of vanadium. The complex is characterized by available analytical techniques such as Molar Conductance, UV-visible, IR, Cyclic Voltametry (CV), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Biological behavior has been investigated towards antibacterial activity. The complex also successfully utilized as catalyst for the simple organic transformation.

Richard Cammack

Encyclopedia of Catalysis • 2010

Abstract Hydrogenases are enzymes that produce or consume hydrogen gas. Each type of hydrogenase contains, as a minimum, an iron atom, with CO and CN ligands which tune its redox potential and Lewis‐acidity to optimize the binding of dihydrogen. The Fe‐hydrogenase from methanogenic bacteria is the simplest hydrogenase and catalyzes a direct hydride transfer from H 2 to its organic substrate. All other hydrogenases catalyze reduction of electron acceptors, according to the equation H 2 = H + + 2 e − . The hydrogen‐binding sites are of two types: the [NiFe(Se)]‐hydrogenases, which contain a dinuclear center of nickel and iron, and the [FeFe]‐hydrogenases, which contain a dinuclear iron site, the H cluster. In each case, the protein is arranged to leave a vacant position in the active site for binding H 2 , as well as separate channels for transfer of H 2 and H + to the surface. A chain of iron‐sulfur clusters provides a pathway for electrons to a binding site on the surface for electron acceptors and donors. O 2 and CO are inhibitors that bind to the vacant site and block access to H 2 ; O 2 also causes oxidation of the metal centers and sulfur ligands. Some hydrogenases from aerobic bacteria, which are resistant to this inhibition, are of interest for applications in biofuel cells.

Tony Bentley

Oxford Medicine Online • 2018

This chapter describes bacterial infections, including infections caused by staphylococci, streptococci, Neisseria spp., Haemophilus influenzae , bacterial enteric pathogens, and uropathogens.

Susan Dawson

Oxford Medicine Online • 2011

Staphylococcal species are common commensals of the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals but only in very recent years has zoonotic infections been recognised. They can also be associated with infection and disease, especially coagulase positive organisms. Staphylococcus aureus is relatively frequently carried by humans in the nasal passages and is a cause of infections in people including bacteraemias in hospitalised patients. More recently some strains of Staphylococcus aureus have acquired a resistance gene (mecA) which renders them resistant to meticillin (meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA). MRSA isolates are of major importance in healthcare situations as well as increasingly in the community. Animals can also be carriers of Staphylococcus aureus although less frequently than humans and MRSA can be carried or infect several different host species. For companion animals such as dogs and cats, the most frequently isolated MRSA strains are similar to the common local human healthcare strains; thus for the UK, EMRSA-15 and -16. This suggests a reverse zoonosis with spill over from the human population into their companion animals. In horses the situation is different, with some horses carrying or infected with human epidemic strains but others infected with strains less frequently seen in people. For food-producing animals the picture is different again with a particular strain, ST398, which appears to circulate endemically in animal populations, such as pigs, and can spill over into the human population where it can cause carriage as well as infection and disease. The transmission appears to be by direct contact with animals rather than through the food-chain. Where risk factors for infection with MRSA have been studied in animals they appear similar to some of the risks for human infection. Therefore, for control of MRSA in animals measures such as improved hygiene and good antibacterial stewardship are important.

Ssedyabane Frank

Bacterial, Viral, Fungal and Parasitic Coinfections • 2024

Cervical cancer is a common malignancy among women, especially in the developing world. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the necessary cause of cervical cancer, though a big proportion of women who get the infection recover without developing cervical lesions. There are certain bacterial that have been shown to be associated with development of premalignant cervical lesions and their progression to invasive cancer. Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Treponema pallidum are considered potential cofactors to HPV infection and persistence; hence development of cervical cancer. The association between these coinfections and cervical lesions is thought to be based on their shared routes of transmission and the need for a breach in the continuity of the epithelium.

, Yvette de Geus

• 2025

The bulk milk total bacterial count (BTBC) is essential for milk quality, as a high bacterial load shortens shelf life and negatively affects dairy processing. Therefore, Dutch dairy processors maintain a maximum TBC of 100,000 colony-forming units per ml of bulk milk. If this limit is exceeded, goat farmers receive milk price penalties. Mapping the causes of an increased bacterial count makes it possible to take targeted preventive measures to control BMTBC control. Globally, we found three main sources for BMTBC. First, bacteria can be derived from the milking equipment and/or environmental bacteria present on the udder can be milked into the bulk. Secondly, individual goats with mastitis can excrete high numbers of bacteria into the milk. Thirdly, a high bacterial count is found around lambing with the flow cytometer. However, additional bacteriological tests do not show these high bacterial counts around lambing. Possibly, the measurement of the bacterial count with the flow cytometer is disturbed by a simultaneous increase in both the cell count and the bacterial count in milk from animals at the end of lactation, which may indicate a measurement error. Preventive measures to reduce the BMTBC are: optimalisation of hygiene of the milking equipment, and the milking procedure, early identification of goats with mastitis and excluding their milk from the production chain, drying off pregnant goats before kidding and improvement of general udder health.

Frank Mayer

Journal of Clinical Research and Reports • 2022

Bacteria possess an EF-Tu-based cytoskeleton.This article presents a short review. A number of questions which are not discussed in the former publications can be asked, such as: all bacteria possess a ribosomal protein synthesis system and, hence, also EF-Tu. EF-Tu is produced in an amount that is higher than the need for a function as translation elogation factor in ribsomal protein synthesis. This article tries to answer the question regarding the surplus of EF-Tu: formation of a "cell-wide web" by self-assembly as a feafure that stabilizes cell integrity. An additional question can be asked: what is the origin of this bacterial cytoskeleton? This article contains a speculation on this topic. A third question regards the'ntteructjon of ribosomes in the process of protemsynthesis: does the EF-Tu protein move to the ribosome, or does the ribosome move to the EF-Tu intergated in a fibril of the bacterial cytoskeleton? The former publication depicts electron micrographs which show colocalizatton of botth entities. EF-Tu is an example for aprotein with two independent functions: participation in the ribosomal protein synthesis as a kanslation elongation factor, and component of a bacterial cytoskeleton. This situation can open up a discussion ofthe sequence of events and states of early cells during evolution.

Robert M. Smith

Oxford Medicine Online • 2011

Erysipeloid is an acute bacterial infection usually causing acute localised cellulitis as a secondary infection of traumatised skin. It is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (insidiosa), a non-sporulating Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium, ubiquitous in the environment. It is the cause of swine erysipelas and also a pathogen or commensal in a variety of wild and domestic birds, animal and marine species. Human infection primarily associated with occupational exposure to infected or contaminated animals or handling animal products and therefore is commoner in farmers, butchers and abattoir workers and fisherman. Risk factors for the rare human invasive E. rhusiopathiae infection include conditions that affect the host immune response, such as alcoholism, cancer and diabetes. Treatment is with penicillin. Erysipelas can affect animals of all ages but is recognised more frequently in juveniles. Swine exhibit similar stages to the disease in man. Clinical manifestations in swine vary from the classical rhomboid urticaria (diamond skin), the condition of greatest prevalence and economic importance, to sepsis, polyarthritis, pneumonia and death. Prevention is largely a matter of good hygiene, herd management and by raising awareness in those at risk (especially butchers, farmers and fishermen); ensuring that clinicians are aware of E. rhusiopathiae as a possible cause of occupational skin lesions and bacterial endocarditis is important.

Daniel Rh. Thomas

Oxford Medicine Online • 2011

Pasteurellosis is a zoonosis that occurs worldwide, caused by bacteria of the genus Pasteurella, and other related organisms. Pasteurellosis reported in humans is most frequently caused by the species Pasteurella multocida. In humans, cutaneous infection is most common, but more severe outcomes have been reported, particularly in those with underlying chronic disease. Infection in animals is usually subclinical, but may give rise to a range of clinical symptoms, depending on the host species. Disease in animals usually occurs as a consequence of stress such as overcrowding, chilling, transportation, or as a result of a concurrent infection. In animals, pasteurellosis is known as: shipping fever or pneumonia, transport or transit fever, stockyard pneumonia, bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis, haemorrhagic septicaemia, or avian, bird or fowl cholera. The pasteurella bacterium is commonly present in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract of a wide range of mammals. Transmission to humans occurs after bites, scratches, or licks from infected animals, most frequently from dogs or cats, although infection has been associated with other animals including: cows, pigs, hamsters and rabbits. However, not all patients report a history of direct animal contact. Infection may be prevented through the avoidance of animal bites and the prompt hygienic care of wounds. Health professionals should be aware of the risk of pasterurellosis in immunocompromised patients exposed to companion animals.

Lynn G. Dover

Medical Microbiology • 2019

This chapter focuses on bacterial pathogenesis. Most of the bacteria that colonize our bodies do so without causing us any harm. However, some bacteria are inherently more damaging than others. Their degree of pathogenicity is described in the term ‘virulence’, which can be quantified by establishing experimental metrics such as median lethal dose and median time to death. Virulence and pathogenicity are dependent upon the composition of the bacterial genome; pathogen genomes encode many virulence factors which operate in a concerted fashion to express pathogenicity. The chapter then describes the characteristics of pathogenic bacteria that allow them to adhere to epithelial surfaces (adhesins), evade the immune system (evasins and impedins), invade tissues (invasins), and damage underlying tissues (toxins). It looks at toxinogenesis and considers pan-genomes, mobile genetic elements, and the acquisition virulence factors.

Eva S. Lindström

Ecology • 2017

The tree of life, describing the evolutionary relationships among organisms, is totally dominated by bacteria. In a regular ecology textbook, the number of bacterial and Archaeal examples are, however, few. Microorganisms are in many respects understudied, and we do not yet know if they follow similar “rules” as other organisms: for instance, regarding patterns in diversity over time and space. Further, bacteria play important roles in biogeochemical cycles, and, therefore, it is also important to understand if and how this enormous diversity is related to the role bacteria play in ecosystems. Despite methodological developments (see Historical Overview and Methods) that led to an exponential increase in the amount of data over time, we are still only scratching the surface of the diversity of freshwater bacteria (see Measuring Alpha Diversity), and few general patterns in diversity have emerged. Some typical freshwater bacterial groups have been identified (see Marine and Freshwater Bacterioplankton and Typical Freshwater Bacteria), and some important environmental steering factors are known (see Biogeography of Freshwater Bacteria). Further, a consistent pattern appears to be that alpha diversity decreases along lake and river chains because of inoculation of bacteria from species-rich soils (see Patterns in Alpha Diversity). Some findings of bacterial alpha diversity further indicate that bacterial diversity may not always follow the same rules as in larger organisms, challenging some established textbook “truths” regarding what is influencing diversity in general. But more data are needed for certain conclusions. Future work should also include the identification of the true (active) players and their possible importance for ecosystem functioning (see Identifying Contributors to Community Functioning).

Marina Morgan

Oxford Medicine Online • 2011

Many pyogenic (β -haemolytic) streptococci of clinical significance have animal connections. In the last edition of this book two species of streptococci were considered of major zoonotic interest, namely Streptococcus suis and S. zooepidemicus . Since then, numerous sporadic zoonoses due to other streptococci have been reported, and a newly recognized fish pathogen with zoonotic potential termed S. iniae has emerged. Changes in nomenclature make the terminology confusing. For example, the organism known as S. zooepidemicus — now termed S. dysgalactiae subsp. zooepidemicus — still causes pharyngitis in humans, complicated rarely by glomerulonephritis after ingestion of unpasteurized milk. Pigs remain the primary hosts of S. suis with human disease mainly affecting those who have contact with pigs or handle pork. Once a sporadic disease, several major epidemics associated with high mortality have been reported in China. The major change in reports of zoonotic streptococcal infections has been the emergence of severe skin and soft tissue infections, and an increasing prevalence of toxic shock, especially due to S. suis (Tang et al. 2006), group C (Keiser 1992) and group G β -haemolytic streptococci (Barnham et al. 2002). Penicillin remains the mainstay of treatment for most infections, although some strains of group C and G streptococci are tolerant (minimum bactericidal concentration difficult or impossible to achieve in vivo ) (Portnoy et al. 1981; Rolston and LeFrock 1984) and occasionally strains with increased minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for penicillin are reported. Agents preventing exotoxin formation, such as clindamycin and occasionally human intravenous immunoglobulin, may be used in overwhelming infection where circulating exotoxins need to be neutralized in order to damp down the massive release of cytokines generated by their production (Darenberg et al. 2003). Prevention of human disease focuses on maintaining good hygienic practice when dealing with live animals or handling raw meat or fish products, covering skin lesions, thorough cooking of meats and pasteurization of milk.

Frederick M. Cohan

Evolutionary Biology • 2024

To classify bacteria at the species level, systematists may choose between concepts based in theory versus the theory-free definitions used in the practice and tradition of systematics. Theory-based approaches aim to demarcate species as groups that hold certain species-like, dynamic properties. Following Ernst Mayr, many zoologists have attempted to demarcate their species as cohesive lineages—that is, species are classified so that populations of the same species are hindered from diverging owing to recombination between them. Some bacterial systematists have argued for extending recombination-based demarcation to bacterial species. However, both theoretical and experimental evidence argue that recombination is unlikely to hinder either the splitting of bacterial species or their further divergence, owing to the low frequency of recombination in bacteria, although this conclusion is not universally accepted. Among alternative, dynamic properties ascribed to bacterial species is that each species is ecologically distinct and irreversibly separate from other species; moreover, each species is cohesive in that some force constrains diversification within a species. In the rarely recombining bacteria, this force of cohesion may be natural selection favoring novel adaptive mutations within an ecologically homogeneous group (an ecotype). The cohesive, species-like ecotypes may be recognized as sequence clusters, and many such ecotypes may fit within the more broadly defined species recognized by the traditions of bacterial systematics. Alternatively, a “speciation spectrum” model argues that, depending on the bacterial group, either selection or genetic exchange may be more important in the cohesion of species—here, lineages may be classified by their ability to coexist as a result of some combination of ecological divergence and sexual isolation. Most bacterial systematists defer to theory-free traditions on the quantity of diversity that should be included within a species. As the criteria for discovering and characterizing bacterial taxa have shifted from phenotypes to various sequence and whole-genome characters, systematists have aimed to recalibrate the threshold of divergence within species with one aim—that species should appear as clusters with clear phenotypic and molecular gaps between them. Recent developments suggest that theory-based and tradition-based systematics may be able to reach a rapprochement, in that the traditional species recognized by most systematists as well as the theory-based ecotypes may both be subject to a kind of cohesion. Molecular characterizations of bacterial diversity have shown that systematists will never come close to describing all bacterial species unless radical changes are made in how species can be classified. To characterize and classify all bacterial diversity at all taxonomic levels, from infraspecific ecotypes to species to phyla, systematists will need to streamline classification using genome-based methods.

Jeannie Tsimis, Daniel B. Yarosh

Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis • 1990

Abstract Bacterial nitrosation of amines can induce the adaptive response to alkylating agents.

Michael Bowker

The Basis and Applications of Heterogenuous Catalysis • 1998

This chapter studies the use of catalysis in the future. The main areas of importance here are threefold: new routes to fuels; new routes to commodity chemicals from alternative feedstocks; and new areas of the application of catalysis to environmental protection. The chapter begins by considering how the process of catalytic invention and development will change as we advance into the 21st century. Over recent years, the importance of the application of computer technology to the field of chemistry has been realised. Catalysis has been rather backward in this area, but in the 21st century it will mature from a 'black art' to a truly predictive scientific discipline by the use of computer-based 'expert systems'. The chapter then looks at catalytic hydrogen production, fuel cells, and the reduction of indoor pollution.

S. Zhang, H. Zhang, S. Wang et al.

Catalysis Science & Technology • 2017

Singlet oxygen has been identified as a contributor to the degradation of contaminants using biosynthesised hollow Ag@AgBr catalysts.

Ricardo Lucas

Microbial journal • 2023

Rivers, which are vital ecosystems that support a variety of life forms and provide many ecosystem services, have been degraded by human activities, such as urbanization, pollution, and overexploitation. Habitat restoration projects have been implemented in different parts of the world to restore the ecological health and functioning of degraded rivers. The microbial community that forms biofilms on various substrates is one of the key components of river ecosystems. Organic matter is decomposed and carbon dioxide is produced by these biofilms, which affects the oxygen levels and nutrient cycles in the water. However, the effects of habitat restoration on the biofilm microbial community are not well understood. High-throughput DNA sequencing was used in this study to compare the bacterial composition of biofilms in three types of rivers: degraded urban rivers, urban rivers with restored habitats, and forested rivers that serve as reference conditions. The following questions were aimed to be answered: (i) How is the biofilm bacterial community composition affected by habitat restoration? (ii) How does bacterial diversity change in restored rivers compared to degraded and reference rivers? (iii) What are the environmental factors that influence the biofilm bacterial community composition? It was found that water quality was improved by habitat restoration by increasing the dissolved oxygen and reducing the organic pollutants in urban rivers. A decrease in bacterial diversity and a shift in the biofilm bacterial community structure towards that of the reference forested rivers were accompanied by this. This suggests that the biofilm microbial community can be altered by habitat restoration and its role in processing organic pollutants can be enhanced. However, it was also found that there was still a significant difference in the biofilm bacterial community between the restored and reference rivers, indicating that more time and effort are needed to achieve a similar ecological quality as the natural forested rivers.

Kay Yeoman, Beatrix Fahnert, David Lea-Smith et al.

Microbial Biotechnology • 2020

This chapter covers the extent of microbial bio-production. It examines the role microorganisms play in bio-production and the production of pharmaceuticals by microorganisms. Microbial products have a varied chemical nature, which depends on the host that naturally produces them, and their function. Microorganisms are a major source of vitamins. For example, biotin, β-carotene, and vitamin D2, which are produced naturally in bacteria or fungi and recombinant hosts. The chapter mentions how metabolic engineering allows for the use of cheap substrates for microbial production of compounds for advanced biofuels. It also provides an overview of the key concepts surrounding polymers, biofuels, and electrogenic bacteria.

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International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering • 2019

Cotton bandage processing textile industry is the major manufacturing product of Rajapalayam town in south Tamilnadu, India. Processing of surgical cottons consumes significant amounts of water during manufacturing, creating high volumes of wastewater which cannot be discharged without proper treatment. The complete oxidation of organic pollutants in such waste water remains a significant environmental issue. This research investigates different treatment methods like biodegradation and photo catalytic degradation to identify the most efficient and effective approach to treat cotton bandage textile wastewater. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) analysis was carried out to quantify and observe the amount of oxidizable pollutant in the waste water with different treatment methods. In photo catalytic degradation process different semi-conductor metal oxide nano particles like Titanium dioxide (TiO2), Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Bismuth Vanadium oxide (BiVO4) were used. Comparing the three nanoparticles; TiO2 proved to be the efficient one, which reduced the COD of the effluent significantly. For Biodegradation aerobic activated sludge was used to treat the cotton bandage textile waste water in along with mineral salt media. By comparing both photocatalytic degradation and biodegradation process, photo catalytic method was found to be efficient for treatment of organics in real cotton bandage processing effluent.

Gwendolyn J. Gregory, Cong Wang, Sunitha Sadula et al.

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2022

Abstract There are few reports of microbial deconstruction or functionalization of the recalcitrant backbone of polyolefins. However, microbes can utilize polyolefin deconstruction products, including n-alkanes. Here, we combined chemical catalysis with bioconversion to valorize polyethylene (PE) deconstruction products. High-density PE (HDPE) was deconstructed via hydrogenolysis over a ruthenium on carbon catalyst. The resulting n -alkane mixture (C 4 -C 35 ) was utilized as a feedstock for microbial consortia derived from soil from local recycling plants. We found two consortia that utilized the PE-deconstruction product mix as a sole carbon source. We adapted the consortia on a commercially-available n -alkane mix to reduce the number of species present and enrich for enhanced alkane utilization. Both resulting enriched consortia utilized the PE-deconstruction product mix more effectively than the original (parent) consortia. The predominant metabolite produced by both enriched consortia was a C 16 -C 16 wax ester. Wax esters have considerable industrial value, with the longer chain lengths (C 32 -C 36 ) having the highest value. We identified two Rhodococcus aetherivorans strains that grow well on C 24 , indicating this species is important for the functionalization of long-chain alkanes. This work demonstrates that enriched consortia from plastic-enriched environments can be combined with chemical catalysis to valorize polyethylene. Synopsis Chemical catalysis can be used to deconstruct polyethylene waste material to produce a mixture of alkanes. Enriched environmental microbial consortia can valorize these polyethylene deconstruction products via functionalization that preserves the alkane chain length thus minimizing CO 2 production.

K. Divya, Jayanthi Abraham

Research Journal of Biotechnology • 2025

A promising technique for eliminating heavy metals from the environment and industrial effluents is biosorption. Toxic metals can be entirely removed from waste water by using organic molecules in the absorption process, but this requires a physiochemical mechanism. There are several approaches including the economical and environmentally beneficial method of bio adsorption, to remove heavy metals from contaminated water. Animal wastes including crab shells, fish scales and egg shells were used in research to determine whether they might play as an efficient adsorbent to remove heavy metals from wastewater. It has been reviewed that instead of using traditional ways to remove heavy metals from waste water, unused animal parts could be used as an adsorbent. The possibility and mechanism, as well as the variables influencing favourable conditions that promote heavy metal adsorption, are examined in this study. It has been demonstrated that the study supports the high metal adsorption capacity of animal wastes, materials such as scales and shells and that the rate of adsorption is dependent on time, pH, the initial concentration of metals and the concentration of the adsorbent during suspension. With R2 values ranging from 0.9275 to 0.9894, isotherm modelling investigations showed that the experimental data best suited the Freundlich and Langmuir models respectively. Using the removal efficiency formula, the amount of adsorption of each metal with various animal wastes material scales and shells was determined.

, Dola Auliya

Jurnal Riset Fisika Edukasi Dan Sains • 2022

The purpose of this research is to use acacia leaves (Acacia mangium) as an alternative energy source for making bio-battery. Acacia leaves are compound leaves consisting of many leaflets that are located opposite each other. Acacia leaves contain saponins, tannins and phenols. This phenolic compound is an acidic compound that is included in the electrolyte that can generate electricity. Utilization of the content contained in acacia leaves can be a solution to create an alternative energy source that is environmentally friendly, namely bio-battery. This research method is experimental and quantitative. Parameters observed in this study are potential difference or voltage, battery current, and battery power. From the results of testing and observation, it is known that acacia leaf extract can be used as an environmentally friendly electrolyte in batteries by producing an average potential difference of 5.54 Volts, and an average current of 0.141 Amperes. This acacia leaf extract bio-battery can power the LED lamp for 216 hours and 25 minutes. With this research it is hoped that it can contribute to the development of environmentally friendly batteries to reduce B3 waste, along with the increasing need for batteries in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. Keywords:Acacia mangium, bio-battery

Shigeki Matsunaga

Journal of Physics: Conference Series • 2021

Abstract The structural characteristics of gluconolactone/gluconic acid aqueous solution as a model for the anode of biofuel cells are investigated by molecular dynamics. The molecular structure of components of the solution and the atomic charges are optimized by the density functional theory (DFT) using Gaussian09. The distribution of constituent ions of the solution is investigated by a radial distribution function. The shape change of gluconic acid anions in the solution and the frequency distribution of each ion are also examined.

Ida Bagus Yoga Nugraha, Ayu Usha Vedaswari Widnyana, I Wayan Suwandara

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences • 2025

Background: Button batteries represent a hazardous nasal foreign body encountered in otorhinolaryngology due to their electrochemical properties. Their small size and accessibility make accidental insertion into the nasal cavity common among children. Rapid tissue damage can occur, making early detection and intervention critical. Case Description: A 3-year-old female patient was brought to the hospital approximately one hour after she had inserted a foreign item into her left nasal passage. Clinical and radiological assessments identified the object as a button battery. Due to the patient's lack of cooperation, removal was postponed and ultimately carried out under general anesthesia 11 hours after insertion. During surgery, necrotic tissue was identified in the anterior region of both the inferior turbinate and the nasal septum, but without evidence of septal perforation. Postoperative management included antibiotics, corticosteroids, and nasal irrigation. Regular follow-up was advised. The patient recovered well, with residual mucosal necrosis noted on the inferior turbinate. Conclusion: Prompt diagnosis and removal of intranasal button batteries are essential to prevent severe complications. Radiographic imaging, endoscopic-guided extraction, and proper postoperative care are key components of management. Caregiver education is vital to prevent similar incidents.

• 2024

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This technical information report (IR) presents a methodology to evaluate battery pack liquid leak tightness attributes to be used in a production line to satisfy the functional requirement for IPX7, water ingress requirement, and no sustainable coolant leakage for coolant circuits. The Equivalent Channel Method is used as a suggested production leak tightness requirement for a given battery pack design that will correlate and assure that the battery pack meets or exceeds its functional requirement. Obtaining the specific geometry of the Equivalent Channel (EC) for a given battery pack is done analytically and empirically in consideration of the product design limitations. This document is a precursor to J3277-1, which will present the practices to qualify that product leak tightness is equal or better than the maximum allowed EC for that product using applicable and commercially available leak test technologies.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This document may be applied to EV and HEV battery packs as tested during production, without harnesses or other accessories installed by the OEM during vehicle assembly.</div></div>

Kathy Nye

Cell Structure and Function • 2014

This chapter describes the cells and microbial flora of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Around 10 billion human cells, which are replaced every three to four days, interact with an even greater number of microorganisms, a ratio of around one cell to ten microorganisms. This interaction is key to the proper development and functioning of the GI tract and the immune system, as well as to the assimilation and production of essential nutrients. However, scientists are only just beginning to understand the full extent of this vital, symbiotic relationship. The chapter considers these complex interactions, in health and disease, and how an understanding of these mechanisms may lead to improvements in health and the management of some types of illness.

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International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering • 2019

Seawater battery is one of the green electricity sources to fulfill energy need for electrical equipment, especially in the coastal area and fishing activity .A survey was conducted among fishermen in which it was found that small scale fishermen uses lead acid battery and fuel cell in order to charge the mobile phone and glow the fishing lights. But major drawback of lead acid battery and fuel cell is that the maintenance cost is higher which is difficult for them to afford. Seawater is one most available sources all over the world and it is of no cost, hence a seawater battery is designed.Thispaper aims to study galvanic cells using sea water as electrolyte for energy harvesting. The electrochemical performances of Galvanic cells were carried out by measuring electric potentials by understanding the nature of conductivity of electrodes. The effect of sea water pH on electric potential was analyzed using sea water from different parts of Bay of Bengal with varying depths. Various combinations of electrodes like Graphite, Zinc, Copper, Aluminium, Brass and Iron were tested. A maximum yield of 1.1 V was obtained using the combination of Graphite–Iron as Cathode–Anode for a single cell. Further, we developed a working prototype for 16 cell. It generates a voltage of 12 V and 20 mA. Since the output current obtained was not as desired so we added a current amplification circuit and obtained a maximum current of 300mA from 20mA

Sangyup Lee, Soon-Ki Jeong

BIO Web of Conferences • 2023

Herein, we aim to explore and analyze the influence of electrolytes on the creation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) within ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolyte solutions. Our investigation reveals that despite variations in the charge consumption during SEI formation, a comparable SEI is generated in a high-concentration PC-based electrolyte as observed in an EC-based electrolyte. However, it is noteworthy that the SEI originating from the PC-based electrolyte exhibits a significantly higher resistance to lithium ion transport when compared to the SEI formed from the EC-based electrolyte. Moreover, an increase in the charge transfer resistance at the graphite/electrolyte interface is observed in the PC-based electrolyte. These significant findings strongly imply that the choice of electrolyte solvent is a critical factor that must be taken into consideration in order to achieve the formation of an effective SEI.

Zahra Golbodaghi, Babak Nemati Bideh

Luminescence • 2025

ABSTRACT A new imidazole‐based ligand and its cyclometalated iridium (III) complex, namely, [Ir (ppy) 2 (Imdipy)](ClO 4 ): IrL, were designed and successfully synthesized with a combination approach and employed as an emissive layer in the fabrication of light‐emitting electrochemical cell (LEC). This complex exhibits intense structured green emissions centered at 490 and 515 nm with a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 17% in a CH 2 Cl 2 solution. Moreover, an intense structureless yellow‐green emission was observed in its spin‐coated neat film at a maximum wavelength of 540 nm. Compared with archetype complex [Ir (ppy) 2 (bpy)] + , IrL illustrates a 3% higher PL quantum yield (PLQY) with a 100‐nm blue shift in emission, which is attributed to the strong field nature of Imdipy ancillary ligand in IrL. Electrochemical studies confirmed the electrochemical stability of the IrL complex as a consequence of its quasi‐reversible redox behavior in the solution. The IrL‐based LEC shows stable yellow‐green electroluminescence centered at 546‐nm. This study demonstrates the importance of such ligands in achieving optoelectronic devices (LECs and OLEDs) with long lifetime at short wavelengths.