Roldan Muradian

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science • 2024

Environmental economic ethics refers to the moral philosophy underlying the interaction between economic processes and the natural environment. The ethical foundations shaping the way the economy interacts with nature vary greatly, depending on culture and the historical period. Nonetheless, current economic thinking and practice is dominated by utilitarianism, a philosophical stream consolidated in Western culture in the late 18th century. A utilitarian way to conceive and deal with the natural world and other humans can be identified as the ultimate cause of the current global environmental crisis. Even though ecological economics, as a field, has tried to overcome some of the drawbacks of utilitarianism when applied to the study of sustainability problems from an economic perspective, this school of thought remains essentially within the utilitarian paradigm. However, recent changes in social values, moving away from utilitarianism, are creating new opportunities for changing the philosophical and ethical foundations of ecological economics thinking and practice. The global movement for the rights of nature is an example of such a societal shift. An overhaul of the current allocation of rights can be a first step toward less suffering among humans, as well as a more peaceful relationship between humans and the natural environment. The economic implications of adopting the rights of nature paradigm are vast and wide. They include the thriving of new forms of property rights, new ways of allocating responsibilities and liabilities among social groups, and the acknowledgement of the territory as a key dimension for caring about in human economic development.

Environmental Science • 2017

The biogeochemical cycle of carbon (C) in the earth system controls fluxes, pools, and transformations associated with life’s most fundamental element. As the most basic building block for all living organisms, organically bound C forms the basis for the overwhelming majority of food chains in ecosystems and global energy flows. The uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) by autotrophic organisms and photosynthetic transformation of light energy into chemical energy enables conversion of atmospheric CO2 into structural materials for living organisms and ultimately fossil fuels. In the earth system, C exists in different forms and reservoirs, including gaseous, dissolved, and solid forms distributed and continually exchanged among the atmosphere, terrestrial, and aquatic spheres. The most important gaseous forms of C include CO2 and methane (CH4). The liquid phase includes different species of C found in water, including (1) dissolved CO2 and carbonic acid (H2CO3) and its intermediates, (2) dissolved organic compounds (molecules <0.45 µm in size), (3) suspended organic and inorganic colloids/particles (typically >10s nm) containing C, and (4) raw oil. The solid phase comprises C (1) in rocks of organic and inorganic origin, in sedimentary rocks and sediments including coal, (2) on and in soils in the form of carbonates, (3) in dead not dissolved or suspended organic compounds, and (4) in the living biomass of microorganisms, plants, and animals. The C in the atmosphere, terrestrial, and aquatic systems can be characterized according to the amount of C stored in a given reservoir, its mean residence time (i.e., the time needed to exchange each C atom of the considered system or subsystem at least once), and the physical or chemical state of C in a given reservoir or as it exchanges among reservoirs. Different systems can be subdivided into active and inactive drivers of C dynamics based on the C mean residence times. Under natural conditions, almost the entire C stored in sediments or sedimentary rocks, for example, is considered to be inactive with mean residence times longer than 1,000 years. Contrastingly, the C stored in the atmosphere, surface oceans, plant biomass, and soil organic material in the soil is relatively active with residence times ranging from seconds to centuries. However, anthropogenic extractions of fossil fuel C from global sedimentary deposits, for example, have demonstrated how inactive C reservoirs can be rapidly transformed into highly active drivers of global C dynamics.

Environmental Science • 2022

Digital Earth is a comprehensive multidisciplinary research area, covering earth science, space science, information science, and computer science and technology. Digital Earth was originally described as a multiresolution, three-dimensional visual representation of Earth that would help humankind take advantage of geo-referenced information on physical and social environments. With more than two decades advancement, Digital Earth technology has been developed to monitor, model, and analyze the Earth with a multidimensional, multiscale, multitemporal, and multilayered information system in terms of various aspects of human societies. Digital Earth also serves as a common platform supporting domestic and international cooperation for global sustainable development, climate change, and disaster mitigation. It has become a new growth point of the social economy and of social welfare. This article gives an overview of how Digital Earth technologies have been developed, and how it has been applied in different domains and at regional/national scales during the last two decades. Through this article, the aim is to provide researchers with a comprehensive instruction in understanding the Digital Earth discipline.

Environmental Science • 2021

Permafrost is permanently frozen ground that remains continuously below 0 °C for two or more years. The upper level of permafrost, the permafrost table, can occur within a centimeter of the ground surface or at a depth of several meters. The active layer, which thaws each summer, overlies permafrost. Permafrost underlies about a quarter of the northern hemisphere and can form in sediment or bedrock and on land or under the ocean. Permafrost forms incrementally and, in the regions where it is up to 1 km thick, permafrost can represent thousands of years of formation. Permafrost is present at high latitudes and high altitudes. In these regions, permafrost can be described as continuous, discontinuous, sporadic, or isolated. Continuous permafrost forms at mean annual air temperatures below -5 °C and is laterally continuous, regardless of surface aspect or material. Discontinuous permafrost forms where the mean annual air temperature is between -2 and -4 °C, allowing permafrost to persist in 50 to 90 percent of the landscape. Permafrost is sporadic where 10 to <50 percent of the landscape is underlain by permafrost and mean annual air temperature is between 0 and -2 °C. Permafrost is considered isolated where less than 10 percent of the landscape is underlain by permafrost. When it is present, permafrost creates unique conditions. Permafrost forms an impermeable layer beneath the active layer, for example, which limits the rooting depth of plants and prevents infiltration by water during the summer. The lack of deep infiltration can facilitate formation of extensive wetlands in high-latitude areas that receive relatively little precipitation. Permafrost degradation (thaw) creates diverse environmental hazards, including instability of the ground surface that affects infrastructure and fluxes of water, sediment, and organic matter entering rivers, lakes and oceans. Permafrost degradation releases frozen microbes, some of which are pathogens, and organic carbon. Permafrost degradation also influences the geographic range of plants and animals and thus ecosystem processes and biotic communities. The greatest concern with permafrost degradation at present, however, is the potential for releasing significant carbon into the atmosphere. Globally, soils are the largest terrestrial reservoir of carbon and permafrost soils are the single largest component of the carbon reservoir. Carbon released by degrading permafrost can enter the atmosphere as the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane, or the carbon can be taken up by plants or transported by rivers to the ocean and buried in marine sediments. The balance among these different pathways is largely unknown, but carbon release to the atmosphere presents a serious threat as a mechanism to enhance global warming.

Environmental Science • 2021

During the past decade the number of citizen science projects around the world has surged. Today there are thousands of initiatives catalogued in databases such as SciStarter.org and EU-Citizen.science, enterprises of which the majority are directly or indirectly linked to scientific research projects. However, citizen science is not a completely novel way of conducting collaborative research; it has been around since the beginning of the scientific revolution and historical data collected by volunteers from the 19th century is used in contemporary research. While citizen science has been most widely used in biodiversity research, conservation, and environmental sciences in need of large-scale observations and monitoring, the approach has today entered a very diverse set of disciplines ranging from the humanities and the social sciences to geography, astronomy, epidemiology, and do-it-yourself technology research. This is largely a consequence of the recent rise and diffusion of digital technologies and communities, notably the Zooniverse.org platform, which makes online classificatory citizen science projects possible at a feasible cost and with a low barrier for mass participation. Consequently, citizen science as a method for collecting and classifying data is in its current state a research design applicable to more or less any empirical line of inquiry. However, volunteer participation in science requires additional considerations to be made that address issues such as the quality of data collected or classified by nonscientists, research ethics concerning attribution and participation in the research design, and ownership of data and results. Furthermore, the expectations of impact may differ between the scientific goals and the participating public’s desire for changes in, for example, environmental policy or species conservation. In 2016 the journal Citizen Science Theory and Practice was launched by the Citizen Science Association, in which current research on the phenomenon is published.

Ryan Morrison, Erin Bray

Environmental Science • 2019

Environmental flows are commonly defined as the river-flow characteristics necessary to maintain the integrity of riverine ecosystems. The concept of environmental flows has evolved over the past half-century, beginning with the development of minimum instream flows necessary to protect a single fish species to current frameworks for holistically including all aspects of river health that depend on natural flow regimes. This also includes the interaction of terrestrial environments with riverine ecosystems during large flooding events. The challenges associated with defining and implementing environmental flows are numerous, and they sometimes lack data necessary to define flow-ecology relationships, appropriate temporal and spatial scales for environmental flow applications, and incorporate environmental flows into water management policy. Given these challenges, researchers and practitioners have made incredible advances in better understanding the relationships between river health and flow dynamics, including the links among flow, sediment, temperature, and human activities. In addition, computational advances have allowed researchers to more accurately model flow-habitat relationships at fine scales, providing a more complete understanding of the connection between flow and habitat needs for riverine species. All these advances benefit from holistic frameworks that guide environmental flow development and applications while considering the needs of other water uses in a river system. This article presents relevant studies regarding approaches for developing environmental flows, relationships between riverine ecology and flow dynamics, and policy frameworks and tools useful for implementing environmental flows in practice.

Biotechnology Journal • 2011

Abstract Cover illustration: The Asian Federation of Biotechnology (AFOB, http://www.afob.org ) was established to promote cooperation between all those interested in biotechnology in Asia and stimulate innovation and technology transfer with the goal of advancing biotechnology in Asia and the rest of the world. BTJ continues its cooperation with AFOB and Asian Congress on Biotechnology (ACB‐2011), with a special issue of articles from selected invited speakers at the congress, edited by Jian‐Jiang Zhong (Chair ACB‐2011 Organizing Committee; SJTU, China), and Sang Yup Lee (BTJ's Editor‐in‐Chief; KAIST, Korea). Read the Editorial: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/201100445

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Biotechnology Journal • 2012

Abstract Cover illustration Industrial biotechnology. Renewable biomass can be used as a raw material for the production of various chemicals, fuels and materials in a cost‐effective manner by employing metabolically engineered high performance microorganisms. This cover art shows production of biobutanol from renewable biomass by employing engineered clostridia (see the article by Jang et al. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biot.201100059 ). The cover picture was created by Prof. Sang Yup Lee and Dr. Yu Sin Jang at KAIST, Korea.

Biotechnology Journal • 2013

Abstract Cover illustration This Special Issue of Biotechnology Journal is edited by Prof. Eva Stöger and covers the latest breakthroughs in plant biotechnology. The cover image shows genetically modified corn producing an anti‐HIV antibody along with DsRed as a visual marker. Image courtesy of Dr. Thomas Rademacher (RWTH and Fraunhofer IME, Aachen, Germany). Border around image: © boulemon – Fotolia.com.

Biotechnology Journal • 2013

Abstract Cover illustration Special Issue: International Biotechnology . Efforts to develop biotechnological strategies for various applications have reached a global scale as indicated by the diverse international representation at the IBS2012 organized by the Asian Federation of Biotechnology (AFOB). For this special issue's cover, one such useful technique – the rapid gene knockout method – is schematically shown: a series of outer grey arrows represent the multiple steps required for conventional gene knockout experiments, while the inner green arrow represents the rapid gene knockout method; the steam‐engine and the bullet train are used to further illustrate the difference. Image provided by Sang Yup Lee and Chan Woo Song (KAIST, Korea).

• 2019

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This document will focus on the language used to describe batteries at the end of battery or vehicle life as batteries are transitioned to the recycler, dismantler, or other third party. This document also provides a compilation of current recycling technologies and flow sheets, and their application to different battery chemistries at the end of battery life. At the time of document authorship, the technical information cited is most applicable to Li-ion battery type rechargeable energy storage systems (RESS), but the language used is not to be limited by chemistry of the battery systems and is generally applicable to other RESS.</div></div>

• 2024

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This document provides a recommended electrical performance testing guideline for LIBM, which makes up an xEV (Battery Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles) battery pack system. This testing guideline may also be used for other applications, such as stationary, vessel, and aircraft. However, using the guideline for other applications should be determined by the users of this document.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Users of this document may also be interested in conducting tests on battery cells and/or battery packs. To avoid conducting potentially redundant tests between cells, modules, and packs, this document does not specify which tests need to be conducted. Determination of which tests need to be conducted is at the user’s discretion and should be based on individual module applications. Rather than specifying which tests need to be conducted, this document describes how each test is to be conducted.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This document provides a matrix of tests that can be selectively picked for the application requirements in order to standardize testing procedures for their specific application needs. Performance values from the tests in this document can be for comparative purposes, confirmation, and other reasons. However, pass/fail criteria are not part of this document. It is up to the customer and supplier to determine what the pass/fail criteria are. If the measured value is to be used to determine battery module ratings, the tested modules should be representative of those to be manufactured.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">LIBM consists of multiple cells grouped and electrically interconnected in various series and parallel configurations - typically noted as “XXP XXS.” Fully functional LIBM shall have a battery monitoring system to allow for the proper control and operation of individual cell voltage and module temperature monitoring. The LIBM configuration shall accommodate for cell compression, retention, thermal heat transferal, electrical isolation, and a hold-down method.</div></div>

• 2025

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The scope of this information report is battery packs containing lithium-ion battery cells with liquid electrolyte, focusing on automotive applications like passenger cars and trucks. Considering different operating conditions as well as durability and safety requirements, some of its contents might provide guidance for other applications. The same applies to battery cell chemistries not covered in this report (e.g., sodium-ion or solid-state battery cells).</div></div>

Ευαγγελία Ιωαννίδου

• 2020

Στην παρούσα διατριβή αναπτύχθηκαν και μελετήθηκαν κεραμo-μεταλλικοί ηλεκτροκαταλύτες/ηλεκτρόδια με βάση την εμπορικά διαθέσιμη σκόνη NiO/GDC (65 wt.% NiO – 35 wt.% Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-x). Η τελευταία τροποποιήθηκε με χημικές μεθόδους με σκοπό την προσθήκη FexOy, Au ή/και MoOx. Οι τροποποιημένοι ηλεκτροκαταλύτες χρησιμοποιήθηκαν σε μοναδιαίες κυψελίδες ηλεκτρόλυσης στερεού ηλεκτρολύτη (SOECs) ως ηλεκτρόδια καυσίμου (καθόδου). Σε όλες τις περιπτώσεις των υλικών πραγματοποιήθηκε φυσικοχημικός χαρακτηρισμός με διάφορες τεχνικές, καθώς και μελέτη της οξειδωτικής τους συμπεριφοράς παρουσία Η2Ο και CO2. Παράλληλα, από τις παραπάνω σκόνες παρασκευάστηκε κατάλληλη πάστα, η οποία εναποτέθηκε σε στερεούς ηλεκτρολύτες 8ΥSZ (ZrO2 σταθεροποιημένη με 8 mol% Y2O3) με τη μέθοδο εναπόθεσης με τελάρο (screen printing). Τα παραγόμενα ηλεκτρόδια Ni/GDC, 3 wt.% Αu-Ni/GDC, 3 wt.% Μο-Ni/GDC, 3 wt.% Au − 3wt.% Mo-Ni/GDC και 2 wt.% Fe-Ni/GDC μελετήθηκαν καταλυτικά, χωρίς την επιβολή ρεύματος, σε συνθήκες συν-ηλεκτρόλυσης Η2Ο/CO2 για την αντίστροφη αντίδραση μετατόπισης με ατμό (RWGS), στο θερμοκρασιακό εύρος 800-900 οC, με ανάλυση αερίων προϊόντων/αντιδρώντων. Ο ηλεκτροχημικός χαρακτηρισμός πραγματοποιήθηκε σε κυψελίδες SOECs, δύο ηλεκτροδίων, με ηλεκτρόδιο οξυγόνου τον εμπορικά διαθέσιμο περοβσκίτη LSCoF (La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ) σε επαφή με στερεό ηλεκτρολύτη CeO2(Gd2O3)|ZrO2(8 mol% Y2O3). Μετρήσεις πυκνότητας ρεύματος-δυναμικού (i-V), ηλεκτροχημικής εμπέδησης (ΕΙS) και αέριας χρωματογραφίας (GC) συνδυάστηκαν, κατά περίπτωση, για τις διεργασίες ηλεκτρόλυσης του Η2Ο και συν-ηλεκτρόλυσης Η2Ο και CO2. Σκοπός ήταν η αξιολόγηση της ενεργότητας των τροποποιημένων ηλεκτροκαταλυτών και η μελέτη των παραπάνω ηλεκτροχημικών διεργασιών, στο θερμοκρασιακό εύρος 800-900 οC, για συγκεκριμένα μίγματα He-Η2Ο-Η2 και He-Η2Ο-CO2-Η2. Υποδεικνύεται άμεση συσχέτιση της δραστικότητας των δειγμάτων για την αντίδραση του Η2Ο με το Ni και της επακόλουθης οξείδωσής τους με την ηλεκτροχημική τους ενεργότητα. Το H2O, εκτός από το αντιδρών στη διεργασία ηλεκτρόλυσης, λειτουργεί ταυτόχρονα ως πιθανός παράγοντας απενεργοποίησης του Ni/GDC. Η τροποποίηση του Ni/GDC με 3 wt.% Au − 3 wt.% Mo ενίσχυσε την ανθεκτικότητα του ηλεκτροδίου στην οξείδωση από Η2Ο και βελτίωσε την ηλεκτροχημική του ενεργότητα. Ο επιφανειακός εμπλουτισμός με χρυσό, σε συνδυασμό με τον εμπλουτισμό της κύριας μάζας με μολυβδαίνιο, φαίνεται να οδηγεί σε ασθενέστερη αλληλεπίδραση των ροφημένων ειδών H2Oads με το ηλεκτρόδιο. Επίσης, ο σίδηρος αποδείχθηκε υποσχόμενος τροποποιητής του NiΟ/GDC έχοντας τη δυναμική να αντικαταστήσει ή/και να μειώσει τη φόρτιση σε χρυσό. Συγκεκριμένα, η τροποποίηση του Ni/GDC με 0.5 wt.% Fe βελτίωσε την ηλεκτροχημική του ενεργότητα. Από την άλλη πλευρά, η αλληλεπίδραση Ni και Fe, μέσω του σχηματισμού κράματος Ni-Fe, φαίνεται να ενισχύει το δεσμό ρόφησης του H2Ο επιταχύνοντας δυνητικά την υποβάθμιση του Ni/GDC σε κυψελίδες SOECs. Η μελέτη της RWGS αντίδρασης έδειξε ότι οι ηλεκτροκαταλύτες 2 wt.% Fe-Ni/GDC και 3 wt.% Mo-Ni/GDC παρουσίασαν τη βέλτιστη καταλυτική δραστικότητα για την παραγωγή CO. Η βελτιωμένη ενεργότητα των παραπάνω δειγμάτων συσχετίστηκε με την ισχυρότερη ρόφηση του CO2 και επακόλουθη δραστικότητα για την αντίδραση του CO2 με την τροποποιημένη επιφάνεια Ni. Ταυτόχρονα όμως, τα δείγματα αυτά ήταν και τα πιο επιρρεπή στην οξείδωση τόσο από το CO2 όσο και από το Η2Ο.Η μελέτη της ηλεκτροκαταλυτικής παραγωγής CΟ κατά τη συν-ηλεκτρόλυση Η2Ο/CO2 σε κυψελίδα Ni-GDC||YSZ||GDCbarrier|LSCoF έδειξε οτι η διεργασία αυτή εξαρτάται από τον λόγο pH2O/pCO2 και την pH2. Συγκεκριμένα, σε συνθήκες αντίδρασης όπου pΗ2Ο/pCO2 = 1 και pΗ2 = 21 kPa φαίνεται να λαμβάνει χώρα μόνο η ηλεκτρόλυση του Η2Ο και η επακόλουθη αύξηση της pΗ2 σε συνδυασμό με τη μείωση της pH2O μετατοπίζει την RWGS αντίδραση προς την καταλυτική παραγωγή CO. Από την άλλη μεριά, η ηλεκτροχημική αναγωγή του CO2 λαμβάνει χώρα σε συνθήκες αντίδρασης όπου pΗ2Ο/pCO2 < 1 και η έκταση αυτής της διεργασίας εξαρτάται σε μεγάλο βαθμό από την pΗ2. Σε συνθήκες όπου pH2O/pCO2 ≤ 0.3 και παρουσία χαμηλής pΗ2 = 2 kPa, η καταλυτική παραγωγή του CO περιορίζεται από την θερμοδυναμική ισορροπία της RWGS αντίδρασης και το παραγόμενο CO προέρχεται από την ηλεκτρόλυση του CO2. Η κυψελίδα κατά την ηλεκτροχημική αναγωγή του CO2 παρουσίασε υψηλότερες υπερτάσεις και σημαντικά υψηλότερες τιμές αντίστασης πόλωσης επιβεβαιώνοντας την ενεργειακή δυσκολία της συγκεκριμένης διεργασίας συγκριτικά με την ηλεκτρόλυση του Η2Ο.

, Marta Ivaskevych

The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research • 2025

In this study, we investigated whether electrolysis is a more effective method of hair removal in clients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) than laser hair removal. A total of 203 women with PCOS who completed a full course of electrolysis between 2021 and 2025 were examined. The study focused on hormonal sensitive facial areas ( chin, cheeks, upper lip, sideburns), were traditional light-based treatments usually fail. We compared clinical outcomes, safety, cost, and client satisfaction. Electrolysis has repeatedly shown superior efficacy for permanent hair removal, particularly in hormonally sensitive facial areas for all skin types. Laser hair removal in clients with polycystic ovary syndrome was reported to cause paradoxical hair growth (paradoxical hypertrichosis). Although electrolysis required more treatment sessions, it ultimately offered a more reliable, cost-effective, and permanent solution. Based on our findings, we prioritize electrolysis over laser hair removal when planning the treatment of facial hirsutism associated with polycystic ovary syndrome.

• 2015

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This Standard provides background information and a hydrogen fuel quality standard for commercial proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell vehicles. This Report also provides background information on how this standard was developed by the Hydrogen Quality Task Force (HQTF) of the Interface Working Group (IWG) of the SAE Fuel Cell Standards Committee.</div> </div>

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Microbial Bioactives • 2023

Breast cancer remains a significant global health concern, necessitating innovative approaches for its treatment. Using bacteria as vehicles for therapeutic delivery has emerged as a promising strategy. As a group of prokaryotic microorganisms, bacteria have great potential for use in cancer therapy. Thus, strategies for treating breast cancer need to be continuously refined to achieve a better patient outcome. This manuscript explores the potential of bacterial-based therapies for breast cancer treatment, elucidating the mechanisms underlying their application, safety considerations, and recent advancements. Nevertheless, notable challenges in bacterial-based cancer treatments include potential cytotoxicity, incomplete cancer cell lysis, and the risk of genomic mutations. With an emphasis on engineering bacteria to target and deliver therapeutic agents specifically to tumor sites, this manuscript provides insights into the future of personalized, precise, and effective breast cancer treatment.

Advance in Environmental Waste Management & Recycling • 2021

Greywater is a wastewater discharge originating from kitchen sinks, showers, baths, washing machines and dishwashers. Properly treated greywater can be recycled to meet global water shortages that is expected to affect 2.7 billion people around the world by 2025. Global water shortage can result in a reduction in agricultural land and increased dissertation leading to poverty, faming, war, illegal migration and human trafficking. Greywater contains fewer pathogens than domestic wastewater, is generally safer to handle and easier to treat and reuse onsite for toilet flushing, landscape and crop irrigation. Recycling of grey water provides substantial benefits for both the water supply system by reducing the demand for fresh clean water, and for the wastewater system by reducing the amount of wastewater required to be conveyed and disposed of. In this paper, the existing biological treatment systems for greywater are reviewed. These are: (a) constructed wet land, (b) sequencing batch reactor, (c) vertical flow bioreactor, (d) membrane bioreactor, (e) up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket, (f) rotating biological contractors, (g) trickling filters, (h) aerated lagoons, (i) anaerobic up-flow filter, and (j) expanded bed up-floe reactor. In a biological treatment, the degradation and transformation of greywater constituents are facilitated by the biochemical reactions carried out by microorganisms in the liquid medium. However, the effluent of biologically treated greywater may contain pathogenic microorganisms, requiring a final disinfection step to eliminate the risk of contracting pathogenic diseases. Selection criteria for a disinfectant include: (a) non-toxicity to humans, domesticated animals, and aquatic ecosystems, (b) low cost (c) easy handling, (d) reliable analysis, and (e) a satisfactory residual concentration. Any disinfection process selected (whether chemical oxidants or irradiation treatment is selected) should be evaluated taken into consideration the conditions of the wastewater source and existing biological treatment design.

Committee D-19

Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water • 1960

This method covers the determination of oily matter content of industrial waste water. Note 1.—The Joint Committee on Uniformity of Methods of Water Examination has concluded that uniformity of methods for the determination of grease and oily matter is not practical on the basis of present technical knowledge. Commonly used solvents are hexane, petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride. These solvents exert selective extraction of specific greases and oily constituents. In addition, nonoily materials, such as phenolic type material and colloidal sulfur, are selectively extracted to varying degrees by these solvents. The selectivity of extraction is affected by the sample-to-solvent ratio. Oily matter and grease may be of mineral, animal, or vegetable origin. The solvent action exerted on material of such different chemical structure will vary to a marked degree. Thus application of a test method for oily matter or grease to such materials will necessarily produce a variety of results depending on the solvent used. In one case, a solvent may be an excellent extractant of mineral oil and a poor extractant of vegetable oil. In another case, a second solvent may be a poor extractant for mineral oil but excellent for extracting vegetable oil. The definition of grease and oily matter by necessity is based on the procedure used because of the above considerations. The source of the grease or oily matter, the solvent used, the sample-to-solvent ratio, the pH of the sample, and the inclusion of nonoily matter will dictate the material determined and influence the interpretation of the results obtained.

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Biomedical Science and Clinical Research • 2023

This research was carried out to make use of water hyacinth to produce which may solve the problem of water hyacinth management as well as provide solution to the energy and power shortages. Samples of water-hyacinth were identified and collected and the cow dung was obtained from an abattoir. One (1) single 120 of improvised rubber cylinder can be used as an anaerobic. Three (3) of water was added for the 30 days retention time. The cow dung was mixed with water at a ratio of 3 : 1. The slurry of cow dung and water hyacinth substrates was then fed to the for the fermentation process to begin. Experiments were carried out during the cool season and dry season (20– 40◦C). The gas was collected and stored in the gas bag. The volume of was measured using an EL- STER HANDEL GMBH MAINZ volumetric meter, which has a limit of detection of less than 0.0010m3. The products obtained from the anaerobic digestion of water hyacinth were the compost that is removed from the at the end of the digestion process. The study’s evaluation of production potential over a 30 days period revealed marked seasonal variations in. The study revealed that it is possible to produce from a mixture of water hyacinth and cow dung. The facility’s yield of 1 kg of gas was collected. The study thereof revealed that the higher the dilution level and presence of cow dung, the higher the production yields.

JK Rice

Symposium on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water • 1957

A study of a number of water or waste treating operations using the new organic flocculants and flocculation aids shows that these new materials are capable of increasing by as much as 100 per cent the capacity of water or waste treating equipment. In many instances the quality of the treated effluent can also be improved. Under some circumstances the use of these materials will allow a tenfold reduction in the total amount of treating chemicals to be fed. It is certain that as more operating experience is obtained using these polymers new equipment will be designed to take maximum advantage of the desirable properties they impart to the dispersed matter in water.

Committee D-19

Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water • 1960

(a) This method covers the measurement of gamma radioactivity of industrial water and industrial waste water. It is applicable to gamma emitters in the energy range above 0.1 Mev and in the concentration range of 10−2to10−5 microcuries per milliliter of radioactively homogeneous water. (b) The method can be used for either absolute or relative determinations. In tracer work, the results may be expressed by comparison with an initial concentration which is taken as 100 per cent. For radioassay it may be expressed in terms of a known isotopic standard if the radionuclides concerned are known or it may be expressed arbitrarily in terms of some other standard such as cesium-137. General information on radioactivity and measurement of radiation has been published.

Committee D-19

Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water • 1960

(a) This method covers the separation of chloroform-extractable matter from industrial water and industrial waste water, and the gravimetric determination of that portion of the extract which is not lost upon evaporation of the chloroform. This residue may contain one or more members of several classes of compounds, among which are heavy-oils and fats, trace amounts of phenols, rubber and certain resins, asphaltenes and carbenes, and decomposition products of tannin. (b) This method is applicable to the determination of heavy oils in industrial water and industrial waste water. It is not intended to determine materials that volatilize under the conditions of test nor to determine specific oils, greases, and organic compounds. When such information is desired, the residue obtained by this method may be subjected to further extraction with specific solvents agreed upon by the interested parties. Note 1.—The Joint Committee on Uniformity of Methods of Water Examination has concluded that uniformity of methods for the determination of grease and oily matter is not practical on the basis of present technical knowledge. Commonly used solvents are hexane, petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride. These solvents exert selective extraction of specific greases and oily constituents. In addition, nonoily materials, such as phenolic type material and colloidal sulfur, are selectively extracted to varying degrees by these solvents. The selectivity of extraction is affected by the sample-to-solvent ratio. Oily matter and grease may be of mineral, animal, or vegetable origin. The solvent action exerted on material of such different chemical structure will vary to a marked degree. Thus, application of a test method for oily matter or grease to such materials will necessarily produce a variety of results depending on the solvent used. In one case, a solvent may be an excellent extractant of mineral oil and a poor extractant of vegetable oil. In another case, a second solvent may be a poor extractant for mineral oil but excellent for extracting vegetable oil. The definition of grease and oily matter by necessity is based on the procedure used because of the above considerations. The source of the grease or oily matter, the solvent used, the sample-to-solvent ratio, the pH of the sample, and the inclusion of nonoily matter will dictate the material determined and influence the interpretation of the results obtained.

Committee D-19

Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water • 1960

(a) This method covers the colorimetric determination of zinc in industrial water and industrial waste water. Interferences from many metals are eliminated or minimized in this method. (b) A large portion of precipitated or suspended zinc is dissolved and measured in the test when a shaken sample is analyzed. Total zinc will be determined if insoluble zinc compounds are solubilized by acid treatment as given in Note 2. Dissolved zinc is determined on a filtered sample.

Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water • 1960

Industrial water always contains impurities consisting of substances present in the supply water or added, intentionally or unintentionally, during its use. The character and quantity of the impurities depend on the environmental and service conditions to which the water is exposed. Methods of analysis applicable to both industrial supply or process waters and to industrial waste waters are discussed in this chapter. The difference between the two types of waters is often only academic. In fact, waste water from one industrial process may become the supply water for another process. Industrial supply or process waters may contain higher concentrations of some constituents than some industrial waste waters. From the analytical standpoint, the same methods can often be used for both types of waters. Selection of constituents to be measured and methods of analysis for supply waters is based on the need for determining the suitability of the supply for a process use. Similarly, selection of constituents to be measured and the methods of analysis for waste water is based on determining the suitability of the water for reuse, disposal, or treatment prior to disposal.

Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water • 1960

The purification of water for industrial use can be very complex or relatively simple, depending upon the properties of the raw water and the degree of purity required. There are many methods and combinations in use, but all are covered in three basic processes: physical, chemical, and physicochemical treatment. A fourth basic process, biological treatment, is often employed where waste water must be purified before it may be discharged. This process takes advantage of the ability of living micro-organisms to induce a variety of chemical and physicochemical reactions. Treatment of waste water is usually a much more complicated operation than the production of process water of appropriate quality. This chapter discusses these processes as they are used in the treatment of industrial water and waste water and outlines some of the technical problems and basic considerations involved.

Advance in Environmental Waste Management & Recycling • 2020

In this study it was aimed to treat the Olive mill effluent wastewater using different sequential treatment processes namely anaerobic and aerobic biological processes, sonication and photo degradation with Nano SiO2 under sun ligth power. The maximum total COD yields were 60 % and 66 % in the anaerobic and aerobic reactor, respectively, while the total COD yield in the sequential biologic reactor was 86 %.The maximum COD yields in the sonicator was 53 % after 45 min retention time. No removal of COD was observed via photolysis and adsorption. The maximum photo catalytic removal of COD was 40 % at a nano SO2 concentration of 0,5 mg/l after 10-60 min. After RO the COD yield was approximately 100% while to yields of total phenol, TN, TP, dissolved COD and DSS were 96.6%, 99.3%, 99.98%, and 99.97%, respectively. The cost to treat 1 m3 of OMW was 1.033 €. The effluent of RO can be used as irrigation water.

Ashwani K. Gupta, Ronald W. Breault

International Journal of Energy for a Clean Environment • 2023

Preface for the Special issue from the Clearwater 2022 Clean energy that has 15 papers

Yohei Suzuki, Y. Kitazumi, Osamu Shirai et al.

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry • 2025

Membrane-bound heterotrimeric d-fructose dehydrogenase (FDH) from Gluconobacter japonicus exhibits distinct direct electron transfer (DET)-type bioelectrocatalytic activity. FDH contains three heme c moieties (heme 1c, 2c, and 3c), and the two downsized variants lacking heme 1c moiety (Δ1c FDH) or heme 1c and 2c moieties (Δ1c2c FDH) were constructed in our previous research. Recently, we elucidated the entire structure of FDH, enabling a structural perspective in mechanistic discussions. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the downsizing effect of Δ1c- and Δ1c2c-deletion on DET-type bioelectrocatalysis. Non-catalytic redox signals of adsorbed enzymes were successfully obtained, providing a basis for independently evaluating kinetic parameters from DET-type catalytic waves. Analytical results revealed that the downsizing enhanced the electron transfer rate constant by 7-fold and 4-fold for Δ1c FDH and Δ1c2c FDH, respectively. Furthermore, the acceleration factors were discussed using structural predictions of the variants.

Zeting Jiao, Lichuan Kuang, Jiajun Gong et al.

New Journal of Chemistry • 2024

Cationic acridine dyes enhanced mediated bioelectrocatalysis of glucose oxidase, and their binding interactions were analyzed using fluorescence quenching and docking simulation.

Naga Sirisha Parimi, Ramaraja P. Ramasamy

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2011

Abstract not Available.

Shelly D. Minteer

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2011

Abstract not Available.

Scott Calabrese Barton

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2008

Abstract not Available.

Shelley D. Minteer

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2019

Nitrogenase is the only enzyme capable of nitrogen reduction to ammonia. This talk will discuss cobaltocene and methyl viologen mediation schemes for MoFe and VFe nitrogenase, as well as strategies for nitrogenase bioelectrocatalysis in air. Bioelectrocatalysis of proton reduction, azide reduction, nitrite reduction, nitrogen reduction, and carbon dioxide reduction by MoFe and VFe nitrogenase will be shown. These preliminary data showed the many applications of nitrogenase bioelectrocatalysis, but to be technologically useful, direct bioelectrocatalysis is needed. This talk will discuss the design and synthesis of a pyrene modified linear polyethylenimine and its use for MoFe, VFe and FeFe nitrogenase bioelectrocatalysis. This direct bioelectrocatalysis has allowed us to mechanistically study nitrogenases in more detail.

Т.Э. Кулешова, П.В. Желначева, Д.В. Русаков et al.

Агрофизика • 2023

Проведено измерение биоэлектрических потенциалов, генерируемых в корнеобитаемой среде в процессе развития растений салата сортов Тайфун, Вишневая дымка и Гранатовые кружева, различающихся по эффективности работы фотосинтетического аппарата. Для исследования влияния спектрального состава излучения на электрогенные свойства системы корнеобитаемая среда-растения были использованы источники света, моделирующие естественное освещение в различное время суток. Различия в интенсивности фотосинтетических процессов оценивались по индексам диффузного отражения листовой пластинки, интенсивности пропускания света листьями и параметрам флуоресценции. Из исследованных сортов салата наилучшими электрическими характеристиками обладал сорт Гранатовые кружева – среднее значение разности потенциалов для него составило 417±60 мВ при освещении источником света AFI-5000 со спектром, близким к солнечному свету в полдень, и большей составляющей синей области из изученных вариантов. Ключевые слова: биоэлектрохимическая система, спектр излучения, пропускание света, флуоресценция, индексы отражения. The bioelectric potentials generated in the root environment during the development of lettuce varieties Tayfun, Vishnevaya dymka and Granatovyye kruzheva, which differ in the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus, were measured. To study the influence of the radiation spectral composition on the electrogenic properties of the root environment-plants system, light sources that simulate natural illumination at different times of the day were used. Differences in the intensity of photosynthetic processes were assessed by the diffuse reflectance indices, intensity of light transmission and fluorescence parameters of leaves. Lettuce variety Granatovyye kruzheva had the best electrical characteristics among the studied varieties – the average value of the potential difference for it was 417±60 mV when illuminated by an AFI-5000 light source with a spectrum close to sunlight at noon, and the largest component of the blue region among the studied options.

Hirokazu Doi

Applied Sciences • 2024

Since the seminal discovery of alpha waves by Hans Berger [...]

Qitao Huang, Bowen Li, Fei Jia

Research Square • 2021

Abstract This paper presents the design and control of a novel full active powered ankle prosthesis driven by electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) to improve amputee gait during the level-ground walking in full-time gait cycle. A 100W brushless DC motor driving a 0.92 cc/rev bi-directional gear pump serves as the power kernel. An elastic element is configured in series with the hydraulic cylinder. With this architecture, better power characteristic, ability of energy storage and passive compliance are obtained to revive sound human characteristic as much as possible. To smooth the gait pattern, a neuromuscular model with Hill-type muscle tendon structure is introduced into the control system scheduled by finite state machine which was designed to carry on different control strategy during individual gait phase.

Kenneth G. Drinkwater, Andrew Denovan, Neil Dagnall

PLOS ONE • 2024

Recent research indicates that paranormal belief, in the absence of allied cognitive-perceptual and psychopathology-related factors, is not associated with negative wellbeing outcomes. However, investigators have historically reported relationships between specific facets of belief (e.g., superstition) and stress vulnerability. These typically derive from the Revised Paranormal Belief Scale (RPBS), which has questionable psychometric integrity. The main issue being that several RPBS items perform poorly. Noting this, the present paper re-examined the relationship between paranormal belief and stress using the Rasch purified version of the RPBS. This comprises two dimensions, called Traditional Paranormal Belief (TPB) and New Age Philosophy (NAP). These are operationalised in terms of function. Specifically, whether belief provides a sense of control at the social (TPB) or individual level (NAP). Accordingly, this study examined whether TPB and NAP were differentially predictive of levels of perceived stress. In this context, stress served as an indicator of well-being. A sample of 3084 participants ( M age = 50.31, SD = 15.20, range 18–91) completed the RPBS alongside the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling revealed that TPB was significantly predictive of higher Distress, and lower Coping. NAP was neither predictive of Distress nor Coping. These findings support the notion that TPB is attendant with external control, particularly the notion that unknown supernatural forces/powers influence existence.

Inamuddin

Current Analytical Chemistry • 2021

Fundamentals of Electrochemical Corrosion • 2000

Abstract This chapter familiarizes readers with the basic concepts of corrosion, discussing chemical reactions, ion transfer mechanisms, electrochemical processes and variables, and the formation of solid corrosion products. It presents a simple but effective teaching tool, the elementary electrochemical corrosion circuit, using it to explain how electric potential differences drive the corrosion process and how corrosion rates vary in proportion to current density. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the importance of corrosion products, such as oxides and hydroxides, and how their formation can be a major factor in controlling corrosion.