Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology • 2026

The increasing backlog of cases in conventional courts has necessitated the development of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms to deliver timely justice. Amicable settlement of disputes is very much essential for the maintenance of social peace and harmony in the society. This research paper investigates the effectiveness of Lok Adalats in resolving disputes in India, focusing on their impact, challenges, and potential improvements. Established to address the significant backlog of cases in the Indian judicial system, Lok Adalats aim to provide a timely, cost-effective, and informal alternative to traditional court proceedings. General findings indicate that Lok Adalats are generally perceived as effective, with high levels of satisfaction reported by participants. However, issues such as lack of public awareness and variability in the quality of outcomes pose challenges. Recommendations include enhancing public outreach, standardizing mediation practices, and integrating technology to improve the efficiency and accessibility of Lok Adalats. This paper highlights the significant role of Lok Adalats in the Indian legal system and suggests pathways for enhancing their effectiveness in delivering justice. Article 39A of the Indian Constitution requires equal justice and free legal assistance. The necessity of the Lok Adalat System, an efficient institution of a people-friendly judicial system that administers prompt justice in an economical and cordial manner, has been highlighted by various Law Commission Reports, the Justice Malimath Committee Report, the Amendment of Civil Procedure Code, the Criminal Procedure Code, and the Legal Services Authority Act, 1987. Lok Adalat plays a critical role in promoting and strengthening "equal access to justice," which is central to India's constitution. A large number of Lok Adalats are being organized to achieve the Gandhian principle of Gram Swaraj and "access to justice for all.

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IEEE transactions on power electronics • 2025

The double-clamp zero-voltage-switching (DCZVS) flyback converter can achieve high efficiency and high power density through high-frequency soft switching and inherent primary side regulation (PSR) feature. However, conventional resonance schemes for DCZVS flyback converters fail to simultaneously enable lossless leakage inductance energy recovery and high-precision PSR. In this article, a secondary absorption scheme is proposed for the DCZVS flyback converter, which employs the output capacitance of secondary-side synchronous rectifier switch to achieve lossless absorption of leakage inductance energy. Furthermore, the secondary absorption scheme reduces the voltage ripple of the clamp voltage and enhances PSR accuracy. The proposed scheme is validated on a 160–420 V input and 28 V/600 W output prototype. Compared with the highest power density level at present, the experimental prototype achieves a peak efficiency of 94.37% with an increase of 0.68% and achieves an ultra-high power density of 1290 W/inch3 with an increase of 7.2%.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

IEEE transactions on power electronics • 2025

The magnetic network energy router (MNER) is promising for applications integrating multiple renewable sources, storages, and loads with the advantages of low component requirement, high efficiency, and high controllability. Power density is essential for MNERs, which is mainly restricted due to the use of multiple magnetic components, including the high-frequency transformer (HF-TF) and branch inductor (BI). This article proposes a quad-port magnetic integrated coupled inductor (MICI) based MNER with high power density. In the proposed quad-port MICI-MNER, the HF-TF and four BIs are magnetically integrated with a customized magnetic core, and the MNER's ports are partially magnetically coupled with each other to achieve the required power transfer. The detailed modeling and design for the proposed quad-port MICI are further developed. The proposed quad-port MICI can achieve high power density and reduce the size of the quad-port MNER. Simulation studies with the professional tools PLECS and Ansys/Electronics are conducted and a down-scale quad-port MICI-MNER prototype is built in the laboratory. The results both confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed quad-port MICI-MNER.

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IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics • 2025

In this article, a 12-switch non-isolated LLC (NI-LLC) converter is proposed to address the application requirements of 4:1 bidirectional fixed-ratio voltage conversion in 48 V mild hybrid electric vehicles (MHEVs). Compared with the previous NI-LLC converters, the proposed 12-switch NI-LLC converter has superior efficiency and enables inherent bidirectional operation without requiring energy flow direction detection or additional control schemes for forward and reverse modes. Additionally, to synchronously turn on and off power switches in the proposed converter and to reduce gate drive loss and layout area, a transformer-coupled resonant gate driver is proposed. This driver circuit consumes only 18.7% of the power of conventional gate drive circuits, thereby ensuring high efficiency and power density in the converter. Unlike conventional resonant gate driver, the proposed gate driver not only recovers the charge energy, but also significantly reduces the ON/OFF time of main switches. Finally, the proposed converter and gate driver is verified on a 1.2 MHz/960 W prototype with a power density up to 5.6 kW/inch3. The converter achieves a peak efficiency of 98.5%, and the full load efficiency at forward and reverse operation are 97.1% and 96.7% respectively.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

IEEE transactions on power electronics • 2025

The increasing power density of SiC power modules presents significant challenges in achieving uniform high-heat-flux thermal management, which is often limited by conventional packages. To address this, an embedded microfluidic-cooled SiC power module is developed, combining embedded microchannels and nano-silver sintering to enable efficient and uniform cooling. Microchannels were directly fabricated beneath the die footprint in the direct-bonded copper substrate using picosecond laser etching, with a crossover double-layer manifold integrated into the baseplate to facilitate large-area liquid distribution. The thermal performance and temperature uniformity of the proposed design were first validated using SiC thermal test chips (SiC TTCs). Our results demonstrated an ultralow junction-to-fluid thermal resistance of 0.064 K/W and a coefficient of performance greater than 20 000, representing a 52% reduction and more than a 10-fold improvement over conventional heat sinks, respectively. The design allowed reliable heat dissipation up to 655 W at a coolant flow rate of 3 g/s, reducing junction temperature gradients by 86%. Finally, when applied to a practical SiC power module, the improved thermal performance of the new architecture led to an increase in current capacity by 43%. The proposed codesigned integrated microfluidic-cooled packaging architecture offers an efficient and easy-to-extend solution for next-generation high-power-density power electronics.

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IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics • 2025

The integrated modular motor drive (IMMD) concept is a promising solution for transportation electrification. IMMDs offer essential features such as high power density, efficiency, and reliability which are critical for electrified propulsion systems. While integration provides advantages in power density and efficiency, it also presents significant design challenges due to space constraints. In this study, a single inverter module of a 250 kW IMMD is designed and tested, which functions as an autonomous power converter. Each module contains a power converter, dc-link capacitor bank, and a local microcontroller, enabling independent control. The modules of the targeted IMMD are identical, allowing for easier replacement of failed units and reducing production complexity and cost. The designed inverter module underwent testing to evaluate both its switching characteristics and continuous operation. The manufactured inverter module obtained a gravimetric power density (specific power) of 43.96 kW/kg and an efficiency of 98.65%.

IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics • 2025

This paper presents an ultra-high voltage gain, quadratic-based DC-DC structure optimized for cost-effectiveness and high power density, specifically for DC microgrid applications. The proffered design integrates a coupled inductor (CI) with a quadratic step-up structure to accomplish a substantial step-up in voltage. The converter’s voltage gain can be regulated through two key criteria: the duty cycle of the power switches and the turn ratio of a two-winding CI, providing enhanced flexibility in design. Key attributes of the proffered topology encompass its ultra-high voltage gain, reduced voltage stress on the switching components, continuous input current, a common ground among the input and output, high efficiency via soft switching on semiconductor devices, and synchronized switch operation. Comprehensive details are provided on the operational principles, steady-state behavior, design considerations, and efficiency evaluation, accompanied by dynamic modeling and control assessment. To highlight the advantages of this topology, it is compared with other related topologies. The potential of the suggested design is affirmed by testing a 600W experimental system utilizing a switching frequency of 50 kHz, with an input voltage of 20 V and an output voltage of 600 V.

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International Journal of Thermo-Fluid Systems and Sustainable Energy • 2025

This study presents an analytical mathematical model for an integrated microbial fuel cell--oxic--anoxic bioreactor (MFC--OB--ANB) system designed for simultaneous slaughterhouse wastewater treatment and energy recovery. The model incorporates bioelectrochemical oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification processes using acetate as a representative substrate. Closed-form analytical solutions are derived for substrate degradation, nitrogen transformation, current density, and system voltage. The effects of biofilm thickness, membrane conductivity, and influent substrate concentration on treatment efficiency and power generation are systematically investigated. Results reveal that enhanced biofilm conductivity and reduced membrane resistance significantly improve energy recovery, while optimized substrate loading enhances nitrogen removal performance. The proposed framework provides valuable insights for the design and optimization of integrated bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment systems.

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Mugla Journal of Science and Technology • 2025

The discovery of electroactive microorganisms and their electron transfer mechanisms has opened new possibilities for bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) generate electricity by converting organic substrates through microbial metabolism. In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was utilized as a biocatalyst to assess the performance of various MFC designs using domestic wastewater as the anode substrate. The effects of reactor configuration and the addition of methylene blue as a redox mediator on voltage generation, power density, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were investigated. Two batch-mode reactors were tested: a nested cylindrical dual-chamber MFC (NDMFC) and a cylindrical H-type MFC (CHMFC). The maximum power densities achieved were 3.22 mW/m² for the NDMFC and 3.35 mW/m² for the CHMFC, while COD removal efficiencies were 90.33% and 91.44%, respectively. As all operational conditions were maintained constant, the observed performance variations were attributed to differences in reactor design. Overall, this study aimed to emphasize the importance of mediators that facilitate electron transfer in microbial fuel cells. The effect of methylene blue on power generation was effectively investigated using different reactor configurations.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Microorganisms • 2025

This study investigates microbial fuel cell (MFC) performance through the modification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and polypyrrole (PPy). The yeast/AuNP-modified electrodes generated the highest median current of 2.57 nA, significantly outperforming the yeast/PPy-modified (0.82 nA) electrodes. Power density measurements further confirmed the superior performance of the yeast/AuNP-modified electrodes, showcasing a notable improvement in current densities and power outputs. Yeast/AuNP-modified graphite electrodes produced a higher power density of 22.8 mW/m2, while exhibiting a lower current density compared to electrodes modified solely with yeast, which achieved a power density of 5.7 mW/m2. These findings highlight the potential of AuNPs in significantly enhancing the electrochemical performance of yeast-based MFCs, providing a promising approach for the development of more efficient bioelectrochemical systems.

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Journal of Services Marketing • 2026

Purpose The effectiveness of switching barriers in deterring customer defection hinges on the psychological constraints they impose on customer decision-making; however, this underlying mechanism has received limited empirical attention. To address this gap, this study aims to investigate the psychological mechanism of anticipated regret in the relation between switching barriers and customer retention by examining both its mediating and moderating roles in deterring defection. Design/methodology/approach The authors investigate the influence of anticipated regret on switching barrier-based customer retention through two studies using a time-lagged, multiwave survey methodology that tracks both customers’ retention intention and actual behaviors. Findings The results indicate that customers’ anticipated regret not only mediates the relationship between switching barriers and retention intention but also moderates the association between retention intention and actual retention behavior. This inhibitive psychological mechanism provides additional explanatory power and offers a more comprehensive understanding of how switching barriers shape consumers’ retention decisions. Research limitations/implications Understanding customers’ diverse perspectives and the psychological mechanisms underlying their retention decisions is central to advancing service research. Addressing the significant gap in the customer retention literature, this study integrates anticipated regret into the established switching barrier–retention framework, enriching its theoretical foundation and opening new avenues for future research. Practical implications The findings reveal new marketing opportunities for enhancing service retention. Practitioners can strategically leverage anticipated regret in marketing communications, customer interactions and retention initiatives. By making potential future regret salient prior to customers’ final decisions, firms can prevent defection and retain customers who might otherwise exit. Social implications This research identifies how psychological inhibitors shape customer retention and underscores the importance of responsible practices that facilitate informed decision-making and value creation in customers’ best interests. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is among the first to examine the psychological mechanism of anticipated regret in switching barrier-based retention decisions. The authors theorize and empirically substantiate that, when evaluating the inhibitive obstacles that deter defection, consumers prioritize the avoidance of negative consequences arising from trade-offs and seek to minimize the likelihood of future regret over their eventual choice.

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Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society • 2026

Purpose This study aims to examine the relationship between boardroom gender diversity (BGD), executive compensation mechanisms tied to environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors and their combined impact on the occurrence of ESG-related controversies. Design/methodology/approach By using structured equation modeling to analyze data collected from 13 countries, this study examines the indirect effects of BGD on ESG-related controversies mediated by executive compensation linked to ESG performance metrics. The study quantifies the extent of this mediation and examines the potential for strengthening these effects through board members’ affiliations. Findings The study documents a significant negative indirect effect of board gender diversity on ESG controversies through ESG-linked executive compensation, with roughly 23% of the total impact operating via this channel. This mediating effect is stronger when board members hold more external affiliations, consistent with a moderated mediation mechanism in which more networked boards translate diversity into ESG-aligned pay and lower controversy risk. Originality/value This study provides novel insights into the governance mechanisms that reinforce sustainable corporate practices, demonstrating how board composition and executive compensation strategies can work synergistically to reduce ESG-related controversies. By highlighting the importance of gender diversity and the strategic linkage of executive rewards to ESG metrics, this research provides valuable guidance for organizations and policymakers seeking to enhance corporate responsibility and ethical governance. The emphasis on the mediating role of ESG-linked compensation and the enhancing effect of board members’ diverse affiliations provides a unique perspective on the practical and policy implications of fostering gender diversity within corporate boards to mitigate ESG risks.

[object Object]

The Enduring Power of Communism • 2026

Abstract Communist regimes promoted authoritarianism abroad because of their ideological commitment to the norm of “proletarian internationalism”: building up communist states as a bulwark against the imperialist West. Unity gave way to the Sino-Soviet split, an ideological dispute over leadership of the communist movement. Moscow and Beijing sought to promote their versions of communism by providing economic aid abroad. Chinese attacks on Soviet aid caused Moscow to offer economic aid on increasingly favorable terms, abandoning any notion of economic benefits in its pursuit of ideological supremacy. Non-European communist regimes initially responded by balancing between Moscow and Beijing, avoiding taking sides in the conflict. Chinese coercion convinced Mongolia, Cuba, and Vietnam to turn toward Moscow, joining the CMEA (Comecon). Once members, they successfully lobbied for massive increases in aid. Statistical analysis of Soviet aid provision suggests economic aid went primarily to communist regimes (especially CMEA members) and members of the Non-Aligned Movement.

[object Object]

The Enduring Power of Communism • 2026

Abstract Cuba and Mongolia experienced delayed authoritarian consolidation due to their low party scope and limited aid in the initial post-takeover period. Fidel Castro came to power without the help of a communist party and intentionally kept party institutions weak to preserve his personalist power. The Mongolian communist party’s origins in exile left it with a limited membership comprising largely traditional elites. Soviet technical aid and authoritarian practices—such as systemic purges—increased party scope, particularly in Mongolia. Entrance into the CMEA (Comecon) initiated a massive wave of Soviet aid in both states that led to the development of larger state sectors and an expansive social welfare system. Cuba’s personalist leader, Castro, rebelled against the planning sector after it constrained his power. By contrast, Mongolia’s personalist leader, Tsedenbal, did not, precisely because, as a former planner, the planning sector was a key part of his authoritarian coalition.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

World Journal of Methodology • 2026

BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation, especially of white blood cells (WBCs), is being increasingly accepted as a central mechanism underlying the pathogenesis and development of heart failure (HF). Few studies have assessed their effectiveness as accessible and cost-efficient biomarkers for the early detection of left ventricular dysfunction, as well as their potential predictive value in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). AIM To explore the correlation between WBC parameters and low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in HF patients and to evaluate its predictive potential. METHODS Two-hundred patients with angiographically proven CAD were enrolled in the study. Lymphocyte and neutrophil counts were measured in an automated analyzer. The number of neutrophils was divided by serum level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) to obtain the neutrophil-to-HDL ratio (NHR). Regression analysis was used to examine correlations, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was employed to identify predictive value of these hematological markers. RESULTS WBC, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and NHR are significantly higher among HF patients with low LVEF. Regression analysis revealed a negative association between LVEF and WBC (r 2 = 0.007), neutrophils (r 2 = 0.019), lymphocytes (r 2 = 0.089), and the NHR (r 2 = 0.013). ROC analysis revealed that the AUC for WBC was 0.61, with a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 60%, while neutrophils showed the same AUC (0.61) but with 56% sensitivity and 60% specificity. Lymphocytes showed a higher AUC of 0.68 (72% sensitivity, 60% specificity), while NHR had the lowest AUC at 0.59 (65% sensitivity, 52% specificity). CONCLUSION These data indicate that parameters of WBCs, notably lymphocytes, neutrophils, and NHR, can act as useful biomarkers for detection of decreased LVEF in patients with HF. These findings suggest that neutrophils, lymphocytes, and NHR are not only routinely available and cost-effective markers but may also serve as early predictors of reduced LVEF in CAD patients, offering potential utility in clinical risk stratification and management. Further research is needed to validate these findings and explore their potential as clinical risk markers and therapeutic targets in CAD with HF.

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World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews • 2026

This systematic literature review applies quantitative methods to examine the European Union’s (EU) use of soft power in Africa from 2021 to 2026, with a focus on three strategic pillars: education programs, mobility schemes, and cultural diplomacy. By synthesizing recent scholarly literature, the article quantifies thematic trends, methodological approaches, and geographical emphases within current academic discourse. The analysis demonstrates a prevailing scholarly consensus that these instruments function as long-term mechanisms for promoting normative alignment and cultivating transnational elite networks. Quantitative findings indicate a pronounced research emphasis on higher education initiatives, particularly Erasmus+, alongside a growing but still secondary interest in digital cultural diplomacy. The review also identifies a significant gap in empirical studies that assess the perception and reception of these strategies among African publics, in contrast to policy-centric analyses. The findings suggest that, although the EU’s integrated toolkit is widely documented as a coherent soft power projection, its measured effectiveness remains contested and varies across regions. The article argues that future research should incorporate more robust, survey-based data from African stakeholders to move beyond programmatic evaluation and critically evaluate the tangible impact of these strategies on African political and public attitudes toward the EU.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Research Square • 2026

Abstract Background Belt electrode–skeletal muscle electrical stimulation (B-SES) has been reported to influence bone remodeling and muscle function. However, its potential role in fracture healing remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of B-SES on fracture repair in a rat femoral fracture model. Methods Twelve male Sprague–Dawley rats with surgically induced femoral fractures were randomly assigned to either a B-SES group or a control group (n = 6 per group). B-SES was initiated immediately after fracture induction and applied for 20 minutes per day, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. At 4 weeks post-fracture, femora, tibiae, periosteum, and vastus medialis muscle were harvested for radiographic assessment, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), histological analysis, biomechanical testing, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Results Radiographic evaluation demonstrated improved cortical continuity and greater callus formation in the B-SES group. Micro-CT analysis revealed significantly increased callus bone volume, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number in fractured femora, as well as improved trabecular microarchitecture in non-fractured tibiae. Biomechanical testing showed significantly higher yield load and toughness in the B-SES group. Histological analysis confirmed increased callus area in B-SES–treated rats. At 4 weeks post-fracture, RT-PCR analysis of the periosteum showed no significant between-group differences in runt-related transcription factor 2 ( Runx2 ), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand ( Rankl ), or secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich ( Sparc ) expression, whereas Sclerostin ( Sost ) expression was significantly higher in the B-SES group. In skeletal muscle, Myostatin ( Mstn ) expression was significantly reduced in the B-SES group, while insulin-like growth factor 1 ( Igf1 ) expression did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusion B-SES was associated with improved fracture healing parameters, enhanced bone microarchitecture, and increased mechanical strength in this preclinical model. Reduced Mstn mRNA expression suggests a potential contribution of muscle–bone interactions; however, given the single time-point and transcription-level analyses, these findings should be considered preliminary. Further studies are required to clarify the underlying mechanisms and translational relevance of B-SES in fracture management.

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Cumhuriyet Science Journal • 2026

This study presents a novel, simple, and cost-effective electrochemical method for the sensitive determination of Vandetanib (VAN), a clinically important tyrosine kinase inhibitor, using an unmodified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrochemical behavior of VAN was investigated via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) over a wide pH range, an adsorption-controlled irreversible oxidation process involving equal numbers of protons and electrons, indicating a proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism. Optimization of experimental parameters, including pH, accumulation time, and accumulation potential, demonstrated that 0.5 M H2S04 (pH 0.3) and an accumulation time of 90 seconds provided optimal analytical performance. The DPV method exhibited excellent linearity between 2×10-8 M and 1.5×10-6 M VAN concentrations, with a low detection limit of 5.58×10-9 M. The proposed approach achieved high repeatability with relative standard deviations below 1.2%. Compared to previously reported methods involving complex electrode modifications, this work emphasizes the practicality of a bare GCE platform, eliminating the need for surface modification or surfactant addition. The method’s simplicity, sensitivity, and environmental friendliness make it a promising alternative for rapid VAN quantification.

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Molecules • 2026

Modified electrodes were obtained by immobilizing Mn3+ complexes with the following tetraazamacrocycles (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane ([12]aneN4), 1,4,8,11-tetrazacyclotetradecane ([14]aneN4), 1,4,7,11-tetrazacyclotetradecane (iso[14]aneN4), and 1,4,8,12-tetrazacyclopentadecane ([15]aneN4) in a Nafion film on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Based on spectroelectrochemical, chronopotentiometric, and chronoamperometric studies, oxidation of mononuclear complexes to dinuclear di-μ-oxo complexes of Mn3+ and Mn4+ was observed, and the mechanism and influence of Nafion on this process were determined. On the basis of voltammetric and chronocoulometric studies, the electroactivity, stability, and diffusion rates of such modified electrodes were demonstrated. Based on voltammetric and chronocoulometric studies, their electrocatalytic properties were analyzed in relation to the oxidation of model compounds used in this type of research, namely, ascorbic acid, glycolaldehyde, and glycolic acid.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

SAE Technical Paper Series • 2026

div class="section abstract" div class="htmlview paragraph" Reliable monitoring of the internal state of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for mitigating potential safety hazards. The incorporation of a reference electrode (RE) within the battery constitutes a vital approach for achieving single-electrode monitoring and understanding changes in electrode state during cycling. Among these, the lithium-copper reference electrode (Li-Cu RE) is particularly cost-effective and straightforward to prepare, being fabricated by depositing lithium onto a copper wire. However, Li-Cu RE exhibits a relatively short effective lifespan during long-term cycling, thereby limiting its practical application. In this work, based on a self-fabricated three-electrode single-layer pouch cell, the microstructural changes before and after failure of the Li-Cu RE were characterized and analyzed, revealing its failure evolution process. Post-failure microstructures observations exhibit marked porosity in the electrode, attributed to substantial depletion of surface lithium metal. Concurrently, the copper wire's elevated potential dominantly influences the overall Li-Cu RE potential, causing its potential to rise and destabilize. This induces a sharp decline in the measured electrode's potential curve. Furthermore, comparative analysis of key factors influencing Li-Cu RE lifespan were investigated. In the static state, the theoretical failure time of Li-Cu RE differed by only approximately 9 hours from that in the cycling state. Crucially, isolating the test electrode from the Li-Cu RE nearly doubled its lifespan, revealing that current generated by the potential difference between the test electrode and Li-Cu RE is the primary cause of failure under low-rate cycling. This paper systematically elucidates the observed failure behavior of the Li-Cu RE and comprehensively analyzes the various factors, which aids in further understanding the failure mechanism of the Li-Cu RE and identifying targeted solutions. /div /div

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Nanomaterials Engineering for Supercapacitors • 2026

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as potential candidates for various technological applications due to their intriguing properties and tunable functionalities. In recent years, considerable focus has been devoted to investigating the potential of 2D materials as electrodes in supercapacitors, owing to their high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and exceptional mechanical strength. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments and challenges in utilizing 2D materials, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), MXenes, and beyond, for supercapacitor electrodes. Each material's unique structural and electronic properties, synthesis methods, and performance as supercapacitor electrodes are discussed. The influence of electrolyte composition on the capacitive behavior and cycling stability of 2D-material electrodes is also highlighted. Furthermore, this chapter highlights the strategies employed to enhance the electrochemical performance of 2D material-based electrodes, such as defect engineering, heterostructuring, and hybridization with other materials. This chapter discusses the outlook for future research directions and emerging opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, including integrating 2D materials into flexible and wearable energy-storage devices and their application in next-generation sustainable energy systems.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Nature Communications • 2026

Abstract All-solid-state batteries using sulfur-based positive electrodes (cathodes) offer a cost-effective route to achieve high specific energy. However, low active material utilization and cycle life hinder performance. Here, we demonstrate a positive electrode design that employs sulfide solid-state electrolytes, where a high energy synthesis approach forms a metastable and ionically conductive interphase on the active material surface. This interphase facilitates high active material utilization and contributes capacity with cycling. We also show that tailoring active material particle sizes to the micron-scale improves rate performance and cycling stability. Structural analysis reveals that the substantial volume change of sulfur-based positive electrodes during operation can partially offset that of the negative electrodes, thereby mitigating internal mechanical stress. The combined design principles enable sulfur areal capacities up to 11 mAh cm -2 while maintaining stable cycling at 25 °C. We further demonstrate several specific-energy-focused cell architectures, particularly a Li 2 S anode-free pouch cell that operates under “low stack pressure” of 10 MPa. This work outlines practical design strategies for constructing high-specific-energy all-solid-state batteries for a broad range of emerging applications.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

SAE Technical Paper Series • 2026

div class="section abstract" div class="htmlview paragraph" Nickel-rich cathode materials (LiNi sub 1−x−y /sub Co sub x /sub Mn sub y /sub O sub 2 /sub , NCM) are regarded as one of the most promising cathode candidates for solid-state batteries (SSBs) due to their high energy density and low cost. However, during electrochemical cycling, continuous lithium-ion insertion/extraction generates diffusion-induced stress (DIS) that fractures particles and accelerates capacity fade. Furthermore, NCM particles are subjected to external pressure during manufacturing, and inherent process non-uniformities result in varying pressurized coverage (defined as the ratio of covered area of active materials with solid-state electrolytes), which significantly influence particle cracking behavior. Based on chemo-mechanical coupling models, extensive work have investigated particle cracking behavior during charge-discharge processes. While limited research addressing crack evolution under concurrent electrochemical loading and external pressure. Thus, we developed a chemo-mechanical coupling model with globally embedded cohesive elements within polycrystalline NCM (PC-NCM) particles to simulate fracture behavior during single charge-discharge cycles. The effects of external pressure, charge/discharge C-rate and pressurized coverage are evaluated. Simulations demonstrate that external pressure significantly mitigates particle cracking. Notably, this crack-suppression effect intensifies with reduced pressurized coverage. This work provides critical insights into fracture mechanisms of NCM cathodes materials, offering fundamental guidance for electrode design optimization. /div /div

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Nanomaterials Engineering for Supercapacitors • 2026

Electrode materials play a critical role in determining the performance of supercapacitors. Carbon allotropes such as activated carbon, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene are popular due to their high surface area, electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. Activated carbon is cost-effective and offers a large surface area, though its conductivity is relatively low. CNTs offer excellent conductivity and mechanical strength, ideal for high-power applications, while graphene combines high conductivity, large surface area, and flexibility, despite mass-production challenges. Transition metal oxides such as manganese dioxide, ruthenium oxide, and nickel oxide are notable for their high theoretical capacitance and pseudocapacitance, which enhance energy density, however, challenges remain in addressing their cost, environmental impact, and stability. Conducting polymers like polyaniline and polypyrrole are valued for high pseudocapacitance and conductivity but have poor mechanical stability. Hybrid capacitors, which combine double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitive mechanisms, are increasingly explored for their potential to enhance energy density and power output. Ongoing research aims to optimize these materials for improved energy-storage capabilities, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, paving the way for the next generation of supercapacitors to meet emerging energy demands.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology • 2026

p Transition metal oxides that store lithium through a conversion reaction accommodate lithium ions and electrons during charge-discharge cycles, reducing the transition metal to its metallic state. Meanwhile, oxygen combines with lithium to form lithium oxide (Li2O). Although this mechanism offers a high theoretical capacity, it presents several challenges. Strong bonding between transition metals and oxygen induces voltage hysteresis during cycling, resulting in a high overpotential. Furthermore, substantial volume changes during cycling adversely affect long-term stability. To address these issues, this study explored the potential of Mn2SiO4, synthesized via a solidstate reaction method, as a negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. Mn2SiO4 was prepared using MnCO3 and SiO2 as precursors and heat-treated at 1000°C under an argon atmosphere, yielding a high-purity material. We aim to evaluate and enhance the electrochemical performance of this material, particularly through its combination with carbon, to offer a novel and effective strategy for high-density energy storage. Notably, incorporating carbon into Mn2SiO4-based composites significantly improved performance, including electrical conductivity, and mitigated volume expansion, resulting in improved cycling stability and rate capability. The utility of carbon in this composite provides a novel direction for maximizing the potential of combined electrochemical storage systems. These findings indicate that Mn2SiO4 has the potential to be used as a negative electrode material in high-capacity lithium-ion batteries and that carbon compositing is a promising strategy for enhancing the electrochemical properties of Mn2SiO4-based negative electrodes. /p

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

APL Electronic Devices • 2026

Single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerators (STENGs) are promising candidates for biomechanical energy harvesting and self-powered sensing due to their simple structure and compatibility with wearable systems. However, their performance is often limited by the intrinsic tribonegativity of polymer friction layers. In this study, we report a facile surface chemistry approach to enhance the triboelectric performance of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) by fluorinated silane functionalization. PDMS films spin-coated on ITO/PET substrates were surface-functionalized using 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyl-trichloroethoxysilane (FOTES), introducing fluorine-rich –CF2 and –CF3 groups at the outermost surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed successful fluorination, while Kelvin probe force microscopy revealed a significant reduction in surface potential, indicating enhanced electron-accepting capability and increased tribonegativity. As a result, the FOTES-functionalized PDMS STENG exhibited a substantial improvement in output performance, with the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current increasing from ∼91.5 and ∼10 to ∼390 V and ∼65 μA, respectively, under hand-tapping conditions. The enhanced performance was further validated under controlled excitation (30 N, 4 Hz). The device demonstrated practical energy-harvesting capability through efficient rectification, capacitor charging, and instantaneous lighting of 240 commercial LEDs, achieving a maximum power density of 5.53 mW cm−2. In addition, the STENG functioned as a self-powered biomechanical motion sensor, capable of distinguishing different human motions such as clapping, clicking, and hammering based on distinct voltage signatures. This study demonstrates that fluorinated surface functionalization is an effective and scalable strategy to enhance triboelectric performance without increasing device complexity, offering strong potential for wearable energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Journal of The Electrochemical Society • 2026

Abstract Surface engineering of carbon electrodes can play a critical role in mitigating interfacial polarization and improving charge-transfer kinetics in aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs), yet the mechanistic understanding of electrode/electrolyte interactions remains limited. We demonstrate a rational approach to tune the interfacial electrochemical reactivity of graphite felt electrodes through grafting of diazonium salts bearing negatively charged functional groups. The modified surfaces exhibit enhanced hydrophilicity and increased electrochemical capacitance. The impact of surface charge on electron-transfer behavior was systematically investigated using both negatively and positively charged redox probes, revealing a strong dependence of electrochemical activity on electrostatic interactions. While grafted layers partially hindered the ferro/ferricyanide couple, they maintained the reversibility of the [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ system, confirming the charge-selective nature of the modified interfaces. When tested in neutral aqueous electrolytes containing nitroxide-based redox mediators, electrodes functionalized with sulfonate groups exhibited improved redox reversibility and reduced polarization. Flow battery tests using 4-OH-TEMPO electrolytes demonstrated up to 15% greater capacity and reduced polarization losses compared to pristine electrodes, particularly at high current densities. These findings establish diazonium chemistry as a versatile and controllable route to tailor electrode/electrolyte interactions in RFBs.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Frontiers in Medicine • 2026

Background Acute cholecystitis is a common abdominal condition mainly caused by enteric Gram-negative bacilli and Enterococcus species. Advances in microbial detection have highlighted infections by rare pathogens like Shewanella putrefaciens ( S. putrefaciens ), an opportunistic bacterium from aquatic environments affecting mainly immunocompromised or comorbid patients. Its clinical features, antibiotic resistance, and treatment remain unclear. Case presentation This article presents a case study of an 87-year-old female patient with a medical history of gallstones and previous endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), who was admitted to the hospital due to “low back and leg pain.” On November 14, 2023, she developed acute cholecystitis. Initial treatment consisted of cefoperazone/sulbactam and ciprofloxacin. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) was performed, revealing purulent bile that tested positive for S. putrefaciens and Enterococcus faecium ( E. faecium ). Based on susceptibility testing, the antibiotic regimen was adjusted to cefoperazone/sulbactam and vancomycin, which was administered until November 24, 2023. The patient’s condition subsequently improved, and she was discharged from the hospital. Conclusion We documented the inaugural case of an elderly patient presenting with acute cholecystitis co-infected with S. putrefaciens and E. faecium . This case underscores the importance of integrating source control via PTGBD with targeted antimicrobial therapy guided by drug susceptibility testing, highlighting their synergistic role in effective management. Furthermore, the monitoring of procalcitonin (PCT) levels offers valuable support for clinical decision-making.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Environmental science & technology • 2026

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in living cells efficiently generates energy but is limited for sustainable applications due to inefficient electron transfer across membranes. Here, we report an interspecies cooperative mechanism, termed electro-mutualism, that enables efficient extracellular ORR using an electrotrophic Acinetobacter venetianus RAG-1 (RAG-1) and a non-CO 2 -fixing electrotrophic Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (MR-1), sustained by inorganic carbon supplied via a bicarbonate-CO 2 equilibrium. Under cathodic polarization, RAG-1 assimilates inorganic carbon and secretes lactate using electrode-derived electrons, which fuels MR-1. In turn, MR-1 releases flavins that interact with the RnfB complex of RAG-1, thereby accelerating the transmembrane electron transfer. This electro-mutualistic cooperation achieves, to our knowledge, the highest reported whole-cell ORR current density (20.9 A/m 2 ) under O 2 -aerated, neutral-pH conditions, outperforming benchmark Pt/C and laccase cathodes evaluated under identical conditions. The universality of electro-mutualism is further supported by replacing MR-1 with Bacillus subtilis and is predicted to extend across proteobacteria, firmicutes, and actinobacteria. Electro-mutualism thus provides a metal-free, genetically unmodified catalytic strategy for green energy conversion.

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Research Square • 2026

Abstract Geobacter bacteria use conductive pili and redox-active outer membrane vesicles to mediate metal transformations critical to the effectiveness of bioremediation and energy technologies. Mechanistic knowledge into these processes primarily comes from studies with Geobacter sulfurreducens grown in media closely formulated to mirror the mineral chemistry of contaminated sites. Although subtle differences in the media’s cationic strength did not measurably change permeability, they reprogrammed outer membrane-peptidoglycan crosslinks modulating vesiculation and envelope functions impacting growth efficiency and mineralization. Cations that strongly bind and neutralize peptidoglycan carboxylates to prevent cell wall distortions, such as sodium and uranyl ions, ultimately determined the extent of envelope remodeling and cell bias toward pili-driven mineralization or membrane adsorption and release in vesicles. These findings identify cation chemistry as a key regulator of outer membrane vesiculation and the reprogramming of envelope functions ultimately determining the reproducibility of laboratory studies and effectiveness of bioremediation and energy-harvesting applications.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Frontiers in Plant Science • 2026

Introduction The wheat blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT) poses a severe threat to global wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue invasion remain poorly understood. Methods We performed dual RNA-seq analysis of MoT-inoculated wheat leaves at 0, 24, 36, and 48 hpi, mapping reads separately to the wheat and M. oryzae genomes to capture stage-specific host responses and pathogen gene expression across progressive infection stages. Results Wheat exhibited pronounced stage-specific transcriptional reprogramming, with peak differential gene expression at 36 hpi and visible symptoms at 48 hpi. The 24 hpi stage was characterized by rapid induction of immune- and defense-related pathways, including innate immunity and detoxification processes, along with downregulation of cell wall and membrane biosynthesis. By 36 hpi, wheat maintained sustained activation of immune and detoxification pathways, while chloroplast- and photosynthesis-associated genes were broadly repressed, consistent with transcriptional features of metabolic constraint. At 48 hpi, coinciding with lesion initiation, transcriptomes showed persistent, metabolically costly immune and defense responses together with extensive suppression of photosynthesis- and chloroplast-associated functions, which were associated with metabolic strain and a transition toward necrosis. Analysis of pathogen-derived reads revealed temporal induction of multiple effector candidates, including known M. oryzae orthologs and additional effector-like proteins, highlighting coordinated temporal patterns between host immune and metabolic response as well as stage-specific pathogen effector expression. Discussion Together, these findings provide a temporal framework for wheat blast susceptibility and highlight key host pathways and effector candidates that define critical windows for functional dissection of MoT virulence and wheat susceptibility.

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Journal of Experimental Botany • 2026

Abstract Sulfur (S) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and resilience. The S-amino acids cysteine (Cys) and methionine (Met) are indispensable for protein synthesis and structural integrity, as well as redox homeostasis and cofactor assembly. Over the past several decades, biochemical and molecular genetic studies demonstrated the core steps in sulfate (SO42-) uptake and assimilation pathways, while it has become increasingly evident that S homeostasis in plants cannot be understood in isolation. Robust and reciprocal regulatory interactions link S with phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and iron (Fe). Plants remodel membrane lipid compositions, replacing the phospholipids with sulfolipids under P deficiency. Cys/Met biosynthesis is coordinated with N metabolism. The Fe-S cluster assembly requires a balanced supply of Fe and S. These interactions are orchestrated through shared regulatory circuits and specific hub-regulatory transcription factors, including SULFUR LIMITATION 1 (SLIM1), PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE 1 (PHR1), NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 7 (NLP7), and FER-LIKE IRON DEFICIENCY-INDUCED FACTOR (FIT). Comparative studies reveal both species-specific and evolutionarily conserved regulatory networks. This review deliberately focuses on mechanistic insights into the regulatory circuits revealed from studies with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, where the genetic and molecular resolution enabled detailed dissection of the signaling and regulatory networks. This review also highlights unresolved mechanistic gaps and provides insights into systems-level understanding and potential translational approaches that can be implemented to improve crop nutrient use efficiency and stress resilience.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Frontiers in Plant Science • 2026

Monomeric compounds from Humulus scandens that effectively inhibit Phytophthora nicotianae were isolated, and their antimicrobial effects were analyzed. Methanol extracts were isolated using a combination of activity tracking and chemical separation methods. Compound structures were identified using NMR and other techniques. Antimicrobial activity against P. nicotianae was assessed via the mycelial growth rate method with mycelial morphology further observed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Five compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) layer of H. scandens , namely, chromone (compound 1), tectochrysin (compound 2), isorhamnetin (compound 3), hyperoside (compound 4), and Apigenin 7-glucoside (compound 5). All compounds exhibited varying degrees of antimicrobial activity. Compounds 1 and 5 demonstrated superior inhibitory effects, with EC 50 values of 51.70 and 31.71 μg/ml and MIC values of 400 and 200 μg/mL, respectively. Microscopic examination revealed that compounds 1 and 5 induced distortion, deformation, shrinkage, collapse, and damage in P. nicotianae mycelia. Additionally, they increased membrane permeability and inhibited mycelial growth by disrupting cellular integrity. This study provides lead compounds for developing green botanical pesticides against tobacco black shank disease and offers data to support green agriculture initiatives.

[object Object], [object Object]

Planta • 2026

Abstract Main conclusion Photorespiration is a dynamic metabolic process that contributes to energy balance, stress resilience, and nutrient flux, warranting its integration into genome-scale models to enhance plant productivity and climate adaptation. Abstract Photorespiration, sometimes referred to as a wasteful byproduct of rubisco’s oxygenation activity, is increasingly recognized as a vital and multifaceted component of plant metabolism. This perspective explores three underappreciated roles of photorespiration: as an alternative energy sink, a marker of stress resilience, and a metabolic hub. Photorespiration consumes significant ATP and reducing equivalents, potentially serving as a photoprotective mechanism under environmental stress. However, its role in energy dissipation remains debated, particularly in relation to non-photochemical quenching. Stress conditions such as drought and heat elevate photorespiratory flux due to Rubisco kinetics and stomatal responses, yet the link between photorespiration and resilience is complex and species-dependent. Metabolites like serine and glycine, key intermediates in photorespiration, correlate with stress responses and may exit the canonical pathway, contributing to one-carbon metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis. Calculations suggest that serine export from photorespiration could explain nitrate assimilation rates, yet protein synthesis alone cannot account for this flux, indicating unknown metabolic sinks. Genome-scale metabolic models (GSMMs) and resource allocation models (RAMs) offer promising tools to integrate photorespiration into broader metabolic frameworks. These models can simulate open-loop versus closed-loop photorespiration, assess energy dissipation capacity, and track amino acid fate. Future research should focus on refining GSMMs to include accurate photorespiratory pathways and leveraging them to understand photorespiration’s role in plant resilience and nutrition, especially under realistic field conditions. This integrated approach is essential for reimagining photorespiration not as a metabolic burden, but as a central player in plant adaptation and productivity.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

World Journal of Gastroenterology • 2026

Pancreatic cancer, a highly malignant gastrointestinal tumor, has a five-year survival rate of only 10%. With the increasing aging population, its incidence is rising across East Asia, North America, and Europe. Chemotherapy remains a basic strategy of the current treatment regimen for pancreatic cancer. However, the development of multidrug resistance poses a significant challenge, drastically reducing the efficacy of chemotherapy agents. The mechanisms underlying resistance in pancreatic cancer remain incompletely understood. To overcome this obstacle, scientists are dedicated to discovering new therapeutic strategies and addressing the issue of resistance. Plant-derived chemicals played essential roles in many documented ancient cultures, such as those in ancient China, ancient Egypt, ancient India, and ancient Babylon. Many modern medications are derived from plants, including paclitaxel, a widely used and effective chemotherapy agent originally derived from the Pacific yew tree. Although the development of plant-based compounds for cancer treatment is still under development, these compounds offer several advantages, including a long history of safe use, fewer side effects, lower costs, and improved patient acceptance. Recent studies have shown that plant-derived chemicals can significantly inhibit tumor cell proliferation and reversal drug resistance. Clinical trials have demonstrated promising therapeutic effects of these compounds in cancer treatment. This review summarizes recent research on the role of plant-derived compounds in overcoming drug resistance in pancreatic cancer. It provides insights into the mechanisms of drug resistance and highlights the potential of plant-based compounds as alternative therapeutic strategies. Considering the limitations of current therapies and the growing issue of drug resistance, plant-derived compounds offer a promising direction for enhancing treatment outcomes. This review aims to inform future research and promote the development of more effective, safer, and patient-friendly treatment options for pancreatic cancer.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Plant Ecology and Evolution • 2026

Background and aims ndash; Plants display a variety of resistance and tolerance responses to herbivory. Compensation, or changes in growth, allocation, and/or physiology, after damage is one way that plants tolerate herbivory, but geographic patterns in intraspecific plant compensatory responses are understudied. We aimed to study geographic variation in tolerance to herbivory to help explain geographic patterns in the distribution of resistance traits and the relationship between tolerance and resistance traits in common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca . Material and methods ndash; We grew milkweed from 14 different populations in the greenhouse, mechanically applied 25% leaf damage to an experimental group, and compared the control and experimental groups to measure compensatory responses in final biomass, root:shoot ratios, stem investment, and relative growth rate. We compared compensatory responses across populations grouped by latitude and by temperature. Key results ndash; Compared to controls, milkweed plants that were damaged lost mass and expressed reduced root:shoot ratios. However, the effect of damage on total mass, stem investment, and relative growth rate varied among genetic families. In regional contrasts, plants from colder climates grew larger and invested less in stems and roots than plants from warmer climates under control conditions, but they were less able to compensate for damage in terms of biomass. Plants from cold regions also showed a tendency to reduce growth rate and stem investment after damage; whereas, plants from warmer climates tended to increase their growth rate and stem investment in response to damage. Conclusion ndash; While plants from high latitudes and colder climates were less able to compensate for damage than those from lower latitudes, we are not confident that these differences are caused by geographic differences in growth rate, or that they explain differences in resistance to herbivory. Instead, we suspect that differences in the phenology of development in plants from regions with different climates affect the impact of damage and the potential for compensatory growth. Milkweed plants from colder regions with short growing seasons grew larger during our measurement period, while those from regions with longer growing seasons invested more in stems and roots, traits which may have facilitated greater long-term growth, as well as the greater compensatory ability observed in our study. Future studies should explicitly manipulate the timing of damage applied to plants from different regions to test the relationship between phenology and compensation.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Trends in Ecological and Indoor Environmental Engineering • 2026

Background: Aquaculture intensification generates nitrogenous and phosphorus-rich effluents that threaten aquatic ecosystems. Fermented plant-based feeds are increasingly used to enhance nutrient digestibility and protein availability, yet their impact on effluent water quality remains poorly understood. Understanding how substrates such as banana, jackfruit seeds, and sweet potato influence ammonia, nitrite, BOD, and phosphates is critical for developing sustainable feeding strategies and minimizing environmental pollution in intensive African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) culture. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of solid-state fermented ripe banana, jackfruit seeds, and sweet potato tuber feeds on effluent water quality in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), focusing on ammonia, nitrites, phosphates, BOD, copper, EC, and microbial composition to identify environmentally safer feed options. Methods: African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings were stocked in 50 L glass aquaria and fed either fermented ripe banana, jackfruit seeds, sweet potato tubers, or commercial feed as control. Each treatment was triplicated in a completely randomized design. Effluent water was sampled weekly for four weeks to measure total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrites, phosphates, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), copper concentration, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and microbial composition. TAN and nitrites were determined using colorimetric HS aqua test kits, phosphates and copper via Palin 7100 photometer, BOD₅ with a magnetic stir BOD system, and microbial counts on nutrient agar. Statistical differences were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post hoc tests (p 0.05). Results: Effluent water from tanks fed fermented banana and sweet potato exhibited lower total ammonia nitrogen (0.2–0.3 mg L⁻¹) and nitrites (0.01–0.12 mg L⁻¹) compared to jackfruit seeds (TAN 1.3 p 0.05 mg L⁻¹, nitrites 0.75 p 0.05 mg L⁻¹) and commercial feed (TAN 2.7 mg L⁻¹, nitrites 0 mg L⁻¹). Phosphate concentrations and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) exceeded regulatory limits in all treatments except partial reduction in sweet potato tanks. Copper concentrations and electrical conductivity remained below permissible limits across all feeds. Microbial analysis revealed dominance of Bacillus and Lactobacillus species, with highest Bacillus counts in jackfruit seed tanks and Lactobacillus in banana tanks. Kruskal-Wallis tests confirmed significant differences (p 0.05) among treatments for TAN, nitrites, phosphates, BOD₅, copper, EC, and microbial counts. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the potential of specific fermented plant-based feed ingredients to mitigate nitrogen pollution in aquaculture systems. In particular, the inclusion of fermented ripe banana and sweet potato tubers in fish diets was shown to reduce ammonia and nitrite concentrations in culture water and effluent. However, high BOD and phosphate persisted, revealing a knowledge gap on nutrient release and effluent dynamics, guiding future sustainable feed research.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object]

Trends in Ecological and Indoor Environmental Engineering • 2026

Background: Waterfalls generate strong spatial heterogeneity in hydrological and physicochemical conditions, affecting oxygen dynamics, carbon fluxes, nutrients, and aquatic biota. Studies report pronounced gradients in water chemistry, microbial contamination, and biological assemblages, especially in tropical regions. In Nigeria, increasing anthropogenic pressures contrast with limited limnological data. Insufficient integration of water quality and algal indicators hampers understanding of ecosystem functioning and disturbance gradients, necessitating targeted limnological assessments to support biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of waterfall ecosystems. Objectives: This study aims to conduct a comprehensive limnological and algal assessment of Erin Ijesha Falls, Nigeria. It hypothesizes that spatial variations in physicochemical parameters create distinct water quality gradients that structure algal communities, and that the Palmer Index can reveal anthropogenic organic pollution not detected by conventional physicochemical indicators. Methods: Sampling was conducted during the dry season of 2024 across upper, middle, and lower sections of seven waterfall cascades. Integrated water and periphytic algal samples were collected in triplicate following ISO, APHA, and Nigerian standards. In situ measurements included temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen, while nutrients, major ions, and hardness were analysed in the laboratory. Algae were identified microscopically using standard taxonomic keys, and water quality was evaluated using the Palmer pollution index to assess organic contamination. Results: Air and water temperatures at Erin-Ijesha Waterfall showed clear diurnal warming, with air rising from 20 to 33°C and water from 19 to 26.5°C. Turbidity and colour were low to moderate (6–13 NTU; 1–4 PtCoU), while conductivity, TDS, pH, and alkalinity remained low and stable. Dissolved oxygen was high (8–10.5 mg L⁻¹), and nutrients and hardness were generally low, reflecting a well-oxygenated, soft, and minimally impacted freshwater system. The algal community at Erin-Ijesha Waterfall comprised 78 taxa across four divisions, dominated by Chlorophyta (42.3%) and Bacillariophyta (38.5%). Green algae and diatoms indicate generally good water quality, habitat heterogeneity, and moderate nutrient availability, while the Palmer Index (19) suggests slight organic enrichment without severe pollution. Conclusion: Spatial variation in physicochemical parameters at Erin Ijesha Falls defines a distinct water quality gradient. Algal communities, dominated by Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta, effectively track hydrochemical conditions and reveal moderate organic enrichment undetected by physicochemical measures. Integrated indicators indicate moderate disturbance, ecological resilience, and the need for regular monitoring.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Frontiers in Microbiology • 2026

Anaerobic degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene plays a critical role in the natural and engineered attenuation of contaminated environments. Here, we developed and characterized a microbial consortium enriched under strictly anoxic conditions, capable of sustained toluene degradation through sulfate reduction. By integrating biodegradation kinetics, long-read 16S rRNA profiling, and genome-resolved metagenomics, we elucidated the structure and function of a multi-guild community. The consortium was co-dominated by Desulfoprunum , a sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB), and Sulfurovum -affiliated sulfur oxidizers (~34% each), with additional members including Stenotrophomonas, Achromobacter , and Stutzerimonas . Such co-dominance appears uncommon, as sulfate-reducing enrichments are often characterized by low diversity and the predominance of a single lineage, such as Desulfobacula or Desulfosarcina in marine systems. Genome-resolved analyses recovered seven metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) with distinct but complementary metabolic roles. Desulfoprunum encoded the fumarate-addition pathway ( bss/bbs ) for anaerobic toluene activation and dissimilatory sulfate reduction ( aprAB, dsrAB ). In contrast, Sulfurovum and several Gammaproteobacteria encoded sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase ( sqr ), coupling H 2 S detoxification to energy conservation, while a Moranbacterales MAG carried a putative sulfhydrogenase ( hydAB ) potentially catalyzing elemental sulfur (S°) reduction. Additional MAGs encoded assimilatory sulfate reduction ( cys ), suggesting integration of sulfur into biosynthetic pathways. Together, these features are consistent with the presence of a putative distributed sulfur redox loop, in which biogenic H 2 S may be recycled via oxidation and reduction reactions mediated by co-occurring taxa. This sulfur loop is hypothesized to contribute to buffering sulfide toxicity and stabilize redox dynamics, thereby potentially supporting long-term toluene degradation under sulfidic conditions. Our findings highlight anaerobic degradation as a community-driven process enabled by sulfur-cycling interactions. By revealing the role of cryptic sulfur cycling in stabilizing hydrocarbon degradation, this work offers a new framework for designing bioremediation strategies in contaminated anoxic environments.

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Preprints.org • 2026

Rationale: Reproductive tract infections (RTIs), including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), are significant public health concerns among young women, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The university environment, characterized by communal living and varying access to personal healthcare, provides a unique setting to investigate these infections. Understanding the prevalence, microbial patterns, and antimicrobial resistance in university settings is critical to developing effective health interventions. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of RTIs, identify the microbial pathogens responsible for pelvic inflammatory disease, and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among female students residing in hostels at Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The study also sought to explore the age distribution of affected individuals and the microbial burden in the university hostel environment. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Niger Delta University in Amassoma, Nigeria. Fifty female students within the reproductive age group residing in the university’s hostels participated. Data were collected using high vaginal swabs and midstream urine samples, which were cultured for microbial growth. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Descriptive statistical analysis was employed to present the findings. Results: The study found that 52% of participants were in the 18–21 age group, while 48% were in the 22–25 age group. Candida species were the most commonly isolated pathogens (70%), followed by Escherichia coli (30%). The growth rates on Sabouraud dextrose agar revealed a predominance of fungal infections. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed varying levels of resistance, with Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin exhibiting the highest susceptibility, while higher resistance rates were observed for commonly used antibiotics such as Amoxicillin and Augmentin. Conclusion: The findings suggest that fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida species, are a significant concern among young female university students. The presence of antimicrobial resistance highlights the need for alternative treatment strategies and enhanced infection control measures. Recommendations: Implement hygiene education and improved sanitation in hostel facilities, introduce routine screening for RTIs and provide access to effective antimicrobial treatments and integrate reproductive health education and regular medical check-ups into the university’s healthcare services. Health Significance: This study underscores the importance of addressing RTIs among young women in university settings to prevent long-term reproductive health issues. The findings contribute to the understanding of microbial resistance patterns, which is essential for the development of effective public health policies and interventions targeting PID and associated complications such as infertility.