[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering • 2024

The physiological role of Geobacter sulfurreducens extracellular cytochrome filaments is a matter of debate and the development of proposed electronic device applications of cytochrome filaments awaits methods for large-scale cytochrome nanowire production. Functional studies in G. sulfurreducens are stymied by the broad diversity of redox-active proteins on the outer cell surface and the redundancy and plasticity of extracellular electron transport routes. G. sulfurreducens is a poor chassis for producing cytochrome nanowires for electronics because of its slow, low-yield, anaerobic growth. Here we report that filaments of the G. sulfurreducens cytochrome OmcS can be heterologously expressed in Shewanella oneidensis. Multiple lines of evidence demonstrated that a strain of S. oneidensis, expressing the G. sulfurreducens OmcS gene on a plasmid, localized OmcS on the outer cell surface. Atomic force microscopy revealed filaments with the unique morphology of OmcS filaments emanating from cells. Electron transfer to OmcS appeared to require a functional outer-membrane porin-cytochrome conduit. The results suggest that S. oneidensis, which grows rapidly to high culture densities under aerobic conditions, may be suitable for the development of a chassis for producing cytochrome nanowires for electronics applications and may also be a good model microbe for elucidating cytochrome filament function in anaerobic extracellular electron transfer.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy • 2018

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Bioresource Technology • 2021

[object Object], [object Object]

Journal of Applied Phycology • 2016

) than free ones without agitation.

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Solar Energy • 2021

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Frontiers in Energy Research • 2021

Exploring the spectrally selective absorbers with high optical performance and excellent thermal stability is crucial to improve the conversion efficiency of solar energy to electricity in concentrated solar power (CSP) systems. However, there are limited reports on the selective solar absorbers utilized at 900 o C or above. Herein, we developed a selective absorption coating based on the ultra-high temperature ceramic ZrC and the quasi-optical microcavity (QOM) optical structure, and experimentally achieved the absorber via depositing an all-ceramic multilayer films on a stainless steel substrate by magnetron sputtering. The prepared multi-layer selective absorber demonstrates an excellent high solar absorptance of ∼0.964 due to the multi absorptance mechanisms in the QOM, and a relatively low thermal emittance of ∼0.16 (82°C). Moreover, the coating can survive at 900 o C in vacuum for 100 h with a superior spectral selectivity of 0.96/0.143 (82°C) upon annealing, resulting from the introduction of ultra-high temperature ceramic ZrC in the QOM structure. Under the conditions of a stable operating temperature of 900°C and a concentration ratio of 1,000 suns, the calculated ideal conversion efficiency using this absorber can reach around 68%, exceeding most solar selective absorbers in previous reports.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Reactions • 2023

Recent studies have shown that chlorophyll sensitization can improve the performance of semiconductors like TiO2 in photocatalytic reactions and light-harvesting technologies, such as solar cells. Faced with the search for renewable energy sources and sustainable technologies, the application of this natural pigment has been gaining prominence. The present work addresses some of the main possibilities of chlorophyll-TiO2 combination, presenting the most relevant aspects affecting chlorophyll extraction and TiO2 sensitization.

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Nature Energy • 2016

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Photosynthetica • 2022

as achieved in a PSII-based solar cell. The present review is inspired by this impressive progress. The advantages, disadvantages, and future endeavors of PSII-inspired bio-photovoltaic devices are also presented.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics • 2016

Addition of two coiled-coil peptides per reaction centre monomer was also tolerated despite the challenge presented to the pigment-protein assembly machinery of introducing multiple self-associating sequences. These findings point to a generalised approach where oligomers or longer range assemblies of multiple light harvesting and/or redox proteins can be constructed in a manner that can be genetically-encoded, enabling the construction of new, designed bioenergetic systems in vivo or in vitro.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Pharmaceuticals • 2020

). An enhanced, dose-dependent antibacterial and anti-cyanobacterial activity against both tested organisms was observed, increasing with the quaternization degree. Remarkably, in the photosynthetic bacteria it was shown that the hybrid materials affect their photosynthetic apparatus by selective inhibition of the Photosystem-I electron transport activity. Cytotoxicity studies on a human prostate carcinoma DU145 cell line and 3T3 mouse fibroblasts revealed that all hybrids exhibit high cytocompatibility in the concentration range, in which they also exhibit both high antibacterial and anti-cyanobacterial activity. Thus, QPEI-functionalized oxCNTs can be very attractive candidates as antibacterial and anti-cyanobacterial agents that can be used for potential applications in the disinfection industry, as well as for the control of harmful cyanobacterial blooms.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

ACS Applied Bio Materials • 2018

The light-induced property of photosystem I (PSI) has been utilized to convert solar energy to electrical energy in photoelectrochemical cells. Here we provide new results on the relationship between surface plasmon generation (SPG) efficiency of nanoslits and the experimentally obtained photocurrent by immobilizing PSI on the gold nanoslit electrode surfaces regarding different nanoslit widths. The photocurrent increases with the increment of SPG efficiency. This finding can be attributed to the phenomenon of plasmon-exciton coupling effect on the PSI in the nanoslits. The enhancement of photocurrent generation is discussed on the basis of plasmonic light trapping and plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Journal of Hazardous Materials • 2022

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Matter • 2023

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Bioresource Technology • 2024

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Small Methods • 2025

) into biomass powered by solar energy. However, natural photosynthesis is limited by factors such as low photosynthetic efficiency and constraints on the range of output products. To address these issues, researchers have developed various strategies for designing and engineering photosynthetic systems. These strategies include nanomaterial-assisted approaches to enhance light absorption and accelerate electron transfer, microfluidic technologies for precise manipulation of enzyme modules, synthetic biology techniques to optimize metabolic pathways, and photo-bioelectrochemical systems (PBESs) for efficient utilization of photosynthetic electrons. Inspired by these, numerous applications have emerged in the fields of artificial organelles, promotion of hypoxic tissue healing, bioproduction, and environmental production and sustainability. This review provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles of photosynthesis, encompassing light and carbon reactions. Additionally, it offers an overview of recent strategies for the design, structuring, and engineering of photosynthetic systems, while discussing several applications of photosynthesis. Finally, this review highlights the potential of engineered photosynthetic systems to address challenges in energy and matter conversion across various fields, offering insights into the future of sustainable, photosynthesis-based technologies.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology • 2020

sp. UTEXB3054, both in direct and mediated electron transfer, our results provide new insights into the metabolic basis of photocurrent generation and the potential applications of such an assisted bioelectrochemical system in a worldwide scenario in which clean energies are imperative for sustainable development.

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BioTechnologia • 2021

capture. The main technological parameters that influence the performance of the biocathode are light, pH, and temperature. These technological parameters affect photosynthetic production of oxygen and organic compounds by microalgae or cyanobacteria, and hence affect the efficiency of electricity production, wastewater treatment and production of added-value compounds in microalgae biomass like lutein, violaxanthin, astaxanthin. The ability to remove carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus compounds; antibiotics; and heavy metals by pure cultures of microalgae and cyanobacteria and by mixed cultures with bacteria in the cathode chamber can be used for wastewater treatment.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Journal of Sensors • 2021

Inorganic pollutants in water can have an important impact on ecosystems and human health, so the development of rapid and sensitive detection methods for typical inorganic pollutants in water samples is important for understanding the pollution status of the water environment, as well as water pollution prevention and protection of drinking water safety. Fluorescence sensing technology has the advantages of fast response, high sensitivity, simple operation, and low cost but still has the problems of low quantum yield, cumbersome construction process, and limited practical applications. Based on the excellent fluorescence properties, a series of fluorescence sensing was constructed for the rapid, highly sensitive, and selective detection of various typical inorganic pollutants in water. And the related fluorescence sensing mechanism was investigated in this paper. In this paper, nitrogen/sulfur codoped carbon quantum dots (N, S‐CQDs) were prepared for the sensitive and selective detection of sulfide and ferric ion. The blue fluorescent N, S‐CQDs were prepared by a one‐step hydrothermal method using ammonium citrate and L‐cysteine as raw materials, which have excitation wavelength dependence and fluorescence quantum yield of 16.1% for the selective detection of sulfides with a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 11.0 nM (about 0.35 μ g/L). CQDs with significantly higher fluorescence quantum yields (69%) and no excitation dependence were prepared when citric acid was used instead of ammonium citrate and were used for the selective detection of ferric ion with a detection limit of 14.0 nM (~0.8 μ g/L). The method has been successfully applied to the determination of total phosphorus in surface water and human urine, and the fluorescence color change of the dual‐emission sensing can be used for the naked‐eye identification and semiquantitative detection of phosphate.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Angewandte Chemie International Edition • 2020

, which also guarantees a simultaneous excitation of the photobioanode when illuminated via the cathode side. This tandem cell can generate electricity under illumination and in the presence of glucose and provides an exceptionally high OCV of about 1 V. The developed semi-artificial system has significant implications for the integration of biocatalysts in photoactive entities for bioenergetic purposes, and it opens up a new path toward generation of electricity from sunlight and (bio)fuels.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

• 2017

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iScience • 2024

) compared to bare CP. The improved microalgae adhesion to the anode and improved electrical conductivity of rGO brought on by the effective removal of oxygen functional groups may be the causes of this. This study has demonstrated how microalgal-reduced GO may improve the efficiency of algal BPV for producing bioelectricity.

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Catalysts • 2020

Transmembrane proteins involved in metabolic redox reactions and photosynthesis catalyse a plethora of key energy-conversion processes and are thus of great interest for bioelectrocatalysis-based applications. The development of membrane protein modified electrodes has made it possible to efficiently exchange electrons between proteins and electrodes, allowing mechanistic studies and potentially applications in biofuels generation and energy conversion. Here, we summarise the most common electrode modification and their characterisation techniques for membrane proteins involved in biofuels conversion and semi-artificial photosynthesis. We discuss the challenges of applications of membrane protein modified electrodes for bioelectrocatalysis and comment on emerging methods and future directions, including recent advances in membrane protein reconstitution strategies and the development of microbial electrosynthesis and whole-cell semi-artificial photosynthesis.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Nature Communications • 2018

Chemical systems do not allow the coupling of energy from several simple reactions to drive a subsequent reaction, which takes place in the same medium and leads to a product with a higher energy than the one released during the first reaction. Gibbs energy considerations thus are not favorable to drive e.g., water splitting by the direct oxidation of glucose as a model reaction. Here, we show that it is nevertheless possible to carry out such an energetically uphill reaction, if the electrons released in the oxidation reaction are temporarily stored in an electromagnetic system, which is then used to raise the electrons' potential energy so that they can power the electrolysis of water in a second step. We thereby demonstrate the general concept that lower energy delivering chemical reactions can be used to enable the formation of higher energy consuming reaction products in a closed system.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Journal of The Electrochemical Society • 2016

Biophotovoltaic devices modified with immobilized polymeric osmium/azine redox-mediators exhibited a considerable electrical output enhancement (64/43-fold under light/dark conditions, respectively). More importantly, the systems exhibited uninterrupted current generation at same magnitude levels during day/night cycles, paving the way toward solar energy conversion bio-panels that will not require energy storage peripherals. (C) The Author(s) 2016. Published by ECS. All rights reserved.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology • 2024

Thermophilic cyanobacteria are prokaryotic photoautotrophic microorganisms capable of growth between 45 and 73 °C. They are typically found in hot springs where they serve as essential primary producers. Several key features make these robust photosynthetic microbes biotechnologically relevant. These are highly stable proteins and their complexes, the ability to actively transport and concentrate inorganic carbon and other nutrients, to serve as gene donors, microbial cell factories, and sources of bioactive metabolites. A thorough investigation of the recent progress in thermophilic cyanobacteria reveals a significant increase in the number of newly isolated and delineated organisms and wide application of thermophilic light-harvesting components in biohybrid devices. Yet despite these achievements, there are still deficiencies at the high-end of the biotechnological learning curve, notably in genetic engineering and gene editing. Thermostable proteins could be more widely employed, and an extensive pool of newly available genetic data could be better utilised. In this manuscript, we attempt to showcase the most important recent advances in thermophilic cyanobacterial biotechnology and provide an overview of the future direction of the field and challenges that need to be overcome before thermophilic cyanobacterial biotechnology can bridge the gap with highly advanced biotechnology of their mesophilic counterparts. KEY POINTS: • Increased interest in all aspects of thermophilic cyanobacteria in recent years • Light harvesting components remain the most biotechnologically relevant • Lack of reliable molecular biology tools hinders further development of the chassis.

[object Object]

Tekstilec • 2019

Vertical farming is one of several ideas that are being developed further by diverse research groups, companies and private citizens. Due to the growing problems of urbanisation and a growing population, vertical farming has presented itself as one possibility to feed people, particularly in large and densely crowded cities, in an effi cient and eco-friendly way. Interestingly, while agrotextiles are often used in agriculture and textile fabrics can be bought, for example, as frames for small vertical farming solutions for private balconies, only a few researchers have studied the possibilities of using textile fabrics as substrates for vertical faming to date. This study provides an overview of possible future applications of textile fabrics in vertical farming solutions.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Processes • 2025

As of 2024, approximately 81.5% of global energy consumption is still derived from non-renewable fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. This highlights the urgent need to transition to alternative energy sources amid the escalating climate crisis. Cyanobacteria and microalgae have emerged as promising biocatalysts in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for eco-friendly energy production, owing to their photosynthetic abilities and resilience in regard to various environmental conditions. This review explores the potential of cyanobacteria and microalgae to drive bioelectricity generation via metabolic and extracellular electron transfer processes, leveraging their ability to fix carbon and nitrogen, while thriving in challenging environments. Bioengineering and electrode design advances are integrated to enhance the electron transfer efficacy and constancy of cyanobacteria-based MFCs. This approach addresses the growing demand for carbon-neutral energy and can be applied to wastewater treatment and bioremediation scenarios. By synergizing biological innovation with sustainable engineering techniques, this review establishes cyanobacteria and microalgal-driven MFCs as a scalable and eco-friendly platform for next-generation energy systems. The findings lay the groundwork for further exploration of the role of cyanobacteria and microalgae in bridging the gap between renewable energy production and environmental stewardship.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Angewandte Chemie • 2018

Abstract A biohybrid photobioanode mimicking the Z‐scheme has been developed by functional integration of photosystem II (PSII) and PbS quantum dots (QDs) within an inverse opal TiO 2 architecture giving rise to a rather negative water oxidation potential of about −0.55 V vs. Ag/AgCl, 1 m KCl at neutral pH. The electrical linkage between both light‐sensitive entities has been established through an Os‐complex‐modified redox polymer (P Os ), which allows the formation of a multi‐step electron‐transfer chain under illumination starting with the photo‐activated water oxidation at PSII followed by an electron transfer from PSII through P Os to the photo‐excited QDs and finally to the TiO 2 electrode. The photobioanode was coupled to a novel, transparent, inverse‐opal ATO cathode modified with an O 2 ‐reducing bilirubin oxidase for the construction of a H 2 O/O 2 photobioelectrochemical cell reaching a high open‐circuit voltage of about 1 V under illumination.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

RSC Advances • 2022

demonstrating good coupling between photosystem I and the electrodes. The best-performing device reached an external power conversion efficiency of 0.64%, the highest for any solid-state photosystem I-based photovoltaic device that has been reported to date. Our results demonstrate that the functionality of photosystem I in the non-natural environment of solid-state biophotovoltaic cells can be improved through the modification of electrodes with efficient charge-transfer layers. The combination of reduced graphene oxide with gold nanoparticles caused tailoring of the electronic structure and alignment of the energy levels while also increasing electrical conductivity. The decoration of graphene electrodes with gold nanoparticles is a generalizable approach for enhancing charge-transfer across interfaces, particularly when adjusting the levels of the active layer is not feasible, as is the case for photosystem I and other biological molecules.

[object Object], [object Object]

The Electrochemical Society Interface • 2015

Photosynthetic energy conversion offers great potential because of its unprecedented ability to convert solar energy to energy-rich molecules using water and CO2. Inspired by this astounding natural process, many efforts have been undertaken by researchers to generate biofuels such as ethanol, hydrogen, etc., and electricity in photo-bioelectrochemical cell (PBEC). Such a device use thylakoids or photosystems isolated from photosynthetic organisms or the whole cell photosynthetic microorganism itself as biocatalysts on the electrode. Recent developments in the area of PBEC include the development of various nanostructured support matrices as biocatalyst supports, employing redox mediators for assisting electrochemical reactions and designing micro-scale miniaturized devices. However major performance breakthroughs in terms of stability, power density and efficiency are needed to make this technology competitive to silicon photovoltaics. Interdisciplinary approach involving genetic engineering, material science and electrochemistry could address the existing challenges to move this technology forward.

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Environmental Research • 2024

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Sensors • 2020

Research on biosensors is growing in relevance, taking benefit from groundbreaking knowledge that allows for new biosensing strategies. Electrochemical biosensors can benefit from research on semiconducting materials for energy applications. This research seeks the optimization of the semiconductor-electrode interfaces including light-harvesting materials, among other improvements. Once that knowledge is acquired, it can be implemented with biological recognition elements, which are able to transfer a chemical signal to the photoelectrochemical system, yielding photo-biosensors. This has been a matter of research as it allows both a superior suppression of background electrochemical signals and the switching ON and OFF upon illumination. Effective electrode-semiconductor interfaces and their coupling with biorecognition units are reviewed in this work.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

The Journal of Chemical Physics • 2017

We report on a combination of experimental and theoretical investigations into the structure of electronically excited para-benzoquinone (pBQ). Here synchrotron photoabsorption measurements are reported over the 4.0–10.8 eV range. The higher resolution obtained reveals previously unresolved pBQ spectral features. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations are used to interpret the spectrum and resolve discrepancies relating to the interpretation of the Rydberg progressions. Electron-impact energy loss experiments are also reported. These are combined with elastic electron scattering cross section calculations performed within the framework of the independent atom model–screening corrected additivity rule plus interference (IAM-SCAR + I) method to derive differential cross sections for electronic excitation of key spectral bands. A generalized oscillator strength analysis is also performed, with the obtained results demonstrating that a cohesive and reliable quantum chemical structure and cross section framework has been established. Within this context, we also discuss some issues associated with the development of a minimal orbital basis for the single configuration interaction strategy to be used for our high-level low-energy electron scattering calculations that will be carried out as a subsequent step in this joint experimental and theoretical investigation.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

EcoMat • 2020

Abstract Ion exchange is classified as a reaction that may be performed among nanocrystals. Here, we discovered that methylammonium lead bromide macroscale perovskite single crystals may exchange ions with the environment while maintaining their original morphology. Iodide replaced bromide and was detected even in the very center of a previously pure macroscale MAPbBr 3 single crystal. Additionally, the entrance of chloride into the crystal is energetically favorable and most bromides were exchanged, yet kinetic factors hindered Cs + entry and Pb 2+ by Sn 2+ substitution. Furthermore, grinding different single crystals together revealed swift I/Br exchange. Clear differences in comparison with nanomaterials, along with density functional theory calculations, shed light on the nature of ion‐exchange reactions in perovskite single crystals. This work provides first evidence of these halide exchange reactions in macroscale perovskite single crystals. These results offer a new perspective on ion‐exchange reaction and pave a path toward synthesis of inhomogeneous single crystals. image

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object]

Bioresource Technology • 2018

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Electroanalysis • 2023

Abstract In recent years, photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors have attracted much attention due to their inherent advantages, such as ease of operation, high sensitivity, and structural diversity. Compared with conventional PEC detection methods, self‐illuminated PEC sensors do not require an external light source, which makes them more attractive in terms of instrument miniaturization and simplified operation. Chemiluminescence (CL), a straightforward and efficient excitation source, can be harnessed for PEC sensors. In this review, we provide a summary on the recently reported chemiluminescence‐driven PEC sensors. Initially, we briefly describe the current chemiluminescent systems employed in PEC sensors, including luminol and peroxyoxalate CL systems. Subsequently, the CL‐exciting modes and the design strategies for self‐excited PEC sensors are explored. The subsequent sections of the paper predominantly focus on discussing the applications of such PEC sensors in the detection of various target analytes. Furthermore, future prospects for advancing these PEC sensors are discussed.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Nano Research • 2024

Abstract Living photovoltaics are microbial electrochemical devices that use whole cell–electrode interactions to convert solar energy to electricity. The bottleneck in these technologies is the limited electron transfer between the microbe and the electrode surface. This study focuses on enhancing this transfer by engineering a polydopamine (PDA) coating on the outer membrane of the photosynthetic microbe Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. This coating provides a conductive nanoparticle shell to increase electrode adhesion and improve microbial charge extraction. A combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–Vis absorption, and Raman spectroscopy measurements were used to characterize the nanoparticle shell under various synthesis conditions. The cell viability and activity were further assessed through oxygen evolution, growth curve, and confocal fluorescence microscopy measurements. The results show sustained cell growth and detectable PDA surface coverage under slightly alkaline conditions (pH 7.5) and at low initial dopamine (DA) concentrations (1 mM). The exoelectrogenicity of the cells prepared under these conditions was also characterized through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). The measurements show a three-fold enhancement in the photocurrent at an applied bias of 0.3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl [3 M KCl]) compared to non-coated cells. This study thus lays the framework for engineering the next generation of living photovoltaics with improved performances using biosynthetic electrodes.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Chemistry - A European Journal • 2021

Mimicking photosynthesis using artificial systems, as a means for solar energy conversion and green fuel generation, is one of the holy grails of modern science. This perspective presents recent advances towards developing artificial photosynthetic systems. In one approach, native photosystems are interfaced with electrodes to yield photobioelectrochemical cells that transform light energy into electrical power. This is exemplified by interfacing photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) as an electrically contacted assembly mimicking the native Z-scheme, and by the assembly of an electrically wired PSI/glucose oxidase biocatalytic conjugate on an electrode support. Illumination of the functionalized electrodes led to light-induced generation of electrical power, or to the generation of photocurrents using glucose as the fuel. The second approach introduces supramolecular photosensitizer nucleic acid/electron acceptor complexes as functional modules for effective photoinduced electron transfer stimulating the subsequent biocatalyzed generation of NADPH or the Pt-nanoparticle-catalyzed evolution of molecular hydrogen. Application of the DNA machineries for scaling-up the photosystems is demonstrated. A third approach presents the integration of artificial photosynthetic modules into dynamic nucleic acid networks undergoing reversible reconfiguration or dissipative transient operation in the presence of auxiliary triggers. Control over photoinduced electron transfer reactions and photosynthetic transformations by means of the dynamic networks is demonstrated.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Water • 2024

The attached microalgal–bacterial consortium (microalgae–bacteria biofilm, MBBF) has been increasingly recognized in wastewater treatment for its superior pollutant removal efficiency, resilience to toxic substances, and improved harvesting performance. This review initially discusses the advantages of MBBFs compared to activated sludge and suspended microalgal–bacterial consortia. These advantages stem from the coexistence of pollutant removal pathways for the bacteria and microalgae in MBBFs, as well as the synergistic interactions between the microalgae and bacteria that enhance pollutant removal and resilience capabilities. Subsequently, the establishment of the MBBF system is emphasized, covering the establishment process, influencing factors of MBBF formation, and the utilization of photobioreactors. Lastly, the challenges associated with implementing MBBFs in wastewater treatment are deliberated. This study aims to present a detailed and comprehensive overview of the application of MBBFs for wastewater treatment and biomass production.