[object Object], [object Object]

Molecular and Cellular Biomedical Sciences • 2026

Background: Paediatric syrups are sugar-rich solutions widely preferred in paediatric healthcare due to their palatability, although they are highly prone to microbial contamination. Of particular concern is the presence of biofilm-producing microorganisms; existing studies have focused on contamination while overlooking the enhanced resistance mechanisms conferred by biofilm formation. This study aimed to determine the antibiogram profile of bacterial isolates from commonly prescribed paediatric syrups administered by caregivers to patients at selected healthcare centers.Materials and Methods: A total of 392 syrup sample swabs were collected from hospitals and community sources. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed using standard microbiological methods. Biofilm production was evaluated using the test-tube method, and antibiotic susceptibility was determined via the disk diffusion method.Results: Bacterial counts ranged from 3.0±2.0×10³ to 10.7±3.05×10³ CFU/mL, with community samples showing the highest counts. Bacterial isolates identified included Proteus vulgaris, with the highest frequency of occurrence (18.75%) Streptococcus agalactiae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii (12.59%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Arthrobacter agilis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli (6.25%). All isolates produced biofilms significantly different (p 0.05) from the negative control (broth tube without bacterial cells), except Arthrobacter agilis. Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated multidrug resistance, particularly against amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate, while showing comparatively higher susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.Conclusion: P. vulgaris was the most frequent isolate, while K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii produced the strongest biofilms. The highest resistance was observed against amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, whereas fluoroquinolones remained the most effective. Paediatric syrups can harbor biofilm-producing multidrug-resistant bacteria, underscoring the importance of monitoring and safe handling.Keywords: paediatric syrup, antibiogram profile, biofilm, bacterial isolates, test-tube method

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Frontiers in Veterinary Science • 2026

The resilience of biofilms makes it challenging to treat bacterial infections using conventional antibiotics. The study aimed to assess the antibacterial, anti-biofilm, anti-quorum-sensing, and cytotoxic activities of acetone extracts of Cannabis “Gorilla Glue 1” against fish pathogens. Antibacterial activity was determined using the two-fold serial microdilution method, while anti-biofilm activity was assessed using a modified crystal violet staining in vitro assay. Anti-quorum-sensing activity was evaluated via inhibition of violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12472). Cytotoxicity was assessed using a colorimetric assay against Vero kidney cells. Solvent extracts from treatment 0.36 g N; 0.12 g P; 0 g K showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value (0.02 mg/mL) against Edwardsiella tarda (ATCC 15947) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC 13525) compared with other treatments. All tested solvent extracts demonstrated the ability to prevent or disrupt biofilm formation; however, treatment 0.36 g N; 0.06 g P; 0.12 g K showed consistent anti-biofilm activity ( gt;50% inhibition) against all tested pathogens. All solvent extract treatments exhibited comparable anti-quorum-sensing activity, while treatment 0.36 g N; 0.06 g P; 0.12 g K demonstrated the highest inhibition of violacein production (98.61% at 1.25 mg/mL). Most solvent extracts were non-cytotoxic to Vero cells, with LC 50 values gt;0.1 mg/mL, except treatment 0 g N; 0.24 g P; 0 g K, which showed high cytotoxicity (LC 50  = 0.04 mg/mL). Treatments 0.36 g N; 0.12 g P; 0 g K, 0 g N; 0.36 g P; 0.6 g K, and 0 g N; 0 g P; 0 g K exhibited moderate toxicity (LC 50  = 0.06 mg/mL). Treatment 0.36 g N; 0.12 g P; 0 g K displayed the highest selectivity index (3.00) against Vero cells, indicating the most favorable safety profile among the extracts investigated. Leaf extracts of Cannabis exhibited useful bioactivities coupled with low cytotoxicity, providing impetus for further studies on their potential development as protective feed additives against microbial infections in fish production.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Current Issues in Molecular Biology • 2026

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) that form biofilms exhibit high-level antibiotic resistance, which poses substantial challenges to current therapeutic strategies for urinary tract infection (UTI). There is an urgent need for strategies specifically targeting UPEC biofilms. This study investigated the effects of the n-butanol extract of Polygonum capitatum (BPC) on UPEC strains, focusing on its antibacterial activity, biofilm formation, bacterial motility, adhesion capacity, and cell membrane integrity. The disk diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays demonstrated that BPC exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both reference and clinically isolated UPEC strains. Time–kill curve assays further confirmed that BPC inhibits bacterial growth in a time-dependent manner. BPC inhibited UPEC biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner, significantly reducing biofilm formation in both reference and clinical UPEC strains. Furthermore, BPC disrupted cell membrane integrity in UPEC strain CFT073, resulting in the leakage of alkaline phosphatase (AKP), β-galactosidase, and intracellular proteins. BPC treatment also significantly reduced bacterial surface hydrophobicity, impaired swimming and swarming motility, and diminished adhesion and invasion capabilities. A total of 32 active compounds, predominantly flavonoids, were identified in BPC by UHPLC-Q-orbitrap MS/MS. Molecular docking studies revealed that several compounds in BPC, such as quercetin-3,4′-O-di-beta-glucoside, exhibited strong binding affinity to AKP and β-galactosidase, further supporting its potential to disrupt membrane integrity and inhibit biofilm formation. Thus, BPC exerts anti-UPEC effects through biofilm disruption and multi-targeted anti-virulence mechanisms, highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic or adjunctive agent for UTI, particularly against recalcitrant biofilm-associated infections. The mode of action of BPC provides a scientific basis for developing new anti-infective strategies as alternatives to conventional antibiotics.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Microbial Ecology • 2026

Abstract Dynamic social interactions within bacterial biofilms drive distinct spatial organisation and transcriptional responses. Here, we combine fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to investigate a model three-species biofilm community derived from a dairy pasteuriser, comprising Stenotrophomonas rhizophila , Microbacterium lacticum , and Bacillus licheniformis . CLSM revealed species-specific biovolume dynamics and stratified 3D structures over 24 h, with S. rhizophila as the dominant species and M. lacticum exhibiting the lowest abundance yet playing an essential role as the initial coloniser. Spatial patterns reflected known pairwise interactions – commensalism, exploitation, and neutral interaction. Transcriptomic profiling of S. rhizophila revealed extensive gene expression changes in dual-species biofilms with M. lacticum , including upregulation of genes related to flagellar motility, nutrient acquisition, energy metabolism, and TonB-dependent transport. In contrast, co-culture with B. licheniformis induced minimal transcriptional changes in S. rhizophila , consistent with a neutral interaction among the two. Our findings demonstrate how interspecies interactions govern both spatial topology and functional specialisation in mixed-species biofilms which is of relevance to microbial ecology, industrial biofilm control, and the targeting of keystone biofilm species.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Microbiology Spectrum • 2026

ABSTRACT Periodontitis and Porphyromonas gingivalis infections are significant risk factors for the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Despite the reliance of P. gingivalis on its biofilm for its survival and virulence, the impact of the extracellular matrix on AD’s neuropathological hallmarks has never been examined. In this study, we report a bidirectional relationship between the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide, which plays a central role in AD, and the biofilm of P. gingivalis . Using multiple fluorescent markers for biofilm components, we observed that Aβ 1-40 inhibited biofilm formation while Aβ 1-42 increased extracellular matrix production. Also, using thioflavin T staining and atomic force microscopy, we observed co-aggregation of the biofilm and monomeric Aβ 1-40 , resulting in faster aggregation and significant changes in aggregate structure. Our findings propose mechanistic explanations for the role of P. gingivalis as a risk factor for AD and offer potential mechanisms for microbial involvement in AD etiology. IMPORTANCE While the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease has been studied extensively for the past 50 years, its exact causes remain unknown. Our current understanding is that the accumulation of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors would lead to the onset of the disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a bacterium that produces biofilm and elicits periodontitis, a chronic infection of the gums that constitutes a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. While studies have looked at the effects of P. gingivalis in triggering Alzheimer’s symptoms in animal models, none have explored the impact of the biofilm, which is essential in this bacterium. Our study seeks to bridge that gap by demonstrating a bidirectional relationship between P. gingivalis biofilm and amyloid beta, one of the brain lesions involved in Alzheimer’s disease. By understanding the risk factors involved in Alzheimer’s disease and their impact, we aim to provide valuable insights on prevention and treatment.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology • 2026

ABSTRACT Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans ) has a superior ability to rapidly metabolize sucrose into exopolysaccharides (EPS, mainly glucans), which serve as a critical virulence factor related to dental caries. Despite extensive research on sucrose-dependent EPS at the molecular and macroscale levels, however, the mechanisms underlying EPS effects at the microscale level remain poorly understood. Here, by employing bacteria tracking and fluorescence staining techniques, we investigated the role of sucrose-dependent EPS during biofilm development of S. mutans at the microscale level for both WT and Δ gtfB strains. The results showed that at the early stages of biofilm development, the sucrose-derived glucans enhanced the surface attachment of S. mutans through bamboo joint-like glucan patterns displayed on cell surfaces and altered their microcolony structures from loose 2D chains in Δ gtfB to dense-packed cell clusters in WT; then, after microcolonies formed, sucrose-dependent EPS promoted their development by speeding up the 2D-3D transition of WT microcolonies and affected final biofilm morphologies at the stage of biofilm maturation. Moreover, by tracking the long-time dynamic process of WT biofilm development at the microscale, the results demonstrated clearly the origin of liquid regions and their correlations with the structural and pH heterogeneity of biofilms. These findings establish sucrose-dependent EPS as dual-functional scaffolds—mechanically accelerating biofilm assembly, meanwhile, facilitating the formation of structural and pH heterogeneity inside biofilms that are critical for enamel demineralization, and thus provide insights for developing new anti-caries strategies. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus mutans is a major pathogen in caries development due to its ability to rapidly metabolize sucrose into EPS. EPS serves as a major component of the S. mutans biofilm matrix, and previous studies mostly explored the effects of EPS on the macroscale. However, how EPS shapes S. mutans biofilm formation at the microscale is not well understood. By combining single-cell tracking with fluorescence staining techniques, we demonstrate that sucrose-dependent EPS governs the transition from 2D growth to 3D biofilm architecture and facilitates the formation of a liquid region at the bottom of the biofilm. These findings bridge a fundamental knowledge gap between the microscale organization and macroscale attributes of biofilms, offering novel perspectives for developing targeted anti-caries strategies.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Microorganisms • 2026

To address the urgent challenge of antimicrobial resistance, a series of twenty novel C-28 modified betulinic acid derivatives was designed and synthesized. Several derivatives, particularly 3b, 3d, 3e, and 3o, displayed notable antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA). The most active compound, 3d, was subjected to further mechanistic evaluation: it produced concentration-dependent inhibition zones in Oxford cup assays, exhibited bactericidal kinetics in time-kill studies, and significantly suppressed biofilm formation. Molecular docking suggested that the anti-biofilm activity of 3d may be mediated through binding to the staphylococcal accessory regulator A (SarA), a key transcriptional regulator of biofilm formation. The molecular dynamics study provided additional confirmation of the effective binding between 3d and SarA. These results highlight compound 3d as a promising lead for the development of novel anti-biofilm agents targeting drug-resistant Gram-positive infections.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology • 2026

ABSTRACT Marine biofilms are known as a reservoir of bacterial specialized metabolites, but the majority of these metabolites remain unexplored because most biofilm-associated bacteria have not yet been cultivated or genomically characterized. In a recent study, we isolated and cultivated 713 bacterial strains from marine biofilms and generated their nearly complete genomes. Here, we conduct a systematic analysis of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) contained in these bacterial genomes. A total of 3,146 BGCs are predicted and organized into 2,176 mostly new gene cluster families (GCFs), in comparison with the GCFs in the Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster database, and those from genomes of global seawater bacteria. In particular, certain less-studied microorganisms, such as members of the Roseobacteriaceae family, possess a number of novel BGCs. Moreover, through bacterial antagonistic tests, 50 of the 713 strains inhibit the growth of at least one tested pathogenic bacterial strain. Furthermore, metabolomics followed by molecular networking reveals previously uncharacterized antimicrobial activities associated with known secondary metabolites, represented by the polycyclic tetramate macrolactam alteramide A. IMPORTANCE Marine microorganisms are important sources of natural products, yet quite a few studies have systematically explored the production of active molecules by marine biofilm-associated bacteria. In the present study, we analyzed nearly complete genomes of 713 strains isolated from marine biofilms to assess their biosynthetic potential. We further conducted experiments to discover compounds with a strong inhibitory effect against pathogenic bacterial strains. This work has laid the groundwork for further prospecting marine biofilm-associated bacterial strains for antibacterial agents.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2026

Antibodies to Z-DNA, a non-canonical DNA conformation with a left-handed zigzag backbone, are abundant in the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with levels increasing with disease activity and flares. As SLE is associated with bacterial infections, and as extracellular DNA (eDNA) within biofilms of several bacterial species has been shown to adopt the Z-DNA conformation, bacterial Z-DNA may represent a source of immunogenic Z-DNA in SLE and other related autoimmune conditions. In these studies, we investigated whether eDNA in Salmonella biofilms also contained Z-DNA and whether such Z-DNA could elicit an antibody response. Using antibody-based staining approaches, we observed abundant eDNA in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) biofilms in both the Z- and canonical B-DNA configurations, consistent with the highly Z-prone nature of the GC-rich Salmonella genome. To assess the functional contribution of these DNA conformations to biofilm integrity, biofilms were treated with DNase I, which lacks enzymatic activity against Z-DNA, or with benzonase, a nonspecific nuclease that degrades both B- and Z-DNA. DNase I treatment applied after biofilm maturation was less effective at thinning biofilms than treatment during early biofilm formation, a pattern also observed with benzonase treatment. Purified curli:DNA complexes contained Z-DNA and, when administered intraperitoneally to mice, elicited robust anti-Z-DNA antibody responses. Similarly, infection with invasive STm induced the production of anti-Z-DNA antibodies in vivo. Moreover, STm infection in mice fed a diet that promotes biofilm development was associated with increased Z-DNA levels in the cecal lumen and elevated anti-DNA antibody responses. Collectively, these findings suggest that Z-DNA, likely formed by extruded Salmonella genomic DNA, and embedded within curli:DNA complexes of STm biofilms, triggers a host immune response and drives anti–Z-DNA antibody production. This work provides mechanistic insight into how bacterial infections and diet-dependent modulation of biofilm formation may contribute to anti-Z-DNA antibody responses in autoimmune diseases like SLE.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Plasma (Basel, Switzerland) • 2025

The study evaluates the efficacy of an image-guided CAP treatment method with a plasma device capable of rapid biofilm removal from chicken tissue. The plasma treatment operating configuration includes a gas mixture of Argon and H 2 O at a flowrate of 1.5 lpm. An X-Y stage was used to move the chicken sample below the stationary plasma scalpel at a speed of 0.1 mm/s. The discharge voltage and current were maintained between 3.2 and 3.7 kV (AC 20 kHz), and at 3 mA, respectively. The electrode gap and sample distance were set to 0.6 mm and 4 mm. This configuration facilitated effective biofilm removal, as confirmed by CFU analysis and 3D microscopic analysis showing a >99% reduction in biofilm post treatment with an etch rate of 2.2-5.8 μm/s and an impact width of up to 300 μm. The plasma scalpel electrode temperature reached 94.7 °C, while the targeted biofilm area was heated to 36.3 °C, suggesting non-thermal biofilm disruption. Three-dimensional microscopic analysis revealed biofilm thickness on chicken tissues ranging from 20 to 180 μm, comparable to biofilm loads on mammalian tissues. In conclusion, the study highlights the potential of CAP devices as a promising solution for biofilm debridement.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Bioresource technology • 2025

Groundwater contamination is a pressing global issue driven by anthropogenic activities and intensified by climate change. Microbial electrochemical technology (MET) has emerged as a promising low-carbon approach that integrates microbial metabolism with electrochemical redox reactions for efficient remediation. However, its field-scale feasibility, long-term stability, and environmental impacts remain insufficiently understood. This review synthesizes recent advances in MET for subsurface pollutant removal and critically examines key barriers to practical deployment. Extracellular electron transfer and pollution conversion mechanisms are discussed, enabling METs to target diverse contaminants. Critical operational factors are analyzed alongside emerging strategies to enhance remediation outcomes. Sustainability, life cycle impacts, and technology readiness are also assessed to evaluate environmental viability. Overall, while challenges like long-term stability and scale-up persist, METs hold significant promise for site-specific pollutant control. This review bridges mechanistic insights with engineering strategies, providing an integrated framework for scalable and sustainable MET applications in groundwater remediation.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object]

RSC advances • 2025

In this study, a novel composite anode electrode for microbial fuel cells (MFCs) was developed by wrapping a carbon sleeve around the surface of carbon veil. While the carbon veil is widely used due to its biocompatibility and surface area, its poor mechanical strength limits long-term operation. The novelty of the study lies in reinforcing the flexible, non-woven carbon veil with a mechanically robust and tubular carbon sleeve layer without compromising performance. This composite electrode (carbon veil + carbon sleeve) improved mechanical integrity and in addition, facilitated better biofilm development. Over a 5 week operation, the composite anode achieved a maximum power output of 527.7 μW, a 3-fold increase compared to using the carbon veil alone (175.5 μW). SEM analysis confirms biofilm improvement in the combined electrodes compared to the control. FTIR analysis confirmed changes in surface functional groups post-operation, suggesting enhanced biofilm-electrode interactions. This work demonstrates a simple yet effective reinforcement strategy that significantly enhances MFC anode durability and power performance.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Environmental microbiology reports • 2025

Our study aims to identify electrogenic bacteria and optimise culture conditions using different commercial and agro-industrial wastes as a sole carbon source. Potential candidates of electrogenic bacteria isolates (EBIs) were screened from anode-developed biofilm in a double-chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) bioreactor system. Characterisation using cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed that the isolated bacteria had a potential bio-electrochemical property. Statistical techniques were used, including response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD). The highest cell growth, measured by optical density at 600 nm (OD 600nm ) (1.1407 ± 0.00316) and cell dry weight (CDW) (0.02135 ± 0.00152 g/L), was obtained when commercial carbon glucose was used. Cost-effective, barley bran formulated media resulted in maximum growth, OD 600nm 1.52167 ± 0.03476 and CDW with 0.01541 ± 0.000071 g/L. The RSM optimised condition achieved a 32.3% fold increase of cell growth yield (OD 600nm ) compared to unoptimised conditions. This is the first study to use 16S rRNA gene sequencing from anode biofilm to identify native Enterobacter species. In conclusion, the recently discovered isolate exhibited growth conditions between 18°C and 52°C, pH 3 and pH 11, and resistance to high salt concentrations (0.332 M NaCl). It might therefore be considered a potentially versatile biocatalyst candidate for MFC applications.

[object Object], [object Object]

Scientific reports • 2025

As a novel study, a newly formulated electroless biocide amphiphilic coating protected brass alloy in artificial seawater contaminated with bacteria. A new galvanic cell is represented for electroless deposition. The adherent polymeric complex of formula [Sn(tetra dentate ligand cephradine)Cl] was deposited. Synergism of tin and cephradine in the coating improved the antibacterial activity, as shown by a lower MIC than native cephradine antibiotic. The insulating, adherent coating surface film protected the brass alloy against microbiologically induced corrosion and showed no biofilm formation, as the compatible coating constituents kill and stop bacterial growth. The delocalized electron (s) permeated lipid layers and penetrated the microbial cell membrane, forming hydrogen bonds with active centers on the constituents of bacterial cells, perturbing respiration and killing bacteria. Polymerization decreased the polarity of the tin coating, increasing its lipophilicity and enhancing penetration. The electrochemical parameters (increased charge transfer resistance (Rct), reduced capacitance of the electrical double layer (Q dl ) indicated a capacitive insulating coating. The low limiting dissolution current (156 mA cm -2 for 0.00013 M organotin, compared to 250 mA cm -2 for the blank sample) confirmed the inhibition of microbial corrosion by the organotin coating. However, the predominant form of corrosion is pitting corrosion.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object]

Scientific reports • 2025

A membrane-less microbial fuel cell system was developed and evaluated using CuO-incorporated activated carbon (CuO/AC) cathodes designed for dual functionality: enhanced oxygen reduction reaction activity and antibacterial performance. CuO/AC composites were synthesized via wet impregnation followed by thermal treatment, and the 10wt% CuO/AC formulation demonstrated the best performance. The optimized cathode achieved a maximum power density of ~ 1.25 W/m 2 and a peak current density of ~ 5.2 A/m 2 , significantly outperforming pristine AC and AC-CNTs cathodes. Long-term stability tests showed that the 10wt% CuO/AC cathode maintained an open cell potential around 0.85-1.0 V in batch mode for over 40 days, while AC-CNTs cathodes exhibited lower open cell potential and severe performance degradation due to biofouling. Microscopic analysis confirmed heavy biofilm and microbial colony formation on AC-CNTs cathode, whereas the CuO-containing cathode surface remained clean and free from microbial colonization. Moreover, MFCs operated in continuous mode demonstrated superior operational stability and higher COD removal efficiency (~ 85.3%) compared to batch mode (~ 76.0%), despite slightly lower OCP and initial power densities. These findings highlight the synergistic role of CuO in enhancing cathodic performance and biofouling resistance, while also demonstrating the industrial relevance of continuous mode operation for stable and efficient wastewater treatment coupled with energy recovery.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology • 2025

Long-range extracellular electron transfer enables respiring microbes to use minerals, other organisms, or electrodes as electron acceptors by transporting electrons microns away from the cell surface. This process is primarily studied in Geobacter sulfurreducens , which produces at least three different micrometer-long, multi-heme cytochrome nanowires capable of electron transfer. However, the distribution and higher-order structure of these types of cytochrome nanowires remains largely unknown. Here, we employed cryo-electron microscopy to determine the atomic structure of a unique cytochrome nanowire from Desulfuromonas soudanensis WTL, a halophilic, iron- and electrode-reducing bacterium found in deep subsurface brine. These filaments are based on a homolog of the OmcE tetraheme cytochrome, which then assemble into highly ordered bundles of antiparallel filaments. This arrangement likely arises from the association of nanowires extending from adjacent cells. Furthermore, a similar cytochrome bundle structure was observed in Geobacter metallireducens , suggesting that this quaternary structure may be a common feature among nanowires secreted by electroactive microbes. Our findings demonstrate that cytochrome nanowires in diverse taxa can form specialized bundle interfaces, potentially facilitating conductive biofilm formation and representing a novel strategy for microbial electron exchange. More broadly, this work expands understanding of electron transfer mechanisms and demonstrates the production of multi-heme filaments across distinct lineages. These insights could guide future research into cytochrome nanowire secretion and conductive biofilm engineering, with potential applications in electrochemical technologies.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object]

Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands) • 2026

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) utilize microbial metabolism to convert organic substrates into electrical energy. Saccharomyces cerevisiae presents a promising eukaryotic biocatalyst due to its fermentative capacity and non-pathogenic nature, yet its electron transfer efficiency remains a major bottleneck. This study evaluates the influence of nitrogen source variation, peptone, tryptone, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) at concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg.mL -1 on the electrochemical performance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based MFCs. Half-cell analyses, including cyclic voltammetry and rate-determining step (RDS) assessments, revealed diffusion-controlled electron transfer via cytochromes. The highest electron transfer rate constant (K s ) was obtained with peptone 5 mg.mL -1 (1.61 ± 0.285 s -1 ), followed by tryptone 1 mg.mL -1 (1.53 ± 0.332 s -1 ) and BSA 1 mg.mL -1 (0.95 ± 0.055 s -1 ). Full-cell experiments showed maximum voltage outputs of 0.132 V (peptone 5 mg.mL -1 ), 0.117 V (tryptone 1 mg.mL -1 ), and 0.039 V (BSA 1 mg.mL -1 ), and corresponding peak power densities of 46.6, 44.0, and 7.1 mW m -2 . SEM confirmed enhanced biofilm formation with increased nitrogen concentration, supporting stronger electrochemical activity. These results highlight nitrogen source optimization as a strategic approach to enhance microbial electron transfer and energy yield in yeast-based MFC systems.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Applied microbiology and biotechnology • 2025

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) offer a promising alternative for sustainable wastewater treatment and energy recovery. However, the mechanisms underpinning electrogenic biofilm formation remain poorly understood. This study investigates the spatial and temporal dynamics of microbial community assembly using a novel multi-electrode MFC design under two substrate conditions: acetate and starch. Pre-inoculation of three designated electrodes led to successful current generation within 110 h in both MFCs, while a dispersed inoculation strategy failed to establish electrogenic biofilms despite equivalent inoculum volume. Electrode positioning significantly influenced start-up, with vertical alignment above inoculated electrodes facilitating faster colonisation and current generation than lateral spacing. Notably, starch-fed MFCs exhibited more rapid and widespread biofilm proliferation, suggesting that complex microbial consortia may disperse more efficiently than single-function electrogens. Community sequencing revealed spatial heterogeneity and a shift from diverse to more optimised anodic communities over time. Geobacter initially dominated, but community succession was shaped by substrate complexity, competition, and spatial structure. Interestingly, non-inoculated electrodes often outperformed inoculated ones, indicating that deterministic selection pressures favoured more efficient biofilms. However, long-term current production declined, particularly under batch conditions, suggesting that population drift and limited microbial renewal limited sustained performance. This study is the first to characterise electrogenic biofilm assembly in a multi-electrode MFC, highlighting the interplay between stochastic dispersal and deterministic selection. These findings underscore the importance of inoculation strategy, substrate selection, and continuous microbial replenishment for optimising MFC performance and real-world applicability. KEY POINTS: • Substrate complexity shaped colonisation and distinct microbial communities. • Vertical electrode positioning enhanced colonisation and start-up efficiency. • Temporal succession led to specialised but less diverse electrogenic biofilms.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Nanoscale • 2026

The practical application of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is often hindered by sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics and biofouling at the cathode. Herein, we developed a bifunctional MnS/Co co-anchored N-doped carbon catalyst (MnS/Co-SNC) derived from ZIF-67. This catalyst was designed to simultaneously tackle both problems by integrating enhanced ORR activity with intrinsic antibacterial functionality. The incorporation of MnS generates heterogeneous MnS/Co interfaces, inducing electron redistribution and optimizing oxygen adsorption, while carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown in situ facilitate rapid electron transfer. Benefiting from these synergies, MnS/Co-SNC exhibits an onset potential of 0.92 V and a half-wave potential of 0.88 V in alkaline media, surpassing commercial Pt/C. More importantly, the sulfur species provide potent antibacterial activity, effectively suppressing biofilm formation and preserving catalytic sites. When applied as an air-cathode in single-chamber MFCs, MnS/Co-SNC delivers a maximum power density of 1400 mW m -2 and maintains a stable voltage output over 120 h, outperforming state-of-the-art non-precious metal catalysts. This work presents a rational strategy for designing multifunctional electrocatalysts that simultaneously address ORR kinetics and biofouling, advancing the practical deployment of MFCs for sustainable energy generation.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

BMC oral health • 2025

Silver-based therapies are effective in preventing caries but often cause undesirable tooth staining. This study aimed to develop a dual-action nanosilver-fluoride (NSF) formulation that arrests caries while minimizing discolouration.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Toxics • 2025

High-nitrogen organic chemical wastewater is characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD Cr ), poor biodegradability, and toxic nitrogenous organics, posing significant challenges for conventional biological treatment. In this study, a dual-electrical treatment strategy integrating an electromagnetic Fenton (EM-Fenton) pretreatment unit with a three-dimensional biofilm electrode reactor (3D-BER) is proposed. The EM-Fenton system used iron-carbon fillers under electric and magnetic fields to generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH), enabling efficient oxidation of nitro-aromatic compounds and the conversion of organic nitrogen into NO 3 - -N, while reducing Fe 2+ input and iron sludge generation. Subsequently, the 3D-BER, filled with Fe 3 O 4 /Mn 3 O 4 -modified polyurethane spheres, facilitated autotrophic denitrification and phosphorus removal through enhanced extracellular electron transfer and trace hydrogen (H 2 ) release. Experimental results demonstrated that the EM-Fenton system achieved COD Cr and NH 4 + removal rates of over 40% and 14%, respectively, under optimal HRT. The 3D-BER further improved removal efficiencies, with TN and TP reductions exceeding 80% and 81%, respectively, significantly outperforming the control groups. Microbial analysis revealed the enrichment of functional genera, such as Pararhodobacter and Thauera , and the upregulation of key denitrification pathways. This coupled system demonstrated high treatment efficiency, process synergy, and microbial selectivity, offering a promising approach for the advanced treatment of high-nitrogen industrial wastewater.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Environmental science & technology • 2026

Electrochemically active biofilm (EAB) sensors have been widely used for real-time monitoring of water biotoxicity. Although extracellular electron transfer (EET) drives the electrical signal output of EAB sensors, its relationship with sensitivity is poorly understood. This raises two critical questions: (1) Do toxicants affect EET performance? (2) What is the relationship between EET performance and sensitivity. Herein, we employed a double-electrode-controlled electrochemical gating method (EGM) to evaluate the effects of different toxicants on EET performance across multiple biological scales, ranging from mixed- and purified-species biofilms to isolated OmcA proteins. Results indicated that five representative toxicants (0.02% formaldehyde, 5 mg/L NO 2 - , 5 mg/L tobramycin, 5 mg/L Cu 2+ , and 5 mg/L SDS) rarely impacted EET performance directly. On this basis, we probed the link between EET performance and sensitivity using riboflavin (RF) and anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonate (AQDS). After a 30 min toxicity exposure, the inhibition ratios were ranked as follows: AQDS-EABs > Control > RF-EABs. Although RF observably reduced the resistance, the high capacitance weakened the sensitivity. It is suggested that reducing resistance alone could not result in a higher sensitivity, and capacitance effects cannot be overlooked through modeling and electrochemical analysis. This study, therefore, proposes the time constant as a suitable metric for evaluating the relationship between the EET performance and sensitivity.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands) • 2026

Monitoring water quality is crucial for ecosystem preservation and public health in Pakistan, where agricultural/chemical contamination is diminishing clean water resources. This research aimed to develop long-term, reusable, and cost-effective MFC-based biosensors for monitoring BOD and toxicity in paraquat, pesticide-contaminated wastewater. Two double-chamber MFCs were fabricated with a 250 mL working volume, a Nafion membrane, and carbon felt electrodes, inoculated with pesticide-contaminated soil (PMFC) and pesticide-contaminated soil plus anaerobic sludge (PSMFC). Both biosensors reached a voltage of 400 ± 10 mV after 48 h, which was enhanced to 600 ± 25 mV with a 200 mV solar input during the enrichment phase. During stable power generation, PMFC and PSMFC achieved current outputs of 0.024 mA and 0.014 mA, respectively, and power densities of 225.49 mWm -2 and 50.06 mWm -2 . PMFC (R 2 0.9343) showed a stronger linear correlation between BOD levels (10-70 mgL -1 ) and voltage than PSMFC (R 2 0.7673). Voltage initially increased at paraquat concentrations of 1-10 mgL -1 but decreased at 50-100 mgL -1 due to biofilm inhibition. BOD measurements by PMFC closely matched conventional BOD₅ results, with a mean relative error of 7.03 %, highlighting its superior sensing performance with a 40-min response time during real-time monitoring.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Water research • 2026

Electron donors are the central drivers of microbial biodegradation, yet conventional sources-derived from light (photoelectrons), electrodes (bias-injected electrons), or chemical substrates (valence electrons)-are scarce in oligotrophic or lightless environments, limiting their environmental applicability. Here, we report the first microbial biofilm-based hydrovoltaic system (mBio-HS) that harnesses the hydrovoltaic effect of water evaporation to provide a sustainable electron source for pollutant degradation. The mBio-HS, constructed simply with electroactive microorganisms, continuously generates a stable electron flow (∼20 μA, ∼0.3 V) solely through the hydrovoltaic effect, without any external energy input. These water-evaporation-induced hydrovoltaic electrons (WEH-e) perform dual functions: sustaining microbial metabolism to form a self-sufficient community and directly reducing organic pollutants. Using methyl orange (MO) as a model azo dye, the system achieved efficient azo-bond cleavage and 90% decolorization within 72 h. This work not only presents the first prototype of a simple biofilm-based hydrovoltaic pollutant-degradation system, but also establishes a mechanistic foundation for harnessing the ubiquitous hydrovoltaic effect in microbial biofilms to power redox reactions-offering a practical route toward zero-energy, environmentally adaptive bioremediation.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

International journal of biological macromolecules • 2026

Insect farming is an emerging industry that produces larvae, adults, and various byproducts for applications in human food, animal feed, biofuels, and biorefinery processes, as it contains many important macromolecules, such as protein and lipids. Recent advances have highlighted the potential of insect-derived waste, such as chitin, frass, and exuviae, as sustainable resources for producing functional materials. Among these, biochar derived from insect farming residues under high-temperature, anoxic conditions has shown promise in microbial fuel cells due to its porous structure, high surface area, and inherent heteroatom content. When engineered into three-dimensional electrode scaffolds, this biochar facilitates enhanced redox reactions and improves electricity generation by supporting the formation of electroactive biofilms. Despite these advantages, challenges remain in optimizing its electrocatalytic activity, stability, and scalability. Further research is needed to refine the processing parameters, elucidate the role of physicochemical properties in electrochemical performance, and improve larval cultivation under disease-resistant, resource-efficient conditions. These efforts will be crucial in unlocking the full potential of insect-derived materials for renewable energy production and advancing a circular bioeconomy by reducing waste and CO₂ emissions.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Bioresource technology • 2026

Energy dependence within a society serves as a fundamental metric for assessing civilizational advancement, and with the progressive depletion of fossil fuels and conventional energy resources, innovative technologies become imperative for achieving sustainable energy solutions. Among the most promising technological innovations addressing global energy demands is the Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC), which demonstrates the capacity to produce electrical energy through the utilization of carbon-based substrates. MFCs present significant advantages for decentralized energy infrastructure and waste treatment strategies by simultaneously facilitating wastewater remediation while generating bioenergy output. Recent advancements in synthetic biology and microbial engineering have enhanced the stability of biofilms and improved the transfer of extracellular electrons. The use of nanostructured electrodes has led to increased current output compared to conventional carbon electrodes. However, challenges persist, including high material costs, electrode fouling, limited long-term stability, and scaling issues that impede industrial deployment. This comprehensive review examines recent technological progress, existing challenges, prospective applications of MFCs within the framework of environmental sustainability and renewable energy generation. The review analyzes recent advancements in microbial optimization, electrode innovation, and reactor design. It highlights the remaining challenges in maximizing power generation and reducing production costs. These developments aim to advance MFCs toward practical large-scale applications in both environmental and energy sectors.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Journal of environmental management • 2026

Semiconducting mineral facets, when utilized as anodes, influence the electron transfer and redox processes within microbial fuel cells (MFCs). However, the mechanisms of V(V) reduction via semiconductor facet-modified MFCs, particularly the interfacial mineral-microbe interactions and electron transfer pathways, remain unclear. This study investigated the V(V) reduction performance of MFC anodes modified with {001}, {100}, and {214} facets of hematite. Concurrently, the electron transfer pathways and microbial metabolic routes involved in V(V) reduction were explored. The results indicated that V(V) reduction was effectively promoted by facet-hematite-modified anodes. Notably, the {001} facet exhibited optimal V(V) reduction performance, with a reduction rate reaching 87.16 %. Electrochemical analysis confirmed that the {001} facet possessed the lowest charge transfer impedance and optimal electrocatalytic activity, significantly enhancing extracellular electron transfer, as evidenced by NADH and ETSA levels, which were 2.2 times and 1.54 times higher than the control group, respectively. Furthermore, the {001} facet facilitated robust biofilm formation and stimulated extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed that the {001} facet specifically upregulated the expression of key functional genes, including those encoding cytochrome c, riboflavin, NADH, and nitrate/nitrite reductases. This upregulation accelerated electron transfer and significantly improved the V(V) bioreduction efficiency. This research offers novel insights into electron transfer mechanisms at the mineral-microbe interface and advances the understanding of vanadium bioremediation, holding significant importance for developing highly efficient bioelectrochemical technologies for heavy metal remediation.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Bioresource technology • 2026

Artificial regulation of aerobic and anaerobic biofilm thickness is crucial for enhancing nitrogen removal efficiency of the membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR). In this study, conductive aeration membrane modules were fabricated by physical weaving technology to couple MABR with microbial electrochemistry for efficient nitrogen removal. Insulating grids of different thickness and conductive carbon fibers were woven onto the aeration membrane to form aerobic and anaerobic layers. When the total biofilm thickness reached 254 μm (150 μm aerobic layer and 104 μm anaerobic layer), the TN removal efficiency (89.49 ± 2.89 %) was optimal. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomics analysis confirmed that the aerobic and anaerobic layers in the biofilm were completely separated, but there was a synergistic effect in nitrogen removal. The composite cathode structure provides a mechanism for efficient spatial coupling between the aerobic and anaerobic layers, establishing a basis for regulating biofilm stratification.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

IEEE transactions on plasma science. IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society • 2026

We report the development of a large area cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) array. The device consists of a parallel stack of 43 linear-discharge plasma elements that create a 10 cm × 10 cm treatment area. The CAP device is fabricated using low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) layers to create 10 cm long linear discharge channels (1.1 mm discharge gap) with embedded opposing silver metal electrodes. A 21 kHz AC voltage of 1.55 kVrms applied to the electrodes generates an Ar plasma between the plates, with the gas flow directing the reactive species toward the intended biological sample (bacteria biofilms, etc.) to affect the antimicrobial treatment. Internal ballast resistors (20 kΩ) were used on each side of the two electrode elements to improve discharge uniformity and to prevent large filamentary discharges. Typical element discharge currents were 3.5-4 mA with the total array current tested at 178 mA (rms) to provide optimal device uniformity at a 1.55 kV (rms), and an argon flow rate of 130 lpm. Further, the gas flow system was optimized to obtain a uniform plasma. Treatment of Ps. fluorescence bacterial biofilms on stainless steel coupons demonstrated a 91% decrease in colony forming units after 150 s of treatment with a 1.5 cm gap.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Biofilm • 2026

Bacterial cells in a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state are metabolically active, but cannot be cultivated using a routine growth medium, which poses a challenge to identifying VBNC contamination in food and the health sector. Non-growth assays for VBNC identification based on membrane integrity and metabolic monitoring are either costly or lead to ambiguous results. Nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) amplification techniques are effective, but their higher cost and complexity prevent routine applications. Bioelectrochemical assays might be a viable alternative for VBNC detection, due to their low cost and rapid analysis time. However, conventional bioelectrochemical methods, in which electrodes are polarized at constant electrochemical potential, are not suitable for monitoring planktonic non-growing cells like VBNC. To circumvent this issue, culturable and VBNC Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells were embedded in hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) coating and exposed to alternated cathodic and anodic potentials for a short-time. The resulting current output was interpreted in terms of charge/discharge of the bacterial membrane at the polarized electrode, which is a proxy for bacterial viability. P. aeruginosa cells were induced into the VBNC state by either UV-C or NaOCl. In the presence of 5 mM K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] and 20 mM glucose, the current output correlates inversely with the VBNC cells concentration. For cells inactivated by heat or 4% paraformaldehyde, the current output was not significantly different from the blank electrode, indicating the ability of the proposed bioelectrochemical method to detect changes in cellular viability before the loss of culturability.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) • 2026

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by dysbiotic biofilms and host-mediated destruction of periodontal tissues. This study evaluated the efficacy of a novel needle-shaped floating electrode-dielectric barrier discharge (FE-DBD) plasma probe in treating experimental periodontitis. Using a split-mouth design in a rat model of ligature-induced periodontitis, subgingival microbiome changes were analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing, while gene expression of inflammatory mediators and osteoclastogenic factors was quantified by qRT-PCR. Histopathological evaluation and osteoclast activity were assessed through H&E and TRAP staining, respectively. FE-DBD treatment significantly shifted the subgingival microbiome by reducing pathobionts such as Bacteroidota and Fusobacteriota and increasing health-associated taxa including Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota . The therapy also exerted immunomodulatory effects by suppressing pro-inflammatory genes (TNF-α, ICAM-1, CCL2) and elevating anti-inflammatory IL-10 expression. Moreover, FE-DBD favorably modulated bone remodeling by downregulating RANK and RANKL, upregulating OPG, and raising the OPG/RANKL ratio 3.72-fold, accompanied by reduced inflammatory infiltration and osteoclast numbers. These findings demonstrate that FE-DBD plasma effectively ameliorates periodontitis by simultaneously targeting pathogenic biofilms, host inflammation, and osteoclastogenesis, highlighting its potential as a multifaceted adjunctive therapy for periodontal disease.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands) • 2025

Electromethanosynthesis in a Microbial Electrolysis Cell facilitates CH 4 production through enhanced reaction kinetics and efficient CO 2 /CH 4 separation, while concurrently facilitating wastewater treatment. Two MECs which differed in the biocathode projected surface area (1.25 and 0.25 m 2 ) were constructed and operated. The results demonstrated that increasing the electrode size led to increased CH 4 production and improved MEC efficiency. A mathematical model was developed to describe the two MECs in the COMSOL Multiphysics framework, which simulates the growth of six microbial populations, using Butler-Volmer-Monod kinetics, taking into account the impact of the overpotentials. The model captured the effect of the developed overpotentials on substrate consumption and current production and the simulations showed good agreement with the measured variables in terms of reaction rates, leading to a deviation of 2.5 % for organic content removal and < 1 % for electromethanosynthesis. The validation of the model, accounting for varying biocathode sizes, accurately predicted the CH 4 production under all different conditions employed and the highest deviation was 10 %. The developed model provides the foundation for understanding the dynamics of substrate availability, diffusion of species, electrochemical reactions and microbial populations, across multiple chemical pathways, while establishing the framework for predicting the significance of reactor design for efficient electromethanosynthesis.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Bioresource technology • 2025

This study first evaluated the sulfamethoxazole (SMX) effects on oxygen-reducing biocathodes in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Low SMX (0.5 mg L -1 ) enhanced current density by 20 % via increased direct electron transfer and lower charge transfer resistance. High SMX (10-30 mg L -1 ) suppressed electrochemical performance. SMX preferentially bound protein-like EPS components over fulvic-like fractions, inducing sequential structural changes (1054 > 970 > 3464 > 2921 > 1643 > 1350 cm -1 ). SMX exposure reshaped microbial communities, enriching antibiotic-resistant genera (Truepera, Nitrospira, Brevundimonas, etc.). Network analysis revealed low SMX enhanced community complexity/stability, while high doses simplified biofilm structure. Functional genes for electron transfer, carbon metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation increased at 0.5 mg L -1 SMX but decreased under high concentrations. Overall, this study elucidates the dual role of SMX in modulating oxygen-reducing biofilm composition, function, and capability, laying the groundwork for optimized application of MFC in treating SMX-contaminated wastewater.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Bioresource technology • 2025

It is essential to remediate the polluted aquaculture water and sediment, which destroys aquatic ecosystem. In this study, a novel ecological floating bed coupled with close-circuit microbial electrochemical system was designed for aquaculture system in-situ remediation. The average concentration of COD (13.4 mg/L), TN (3.8 mg/L) and TP (0.4 mg/L) in effluent met the Class II (SC/T 9101-2007). The TP and SS were migrated into sediment driven by the self-generated electric field. According to the analysis of microbial community, electroactive bacteria such as norank_f__Anaerolineaceae, Pseudomonas, and Paraclostridium at the anode oxidized organics. Nitrogen converting bacteria enrich at the biocathode and floating bed, including Defluviimonas, Nitrospira and Bacillus, promoted the removal of nitrogen. Simultaneous nitrification and autotrophic denitrification were realized at the biocathode. The electrons generated from the anode were compensated to the cathode, forming the electron sharing network. The study presents a rewarding ecotechnology for in-situ remediation of aquaculture system.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Bioresource technology • 2025

Shale oil and gas wastewater (SOGW), rich in pollutants, poses an environmental threat. A novel microbial fuel cell (MFC) resembling an anoxic/oxic-membrane bioreactor (A/O-MBR), called AOMM, was developed to treat SOGW and recover energy. AOMM required no expensive ion-exchange membrane and incorporated a custom suspended-rotating biocathode, reducing the reliance on high-cost and hard-to-scale components. Furthermore, AOMM achieved a maximum power density of 61.6 mW/m 2 and, under optimized operating conditions, removed 98.3% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 99.6% of ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 + -N), and 82.2% of total nitrogen (TN) from simulated SOGW. Microbial and gene analyses revealed enrichment of key bacteria and functional genes associated with electron transfer, carbon degradation, and nitrogen removal in both the anode and cathode. Moreover, AOMM demonstrated greater organic removal with a simpler process than an actual SOGW treatment project. This study provides an alternative with high application potential for efficient treatment and resource recovery of SOGW.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Biosensors & bioelectronics • 2025

Thalassemia gene screening is vital for preventing severe infant morbidity, yet current methods lack the sensitivity for early clinical intervention. Here, we report an enzymatic biofuel cell self-powered biosensor (EBFC-SPB) integrating DNAzyme Walker and dumbbell hybridization chain reaction (DHCR) cascade amplification for attomolar-level detection of TATA-28, a critical thalassemia biomarker. The biosensor employs Au@Zr-MOF/graphdiyne (GDY) as a conductive substrate to immobilize glucose oxidase (bioanode) and [Ru(NH 3 ) 6 ] 3+ -responsive DNA circuits (biocathode). Target-activated DNAzyme Walker liberates single-stranded DNA (S0), initiating dumbbell HCR to generate electronegative DNA nanostructures that adsorb [Ru(NH 3 ) 6 ] 3+ . This process drives efficient electron transfer from the bioanode to the biocathode, greatly amplifying the open-circuit voltage (E OCV ) compared to non-target conditions. The dual-amplification strategy achieves a linear response from 0.1 fM to 10 nM TATA-28 with a 35.3 aM detection limit (S/N = 3), surpassing existing methods in sensitivity. Successful validation in human serum (recovery: 90.1-106.5 %) highlights its clinical potential for early thalassemia screening.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Biosensors & bioelectronics • 2025

Monitoring sucrose transport in plants is essential for understanding plant physiology and improving agricultural practices, yet effective sensors for continuous and real-time in-vivo monitoring are lacking. In this study, we developed a plant-insertable sucrose sensor capable of real-time sucrose concentration monitoring and demonstrated its application as a useful tool for plant research by monitoring the sugar-translocating path from leaves to the lower portion of plants through the stem in living plants. The biosensor consists of a bilirubin oxidase-based biocathode and a needle-type bioanode integrating glucose oxidase, invertase, and mutarotase, with the two electrodes separated by an agarose gel for ionic connection. The sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 6.22 μA mM -1 cm -2 , a limit of detection of 100 μM, a detection range up to 60 mM, and a response time of 90 s at 100 μM sucrose. Additionally, the sensor retained 86 % of its initial signal after 72 h of continuous measurement. Day-night monitoring from the biosensor inserted in strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum) showed higher sucrose transport activity at night, following well the redistribution of photosynthetically produced sugars. In addition, by monitoring the forced translocation of sucrose dissolved in the stable isotopically labeled water, we demonstrated that a young seedling of Japanese cedar known as Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) can absorb and transport both water and sucrose through light-dependently opened stomata, which is the recently revealed path for liquid uptake by higher plants. These findings highlight the potential of our sensor for studying dynamic plant processes and its applicability in real-time monitoring of sugar transport under diverse environmental conditions.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Water research • 2025

A membrane-aerated bio-cathode configuration was engineered, leveraging counter-diffusion biofilm architecture to physically segregate oxygen from cathode reactions. This design minimized electron diversion to oxygen (a competing terminal electron acceptor), thereby optimizing electron allocation for antibiotic co-metabolism. Further, the biofilms self-regulation and the molecular dynamics (MD) mechanism of antibiotic/antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) reduction were simultaneously investigated. At 80 V/m potential difference, anode biofilms exhibited enhanced protein secretion (2.31-fold increase versus controls), which mitigated SMX-induced static quenching of tyrosine-like fluorophores by shifting to dynamic quenching mechanisms. Concurrent cathode analyses revealed substantial ARG suppression, with sul1 (-1.25 log 2 ) and sul2 (-1.22 log 2 ) reductions attributed to host genus inactivation (Nitrateductor, Pseudomonas, Methylobacterium abundance undetectable). MD simulations elucidated critical interaction mechanism: Reduced polar solvation energy (ΔG PB =-31.363 kJ/mol) promoting Sul1-encoded protein and SMX interactions strengthened, enhancing resistance sustainability under ARGs reduction. Besides, Flavin mononucleotide activation promoted SMX degradation via Cytochrome P450, likely driving rapid SMX removal under electric fields, with a 1.5-fold SMX removal rate enhancement versus conventional MABR.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Analytica chimica acta • 2025

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a type of small non-coding RNA sequences, are very important biomarkers and are involved in various physiological processes, such as cell proliferation, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Many reports have shown that miRNAs are closely associated with a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Currently, researchers have developed various methods for miRNAs detection, such as fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, electrochemiluminescence, and electrochemical sensing. The detection of multiple miRNAs is significant for the diagnosis of diseases. However, it is rare for a single biosensing system to ultra-sensitively detect multiple miRNAs.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Talanta • 2025

Enzymatic biofuel cell-based self-powered sensors represent a promising class of portable sensing devices, so the development of a novel and efficient self-powered sensing strategy is of critical importance. Herein, the direct electron transfer (DET) of bilirubin oxidase (BOD) is modulated through enzymatic reaction-triggered DNA structure transformation, which is further applied for self-powered detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase (T4 PNK) activity. The biocathode of a glucose/oxygen biofuel cell is prepared by immobilizing BOD on carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) nanocomposite by using a short-stranded DNA (sDNA)-complementary DNA (cDNA) duplex as a bridge. For detecting T4 PNK activity, the biocathode is incubated with T4 PNK and adenosine triphosphate to phosphorylate the 5'-hydroxyl termini of sDNA, followed by λ-exonuclease digestion of the phosphorylated sDNA, resulting in structure transformation of cDNA into a hairpin configuration via intramolecular base-pairing. As a result, BOD is repositioned near the MWCNTs-AuNPs interface, permitting efficient oxygen reduction catalysis through the DET. Consequently, the glucose/oxygen biofuel cell switches from an initial "open-circuit" to a "closed-circuit" operational mode, enabling self-powered detection of T4 PNK activity. The linear range for T4 PNK activity detection is from 0.001 to 2 U mL -1 , with a low detection limit of 3 × 10 -4 U mL -1 . The self-powered sensor is successfully used for detcting T4 PNK activity in a human serum sample. This work presents a novel strategy for self-powered sensing by modulating the DET of BOD via enzymatic reaction-triggered DNA structure transformation.