A. K. Olesen, R. Pinilla-Redondo, M. F. Hansen et al.

Molecular Ecology • 2021

Horizontal gene transfer via plasmids is important for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes among medically relevant pathogens. Specifically, the transfer of IncHI1A plasmids is believed to facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, such as carbapenemases, within the clinically important family Enterobacteriaceae. The microbial community of urban wastewater treatment plants has been shown to be highly permissive towards conjugal transfer of IncP1 plasmids. Here, we tracked the transfer of the P1 plasmid pB10 and the clinically relevant HI1A plasmid R27 in the microbial communities present in urban residential sewage entering full‐scale wastewater treatment plants. We found that both plasmids readily transferred to these communities and that strains in the sewage were able to further disseminate them. Furthermore, R27 has a broad potential host range, but a low host divergence. Interestingly, although the majority of R27 transfer events were to members of Enterobacteriaceae, we found a subset of transfer events to other families, even other phyla. This indicates that HI1A plasmids facilitate horizontal gene transfer both within Enterobacteriaceae, but also across families of, in particular, Gammaproteobacteria, such as Moraxellaceae, Pseudomonadaceae and Shewanellaceae. pB10 displayed a similar potential host range to R27. In contrast to R27, pB10 had a high host divergence. By culture enrichment of the transconjugant communities, we show that sewage strains of Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonadaceae can stably maintain R27 and pB10, respectively. Our results suggest that dissemination in the urban residual water system of HI1A plasmids may result in an accelerated acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes among pathogens.

Akechai Kongprajug, T. Denpetkul, Natcha Chyerochana et al.

Frontiers in Microbiology • 2021

Rapid economic development has caused industrial expansion into residential communities, leading to higher fecal pollution loads that could be discharged into aquatic environments. However, little is known regarding the potential microbial impact on human health. This study investigated microbial contamination from coastal industrial–residential community areas in nine sampling sites in waterways during three dry events. A general microbial source tracking (MST) marker, GenBac3, was detected in all samples from all three events, indicating continuing fecal pollution in the area, mostly from human sewage contamination. This was shown by the human-specific genetic marker crAssphage (88.9%) and human polyomavirus (HPyVs; 92.6%) detection. Enteric human adenovirus (HAdV40/41) showed three positive results only from residential sites in the first event. No spatial difference was observed for MST markers and traditional fecal indicators (total coliforms and Escherichia coli) in each event. Still, a significantly lower abundance of GenBac3, HPyVs, and total coliforms in the first sampling event was detected. Spearman’s rho analysis indicated a strong correlation among certain pairs of microbial parameters. Multivariate analysis revealed two clusters of samples separated by land use type (industrial vs. residential). According to factor analysis of mixed data, the land use parameter was more associated with physicochemical parameters (i.e., salinity, conductivity, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen). A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was then conducted to estimate the annual infection risks of HAdV40/41 for non-potable water reuse purposes using predicted concentrations from crAssphage and HPyVs. The highest risks (95th percentiles) were ranked by food crop irrigation, aquaculture, and toilet flushing, at 10–1, 10–2, and 10–3 per person per year (pppy). Required treatment levels to achieve a 10–4 pppy annual infection risk were estimated. QMRA-based water treatment scenarios were suggested, including chlorination for toilet flushing reuse and depth filtration prior to chlorination for aquaculture and food crop irrigation. Microbial monitoring combined with a QMRA could provide better insights into fecal pollution patterns and the associated risks, facilitating effective water quality management and appropriate prior treatments for water reuse.

Pradeep Kumar, A. Singh, Rajeev Singh

Aerobiologia • 2021

Exposure of microbial agents in the air of indoor dwellings is associated with effects on respiratory and general health. The current study was conducted in the urban area of Delhi Metropolis for the seasonal quantitative assessment of viable microbial indoor air quality. Bioaerosol measurement was conducted by using Anderson six stage impactor with cut-off diameters of 7.0, 4.7, 3.3, 2.1, 1.1, and 0.65 µm) throughout the all the seasons (April 2019 to March 2020). Meteorological parameters such as temperature and relative humidity were measured to check their effect on microbial survival. Air quality index data of the sampling area were recorded by DPCC air quality monitoring system, Ashok Vihar, Delhi. The highest (1654 ± 876.87 CFU/m3) and lowest (738 ± 443.59 CFU/m3) mean bacterial concentration in houses was recorded in August and December, respectively. Similarly, the highest fungal concentration (1275 ± 645.22 CFU/m3) was found in August and the lowest in (776 ± 462.46 CFU/m3) in January. Bacterial respirable fraction shows an irregular pattern in different seasons. In the case of fungi, the respirable fraction of 2.1 and 1.1 contributes more than 60% of total culturable bioaerosols in all seasons. Bacterial genera including Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Streptobacillus were most dominant, and Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Alternaria were the most dominant fungal genera observed indoors. The results of this study suggest that higher respirable fungal fraction might penetrate deeper into the lungs and cause various health effects. A higher concentration of bioaerosols in outdoor areas than indoor shows that the source of indoor bioaerosols is outdoor air.

Saraswati Awasthi, Vikas M Hiremath, Sonam Nain et al.

Environmental Microbiome • 2025

Background Urban dwellings serve as complex and diverse microbial community niches. Interactions and impact of house microbiome on the health of the inhabitants need to be clearly defined. Therefore, it is critical to understand the diversity of the house microbiota, the presence and abundance of potential pathogens, and antimicrobial resistance. Results Shotgun metagenomics was used to analyze the samples collected from 9 locations in 10 houses in New Delhi, India. The microbiota includes more than 1409 bacterial, 5 fungal, and 474 viral species en masse. The most prevalent bacterial species were Moraxella osloensis, Paracoccus marcusii, Microbacterium aurum, Qipengyuania sp YIMB01966, and Paracoccus sphaerophysae, which were detected in at least 80 samples. The location was the primary factor influencing the microbiome diversity in the Indian houses. The overall diversity of different houses did not differ significantly from each other. The surface type influenced the microbial community, but the microbial diversity on the cemented and tiled floors did not vary significantly. A substantial fraction of the bacterial species were potentially pathogenic or opportunistic pathogens, including the ESKAPE pathogens. Escherichia coli was relatively more abundant in bedroom, foyer, and drawing room locations. Analysis of the house microbiome antimicrobial resistome revealed 669 subtypes representing 22 categories of antimicrobial resistance genes, with multidrug resistance genes being the most abundant, followed by aminoglycoside genes. Conclusions This study provides the first insight into the microbiomes of houses in New Delhi, showing that these houses have diverse microbiomes and that the location within the house significantly influences the microbiota. The presence of potential pathogens and a repertoire of antimicrobial resistance genes reflect possible health risks, as these could lead to infectious disease transmission. This study builds a framework for understanding the microbial diversity of houses in terms of geographical location, environment, building design, cleaning habits, and impact on the health of occupants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40793-025-00684-8.

Xueyun Geng, Changliang Nie, Lina Wang et al.

Environment & Health • 2023

Air conditioning is a crucial participant in indoor air circulation and harmful microorganism transmission. To elucidate microbial contamination in air conditioning systems, bacteria, fungi, and pollens in residential air conditioning (AC) filters in Shanghai were revealed. The concentrations of fungal ITS (1,972,037 ± 5,025,505 copies/cm2) in most filter samples were considerably higher than the 16S rRNA gene (21,587 ± 21,461 copies/cm2). The multitudinous bacteria determined a higher richness, whereas the trend was not in line with fungi, owing to Aspergillus flourishing, with an average of 43.75%. Numerous bacteria that may often be prevalent in human skin, mucous membranes, and intestines, such as Enhydrobacter, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus, were also discovered in AC filters. The pollens were affiliated with Streptophyta at phylum, and Humulus was the most abundant genus (mean value 67.84%), raising the possibility of allergic responses. This study provides a better understanding of the microbial characteristics of AC filters, enables more rational approaches for microbe contaminant control, and ultimately improves human health in megacities.

Mary Bull

Nursing and Residential Care • 2001

The prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers is a major concern for staff in nursing and residential care homes. Selection of appropriate equipment can prove difficult, with numerous systems available. Tempur-Med provides a simple, cost-effective solution with a range of products ensuring continuity of care throughout the nursing home.

Kirsty Armstrong

Nursing and Residential Care • 2016

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common problem that can cause major distress for those living in care and can be a difficult condition to manage. In this article, Kirsty Armstrong describes the identification and treatment of UTIs in the care home

Ojasvi Mehta, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Stuart Astbury et al.

Frontiers in Nutrition • 2021

Undernutrition is a leading contributor to disease and disability in people of all ages. Several studies have reported significant association between nutritional status and gut microbiome composition but other factors such as demographic settings may also influence the adult microbiome. The relationship between undernourishment and gut microbiome in adults has not been described to date. In this study, we compared the gut microbiome in fecal samples of 48 individuals, from two demographic settings (rural and urban slum) in Karnataka, India using 16S rRNA sequencing. Nutritional status was assessed based on BMI, with a BMI of < 18.5 kg/m 2 classified as undernourished, and a BMI in the range 18.5–25 kg/m 2 as nourished. We analyzed 25 individuals from rural settings (12 undernourished and 13 nourished) and 23 individuals from urban slum settings (11 undernourished and 12 nourished). We found no significant difference in overall gut microbial diversity (Shannon and Unweighted UniFrac) between undernourished and nourished individuals in either geographical settings, however, microbial taxa at the phylum level (i.e., Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) and beta diversity (unweighted UniFrac) differed significantly between the rural and urban slum settings. By predicting microbial function from 16S data profiling we found significant differences in metabolic pathways present in the gut microbiota from people residing in different settings; specifically, those related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The weighted sum of the KEGG Orthologs associated with carbohydrate metabolism (Spearman's correlation coefficient, ρ = −0.707, p < 0.001), lipid metabolism (Spearman's correlation coefficient, ρ = −0.330, p < 0.022) and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (Spearman's correlation coefficient, ρ = −0.507, p < 0.001) were decreased in the urban slum group compared to the rural group. In conclusion, we report that the geographical location of residence is associated with differences in gut microbiome composition in adults. We found no significant differences in microbiome composition between nourished and undernourished adults from urban slum or rural settings in India.

Mytien Nguyen, Eric C. Holmes, Largus T. Angenent

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2020

Abstract Weatherization of residential homes is a popular retrofit procedure to improve the energy efficiency of older homes by reducing building leakage. It is a vital tool in the fight against climate change. Several studies have evaluated the effect of weatherization on indoor pollutants such as formaldehyde and radon, but few studies have evaluated the effect of weatherization on indoor particulates and microbial exposure. In this study, we compared the effect of change in building leakage on indoor pollutants and bacterial communities in weatherized compared to non-weatherized single-family residential homes in New York State. Nine weatherized and eleven non-weatherized single-family homes in Tompkins County, New York were sampled twice: before and after the weatherization procedures for case homes, and at least 3 months apart for control homes that were not weatherized. We found a significant increase in both indoor-outdoor temperature ratio and living-area- and basement-radon levels of weatherized homes compared to control homes. The indoor-outdoor relative humidity ratio significantly decreased in weatherized compared to control homes. The indoor microbiome also became less similar to the outdoor community after weatherization. Compared to the changes in ventilation rate, temperature, relative humidity, and occupancy, the change in season was a more predictive measure of indoor bacterial concentration. Ventilation rate reduction from weatherization procedures led to an increase in indoor radon levels, as well as a warmer and less humid indoor environment. However, it did not affect indoor particulate mass concentration or indoor airborne bacteria load, and did only marginally affect the microbiome composition of residential homes. Finally, we found that changes in airborne bacterial load are more sensitive to shifts in season, whereas radon levels are more sensitive to ventilation rate.

Norhani Jusoh, Firdausi Razali

Jurnal Teknologi • 2012

Kajian ini bertujuan menilai potensi penggunaan konsortium mikrob dari air sisa buangan kediaman untuk penguraian fenol, pencemar umum daripada industri. Konsortium tersebut diuji dengan muatan mengejut dan kepekatan fenol yang berbeza di dalam kultur selanjar. Dalam uji kaji muatan mengejut, 1000 bahagian per juta (bpj) fenol disuap ke dalam 1.5 liter isipadu kerja bioreaktor. Kultur yang teradaptasi menunjukkan afiniti terhadap fenol 17 kali ganda lebih tinggi (Ks = 173 bpj) dan mengandakan kadar pertumbuhan (μmaks=Dc=0.04 j-1) berbanding kultur yang tidak teradaptasi. Pengurangan fenol untuk kedua-dua kes adalah hampir sama iaitu lebih kurang 60%. Penguraian oleh pelbagai jenis bakteria yang terdapat di dalam kultur yang tidak teradaptasi adalah setanding dengan yang teradaptasi walaupun dengan bilangan jenis bakteria yang lebih rendah. Kesan dua kepekatan masukan iaitu 200 bpj and 1000 bpj telah dikaji pada kadar pencairan malar 0.02 j-1. Suapan pada kepekatan 200 bpj memberikan pengurangan sebanyak 97% berbanding hanya 57% untuk kepekatan 1000 bpj. Keputusan ini telah menyokong keputusan kesan rencatan pada kepekatan yang melebihi 500 bpj seperti yang diperolehi dalam kultur kelompok sebelum ini. Kajian ini telah berjaya mengenal pasti parameter yang penting untuk penguraian fenol dan amat berguna untuk skala yang lebih besar pada masa depan dan juga sebagai percubaan di tapak industri. Kata kunci: Adaptasi, air sisa buangan kediaman, fenol, penguraian, selanjar The study aimed at evaluating the potential of employing microbial consortia from residential wastewater to degrade phenol, a common industrial pollutant. The consortia was subjected to high shock loads and different levels of phenol in continuous cultures. In the shock load study with 1000 ppm phenol in a 1.5 litre working volume chemostat, the culture with prior acclimatization to phenol demonstrated 17 times higher affinity towards phenol (i.e. Ks = 173 ppm). This resulted in double growth rate (μmax=Dc=0.04 h-1) compared to non-acclimatized culture. However, the levels of phenol reduction in both cases were almost identical, approximately 60%. This indicated that the performance of different types of bacteria present in the non-acclimatized culture which was comparable to the acclimatized culture although with less number of microbe types. The effects of two loading concentrations, namely 200 ppm and 1000 ppm were examined at constant dilution rate of 0.02 h-1. The feeding of 200 ppm exhibited 97% of phenol reduction in comparison to only 57% of 1000 ppm. This result reconfirmed the inhibitory effect of phenol reduction at concentration above 500 ppm as previously determined in batch culture. The study has successfully established key operating parameters and provided a useful guideline for future up-scaling studies and site trials. Key words: Acclimatization, continuous, degradation, phenol, residential wastewater

Samantha Westgate, Keith Cutting

Nursing and Residential Care • 2011

Biofilm-infected wounds are difficult to diagnose, do not respond to usual antimicrobial treatments and can be painful and chronic. The authors describe the signs and treatments for biofilms.

Cristiane Ottoni, Patrícia Vidigal, Maria Manuela Abreu et al.

• 2021

<p>The presence of As in soil and water can be considered a global threat that can potentially contaminate the food chain. Thus, the remediation of these resources and the decrease of As concentration is a major research goal, especially in rice that tends to accumulate As in the grain. Arsenic uptake by plant species depends on As concentration in the available fraction of the soil and speciation. Several agronomic strategies have been tested to decrease As concentration in rice grain. These include water management, nutrient management and biological approaches among others. In this context, microalgae is known to be effective in the uptake and metabolize of potentially toxic elements like As, which is a cost-effective approach compared to other agronomic strategies. However, in the view of the the current global panorama of growing respect for environmental preservation and focus on energy generation from renewable resources (including domestic and industrial waste products), the use of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) has been gaining increased attention. The MFCs have enormous potential as they simultaneously promote the treatment of different types of waste and generate electricity. This is possible due to the conversion of the chemical energy available in the biodegradable substrates directly into electricity, through the catalytic action of electrogenic bacteria attached to the anodic electrode. We aim to develop and establish a protocol for biodegradation of As, captured by microalgae grown in paddy rice fields, in compounds less harmful to the environment and at the same time generating electricity in a continuous process. For this purpose, a selection will be made of cathodic-algae, different electrodes and membrane materials, as well as the operating conditions of MFC. The results monitored are chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen, phosphorus, pH, and production of electricity. At the end, we will be able to evaluate the possibility of decreasing rice As uptake by microalgae that will serve as a raw material for the production of electricity. This will contribute both to help achieve the new European Green Deal policy framework linked with the UN 17 Sustainable Development Goals for 2030, by promoting a resource-efficient and competitive agri-economy while guarantying the health and well-being of citizens from environment-related risks and impacts, covering the “farm to fork” food value chain.</p>

Edwin Hualpa-Cutipa, Ingrid Maldonado-Jimenez, Evelin Yana-Neyra et al.

Resource Recovery from Industrial Wastewater through Microbial Electrochemical Technologies • 2024

Currently, environmental pollution is on the rise because of industrial growth to fulfill the demands of a society that is undergoing rapid demographic growth. This population change triggers the use of more resources and the release of pollutants into the environment. From the range of pollutants generated, new hazardous pollutants are being released, these are known as emerging pollutants. Several efforts have been made to address the management, treatment, disposal, and elimination of industrial effluents containing high levels of persistent contaminants, but these efforts have not been effective. A few approaches and/or techniques have been developed to treat these pollutants to mitigate their negative effects. Among these methods, technologies based on microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have proven to be an effective and suitable strategy for treating industrial wastewater containing recalcitrant pollutants (pharmaceuticals, hormones, pesticides, personal care products, etc.). In an MFC system, bacteria have an electroactive role, both in the degradation of these compounds and the donation of electrons for the generation of electricity in the process, this in turn accelerates the removal rate. In addition, emerging contaminants are organic compounds, that is, their composition contains carbon bonds, which can be used as a carbon source by bacteria and can also be degraded by electrochemical redox reaction processes. The aim of this chapter was to discuss the characteristics and properties of MFCs about their application in the treatment of wastewater rich in emerging pollutants that are resistant to spontaneous biodegradation. Finally, the prospects and future challenges of MFCs for applications in large-scale systems will be presented because studies are still being carried out at the laboratory level.

Kalpana Sharma, Anusha Vempaty, Barun Kumar et al.

Industrial Applications of Polymer Composites • 2023

Energy production is a demanded process in today’s world. Some processes might generate pollutants and other undesirable particulates and toxic chemicals. One such eco-friendly and efficient method for generating electricity and energy can be through fuel cells with the utilization of microbes (bacteria). Such a method can be termed Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs). It is a bio-electrochemical system. It uses bacteria and their biochemical processes for generating an electric current, along with oxygen which is a high-energy oxidant. MFCs imitate the bacterial interactions that are found in the nature. Being a cell, it requires electrodes, substrates, and electrolytic solutions. To improve the efficiency of the MFC, we need to separate the anode and cathode into two compartments and the respective reactions taking place. Membranes play a crucial role in achieving it. A membrane not only divides the anode from the cathode but also prevents the entry of oxygen into the anode chamber. The most important function of a membrane is to allow the selective transfer of ions across the two electrode chambers. Membranes can be diaphragms or separators. Porous membranes are commercially used ones usually made of different effective polymer materials. Other important membranes can be semi-permeable and ion-exchange membranes. This chapter mainly reviews the various membranes and the materials used in their structures that have the potential to increase the MFC performance. It also focuses on the different transport processes across the membranes, along with a brief of advances in this technology and future scope.

Dolores Hidalgo, Jesús M. Martín-Marroquín, Francisco Corona

Recent Trends in Management and Utilization of Industrial Sludge • 2024

Abstract Utilizing industrial wastewater sludge as a primary resource for microbial fuel cells (MFCs) has demonstrated significant promise in achieving both energy recovery and sustainable wastewater treatment. With ongoing research and development, MFCs using industrial wastewater sludge as a source material may become a practical and economically viable technology in the future. This chapter provides an overview of the recent trends and developments on this topic. MFCs are a promising technology for sustainable electricity generation by harnessing microbial metabolic activity to convert organic matter into electrical energy. Industrial wastewater sludge, a byproduct of wastewater treatment plants, is a rich source of organic matter that can be used as a feedstock for MFCs. The chapter also discusses the various methods for producing MFC materials from industrial wastewater sludge, including pretreatment, microbial inoculation, and electrode modification. Additionally, the current state of research on the optimization of MFC materials production is reviewed, focusing on factors such as sludge type, electrode material, and operating conditions. Finally, future research directions in the field are highlighted, emphasizing the need for sustainable and cost-effective MFC material production methods for industrial wastewater treatment. Overall, this chapter provides valuable insights into the potential of industrial wastewater sludge as a feedstock for MFCs, and the advancements in MFC material production technology for sustainable energy generation and wastewater treatment.

Srinithya Ravinuthala, S. Saravanan, Saprativ P. Das

Microbial Bioremediation and Multiomics Technologies for Sustainable Development • 2024

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are technologies that break down complex organic compounds to simpler ones, while simultaneously producing electricity. This feature of MFCs allows their substantial application in wastewater bioremediation. Although MFCs have been researched for more than a century, most studies are limited to lab-scale units due to technical and economical constraints. In spite of these challenges, these technologies have greatly progressed and are being implemented in the real world to treat wastewater at industrial scales. This chapter discusses in detail the various designs and materials that are employed in such large-scale industrial systems. Over the years, there has been an exponential growth in the research and development sector for feasible and cost-effective materials leading to the development of carbon-based modified electrodes and ceramic membranes. However, there are challenges faced by these systems, especially in up-scaled systems, like internal resistances and maintenance required for low-term operations. These challenges and their possible solutions, like integration of power management systems, as well as future prospects are discussed in detail in this book chapter.

Jendri Mamangkey

International Journal Of Science, Technology & Management • 2020

The present study was conducted aiming to isolate and characterize endophytic bacterial isolates with antibacterial ability, phosphate solubilization, and proteolytic activity from rhizomes of the Zingiberaceae family (Etlingera sp., Globba patens, Globba pendula, and Zingiber multibracteata). Nineteen bacterial isolates were obtained from Zingiberaceae rhizomes with isolate codes of EZS27, EZS18, EZS19, EZS25, EZS16, EZS08, EZS09, EZS13, EZS20, EZS14, EZS10, EZS11, EZS03, EZS05, EZS06, EZS43, EZS45, EZS47, and EZS28. The screening of the endophytes for antibacterial activity was done through the paper disc method. Four bacterial isolates presented antibacterial activities. EZS06 isolate inhibited the growth of EPEC (11 mm), P. vulgaris ATCC 13315 (10 mm), and L. monocytogenes BTCC B693 (9 mm). Also, EZS20 isolate inhibited the growth of S. aureus ATCC 29213 (17 mm), EZS28 isolate inhibited MRSA ATCC 43300 (8.6 mm), and EZS45 isolate inhibited S. Epidermidis ATCC 12228 (9 mm). The EZS19, EZS03, and EZS16 isolates dissolved the phosphate most effectively. Eight isolates (EZS19, EZS47, EZS27, EZS25, EZS09, EZS20, EZS45, and EZS06) showed the best protease activity. In general, our results showed that the endophytic bacterial strains can be used as a new and useful antibacterial agent since it showed antibacterial activity and chemical diversity. Furthermore, it also has the potential for exploitation in a wide variety of medical, agricultural, and industrial areas.

John A. Troller

Journal of Milk and Food Technology • 1973

Water limitation techniques can be useful tools to preserve food materials not only from autodecomposition, but also from microbial decomposition. Besides those organisms that might render a food unfit to eat because they can produce adverse compositional and textural changes, food-borne bacterial pathogens are also influenced by the amount of available water. This review considers several major food-borne bacterial pathogens and the effect of water limitation on various aspects of their growth. Wherever possible, references have been included which pertain to the influence of water limitation on these organisms in foods. The data reviewed indicate that food-borne bacterial pathogens in general can grow at water activity levels of 0.83 to 0.999. The implications of this wide aw range for prevention of growth of food pathogens and thus, the safety of foods, are discussed.

Regivaldo Silva de Sousa, Ulrich Vasconcelos

Applied Microbiology: Theory ＆ Technology • 2022

The trans-isomer of resveratrol is a naturally occurring bioactive compound, and it is important because of its biological properties, which are beneficial to health. In recent years, interest in the antimicrobial activity of this molecule has grown; little is known, however, about its antibiofilm activity. This systematic review focused on the advances in research on the topic, in the decade up to 2021. With most studies coming from Asia, research on trans-resveratrol, alone or associated, have shown potential for exploration by the food industry. Low concentrations of the compound exhibit activity against biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria whose inhibition mechanisms are multifactorial and involve quorum sensing. Few bacterial species, however, have been investigated up to now.

Venetia A. Saunders, Richard Gregory, Jon R. Saunders

Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Second Edition • 2009

Individual-based computational modeling of biological systems is an important complement to experimental research. The individual-based model (IbM) is a bottom-up approach that considers the fate of individuals, their properties and interactions, and the influence of these interactions, holistically, on properties of the system. This contrasts with population- based models dependent on averaged behaviour of the whole system (DeAngelis & Gross, 1992; Huston, DeAngelis, & Post, 1988). IbMs can track individuals in time so that unusual events can be captured. They are particularly suited to biological simulations, where individuals might represent virtual plants, animals, or microorganisms in differing ecosystems. Lower complexity, coupled with the wealth of genetic knowledge about bacteria, allow for more realistic simulations compared with higher organisms. Accordingly, a lineage of IbMs, including Bacteria Simulator (BacSim) (Kreft, Booth, & Wimpenny, 1998; Kreft, Picioreanu, Wimpenny, & van Loosdrecht, 2001), INDividual DIScrete SIMulation (INDISIM) (Ginovart, Lopez, & Gras, 2005; Ginovart, Lopez, & Valls, 2002; Prats, Lopez, Giro, Ferrer, & Valls, 2006), COmputing Systems of Microbial Interactions and Communications (COSMIC) (Gregory, Paton, Saunders, & Wu, 2004; Paton, Gregory, Vlachos, Saunders, & Wu, 2004), RUle-based BActerial Modeling (RUBAM) (Paton, Vlachos, Wu, & Saunders, 2006; Vlachos, Paton, Saunders, & Wu, 2006) and COSMIC-Rules (Gregory, Saunders, & Saunders, 2006, 2008b), based on COSMIC and RUBAM, has been developed for bacterial simulations. Although all these models are individual-based, underlying simulation mechanisms and aims vary. BacSim was the first to use IbM in a recognizable biological context (Kreft et al., 1998, 2001) aiming to model growth and cell division, quantitatively, at the population level, using a pseudocontinuous 2-dimensional world with restricted nutrients. INDISIM is based on stronger mathematical foundations, and is a discrete space and time stochastic simulation of colony growth, largely based on random variables (Ginovart et al., 2002). Each cell is a set of parameters existing at a discrete location. COSMIC uses pseudocontinuous space and discrete time to model evolution of cells (Gregory et al., 2004). Each cell contains a bit string genome that interacts with itself and the environment. This model is largely deterministic, although random events do have a role. It can run in a parallel machine, though any random effects this creates have been removed. RUBAM is a simplification of COSMIC, with pseudocontinuous space, discrete time, and a much more simplified genome. It aims to model adaptation (Vlachos et al., 2006). The simplified genome allows for comparatively rapid simulations that show adaptation and acquired resistance to antibiotics. COSMIC-Rules is a culmination of IbM modeling design, having an effective balance of modeling detail while being computationally tractable (Gregory et al., 2006, 2008b). Like COSMIC, it is a parallel simulation with pseudocontinuous space and discrete time. It uses a genome abstraction to represent the conditions and outputs of complex biochemical pathways, while incorporating an element of specificity and means of simulating evolution. Like the other IbMs considered here, each individual has its own parameters and state. Unlike the other IbMs, the scope of COSMIC-Rules covers vertical and horizontal gene transfer using populations of millions of cells.

Purbajyoti Deka, Gajanan T. Mehetre, Esther Lalnunmawii et al.

Fermentation • 2021

Traditional fermented foods have been recognized by various communities to be good for health since ancient times. There is a provincial legacy of traditional fermented foods among the ethnic population of North-East India. Fermented bamboo shoots (local name: Tuaither), soybeans (Bekang), and pork fat (Sa-um) are famous in the Mizoram state and represent a primary portion of the daily diet. These foods are prepared using methods based on cultural traditions inherited from previous generations, and prepared using a relatively uncontrolled fermentation process. Analysis of the bacterial diversity in these foods can provide important information regarding the flavor and texture of the final products of fermentation. Unfortunately, studies on the microbial composition and health benefits of such traditional fermented foods have rarely been documented. Therefore, the present study aims to highlight this bacterial diversity, along with the proximate composition of different traditional fermented foods (Tuaither, Bekang and Sa-um) primarily consumed in Mizoram state, India. Samples were collected on three different days of fermentation (3rd, 5th and 7th day), and bacterial diversity analysis was performed using the V3-V4 variable region of 16S rRNA gene with Illumina sequencing. Results revealed differences in the bacterial composition of dominant group members among all of the three food types. Firmicutes (82.72–94.00%), followed by Proteobacteria (4.67–15.01%), were found to dominate to varying degrees in all three of the fermented foods. However, at genus level high variation was observed in bacterial composition among these three different types of fermented foods. Lactobacillus (91.64–77.16%), Staphylococcus (52.00–17.90%), and Clostridium (72.48–55.40%) exhibited the highest relative abundances in the Tuaither, Bekang and Sa-um foods, respectively, in descending order from the 3rd to 7th day of fermentation. A few of the bacterial genera such as Lactobacilli were positively correlated with fermented bamboo shoot samples, and Staphylococcus was positively correlated with protein, carbohydrate and crude fiber content in soybean samples. In general, Tuaither, Bekang and Sa-um exhibited distinct differences in bacterial composition. This variation may be due to differences in the raw materials and/or methods used in the preparation of the different fermented food products. This is the first study to describe the bacterial composition of these traditional fermented foods using high-throughput sequencing techniques, and could help to drive research attention to comprehensive studies on improving understanding of the role of microbial communities in the preparation of traditional foods and their health benefits.

Burdet Heinemann, M. Robert Rohr

Journal of Milk and Food Technology • 1953

A simplified screening test is described for estimating the bacterial population of Grade A milk. The method employs an anchor-shaped dipper for measuring and sampling milk from the weigh-vat. The sample is transferred directly to prepared dilution bottles. A 0.01 ml milk transfer loop is used to inoculate 3 ml of agar in a 1-ounce screw-cap bottle. The bottle is laid on its side, incubated 48 hours, and the colonies counted. The number of colonies multiplied by 5,000 yields the bacterial estimates. Results compare favorably with the Standard Plant Count.

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering • 2019

Cracks formed in concrete are inescapable and are one of the major reasons for the weaknesses of concrete. Majorly water along with other components penetrate through these cracks resulting in corrosion thereby reducing the strength of concrete directly hampering its life. The objective of present research work is to promote sustainable development and to identify sustainable materials for treating cracks formed in concrete. Various researches have shown positive results by adding calcite precipitating bacteria in concrete, also known as bacterial concrete or self-healing concrete. This research is dedicated to check the suitability of mixing these self-healing calcite depositing bacteria with concrete in order to increase the compressive strength of concrete, reduce its permeability and seepage of water by bio-mineralization process. Substantial increase in strength is observed in concrete specimens when casted with bacterial solution. The study has devised methods or ways to test the effect of use of bacteria in concrete. Tests on concrete slab with various combinations of bacterial solution as well as varied percentage of bacterial solution have been conducted. Use of bacterial solution for surface application on slab to test the sealing capacity is done. Results have been compared with conventional concrete. Biological modifications of construction materials are the need of the hour for strength improvement and long term sustainability. The present study proposes a promising sustainable repair method for concrete.

M Meghashree, Neethu Urs, N K Geetha et al.

Research Square • 2025

Abstract This research investigates the self-healing potential of Bacillus subtilis in concrete due to its high capacity for calcium carbonate precipitation. Mathematical modelling and machine learning methods, i.e., Random Forest Method (RFM) and Kuhn-Tucker (KT) Condition, were used to maximize healing efficiency. Bacteria-free and bacteria-containing concrete samples were subjected to control cracking, and results indicated complete healing of cracks in 21 days under optimal curing conditions. Comparative study of river sand (RS) and manufactured sand (MS) in bacterial concrete indicated improved mechanical strength in MS-based bacterial concrete with 9.27% improvement in compressive strength and 12.78% and 6.36% improvement in split tensile and flexural strengths, respectively. Load removal and subsequent re-loading tests indicated effective healing of cracks up to 1 mm, especially in 14 day cured samples. Besides, reinforced concrete beams (M20, M25 and M30) were subjected to flexural stress and load removal and subsequent re-loading. 14 and 28-day cured beams exhibited complete closure of cracks within 21 days, indicating the dependability of bacterial self-healing mechanisms. This research identifies Bacillus subtilis-based self-healing concrete as a cost-effective, sustainable, and durable material for infrastructure durability. Future studies should aim at field application, large-scale production, and optimization of bacterial survival rates for global application.

Ryosuke Kadoya, Hitomi Soga, Miki Matsuda et al.

Polymers • 2023

The lactate-based polyester poly[lactate (LA)-co-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB)], termed LAHB, is a highly transparent and flexible bio-based polymeric material. There are many unknowns regarding its degradation process in riverine environments, especially the changes in bacterial flora that might result from its degradation and the identities of any LAHB-degrading bacteria. LAHB were immersed in the river water samples (A and B), and LAHB degradation was observed in terms of the weight change of the polymer and the microscopic changes on the polymer surfaces. A metagenomic analysis of microorganisms was conducted to determine the effect of LAHB degradation on the aquatic environment. The bacterial flora obtained from beta diversity analysis differed between the two river samples. The river A water sample showed the simultaneous degradation of LA and 3HB even though the copolymer was LA-enriched, suggesting preferable hydrolysis of the LA-enriched segments. In contrast, only 3HB degraded for the LAHB in the river B water sample. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis revealed 14 bacteria that were significantly increased in the river A water sample during LAHB degradation, suggesting that these bacteria preferentially degraded and assimilated LA-clustering polymers. Our metagenomic analysis provides useful insights into the dynamic changes in microbial communities and LA-clustering polymer-degrading bacteria.

L. GLASS, T. I. HEDRICK

Journal of Milk and Food Technology • 1976

Five brands of whole milk from retail stores were analyzed for quantitative vitamin changes when the samples had developed off flavor in storage at 10 C. Vitamins A, B6, and niacin decreased by a small but significant amount. Average concentration of thiamine, riboflavin, and B12 were not changed during bacterial growth. Cultures for Dagano cheese and yogurt and two strains of Streptococcus lactis decreased the contents of Vitamin A, riboflavin, and B12 during growth. The averages for thiamine and B6 content were not significantly changed. Niacin content was decreased by growth of each of the four cultures. Three strains of Bacillus subtilis and six other species of bacteria that caused off flavor in milk during growth produced no significant changes in contents of Vitamins A, B6, B12, and riboflavin. The mean contents of thiamine and niacin were decreased, but two species did not cause a decrease in niacin.

Shohreh Khatami, Ghobad Behzadi pour, Sedigheh Fekri aval

Research Square • 2023

Abstract The main objective of this work was to design a large-scale cold atmospheric plasma brush (LSCAPB) that can produce a perfectly homogenous large area capable of producing plasma with a length of about 5 cm for studying the inactivation effect of plasma on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that commonly implicated in Food infections. Gram-positive (L. Monocytogenes, B. Cereus) and Gram-negative (S. Typhi, V. Cholerae) bacteria with an initial population density of 1.5×10 8 CFU mL − 1 were treated, and their survivability with plasma exposure was examined. The effect of plasma exposure in the reduction of bacteria population was investigated using OD600 absorbance, and changes in cell structure and membrane were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Comet assay analysis was used for studying the effect of plasma exposure on DNA damage, and changes in chemical bond were analyzed by FTIR analysis. So, the best destruction is obtained at the voltage of 25 kV for all types of bacteria. This study indicates that the inactivation effect of LSCAPB correlates with the kind of bacteria. We demonstrated LSCAPB can be one of the most efficient methods for the inactivation of different types of bacteria.

Zurai Resti, Yenny Liswarni, Martinius Martinius

Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology • 2020

The consortia of endophytic bacteria with various mechanisms (competition, antibiotics, induction of resistance, and others), simultaneously, are more effective in controlling pathogens and increasing plant growth. The purpose of this study was to obtain endophytic bacterial consortia capable of suppressing of bacterial leaf blight and promoting the growth of rice plants. The study consisted of three experimental stages. The first stage was the test on the antibiosis ability of the endophytic bacterial consortia to suppress of pathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) using the Kirby Bauer method. The second stage was the test on the ability of endophytic bacterial consortia to promote the growth of rice seedlings. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which consisted of six combinations of endophytic bacterial consortia and 15 replications within each combination. The endophytic bacterial consortia were introduced by soaking the seeds, and the observations were made on the plant height, number of leaves, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of rice seedlings. Meanwhile, the third stage was the test on the ability of endophytic bacterial consortia to suppress of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) diseases and to promote the rice plant growth. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six combinations of endophytic bacterial consortia and five replications within each combination. The endophytic bacterial consortia were introduced by soaking the roots of the seedlings. The observations were made on the incidence of disease, disease severity, number of leaves, plant height, and number of tillers. The results showed that all endophytic bacterial consortia had antibiosis abilities. The best endophytic bacterial consortia for controlling bacterial leaf blight and promoting the growth of rice seedlings and plants were the C (Bacillus sp SJI; Bacillus sp HI) and D (Bacillus sp SJI; S.marcescens isolate JB1E3) consortia.

Thomas J. Smith

Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology • 2009

Abstract Bacteria that grow using alkenes as their carbon and energy source produce monooxygenase enzymes that catalyze the initial step in alkene metabolism: oxygenation of the alkene to give an epoxide functional group. Among the best characterized groups of alkene‐oxidizing enzymes are multicomponent soluble alkene monooxygenases (AkMOs) that have a binuclear iron active site and are homologous to soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) from methane‐oxidizing bacteria. AkMOs have attracted attention because of their ability to produce valuable chiral epoxides, often with high enantiomeric excess as well as their capacity to bioremediate pollution caused by chlorinated alkenes such as trichloroethene (TCE). At least one industrial process for epoxide production has been developed using AkMO‐expressing cells as the biocatalyst. AkMOs from Rhodococcus rhodochrous B‐276, Xanthobacter autotrophicus Py2, and Mycobacterium spp. have been characterized biochemically and genetically, and systems for genetic modification and directed evolution have been developed, which open the way to use of genetic methods to manipulate the properties of these potentially very useful enzymes. Other alkene‐utilizing bacteria that elaborate the flavin active‐center styrene monooxygenase also have potential for synthesis of chiral epoxides, especially molecules with aromatic substituents. Di‐iron center monooxygenases, including membrane‐associated enzymes unrelated to the soluble di‐iron AkMOs, from bacteria that do not naturally grow on alkenes also catalyze enantioselective epoxygenation of alkenes. Future genetic improvements in the catalytic properties of stereoselective alkene‐oxidizing enzymes, together with a drive toward less polluting and more renewable technology, may lead to greater commercial exploitation of these enzymes for bioremediation and synthesis of chiral epoxides.

Michał Michałowski, Błażej Wacikowski

Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology • 2020

Review of the industrial applications of bacterial cellulose. Bacterial cellulose (BC) differs from plant cellulose in fibre diameter, which for BC is between 20 and 100 nm. Literature data indicates that BC has a crystalline level of 90% and is thermally stable and has higher mechanical properties than plant cellulose. The purity of BC is estimated in the range of 98% because it is not contaminated with lignin, pectin and hemicelluloses like plant cellulose. The BC is used in medicine, cosmetics, electronics, food, paper and packaging industries. So far, bacterial cellulose has not been implemented for technological applications in the wood-based panels industry. Current research and development trends in the wood-based panels industry include the use of plant-based nanocellulose to improve selected properties of wood-based panels of various types. It should be assumed that BC may be a full value material ingredient in the production of wood-based panels, simultaneously improving mechanical and physical parameters of composites manufactured with its participation.

C. N. Huhtanen

Journal of Milk and Food Technology • 1968

Raw milk samples were plated and incubated at seven temperatures (2, 10, 20, 27, 30, 33 and 37 C). Lowest counts were obtained at 37 C. Plates at 33 C showed higher counts than at 37 C but were significantly lower than the other temperatures. The 10, 20, 27 and 30 C incubated plates were not statistically different in counts. When 32 C was substituted for 33 C, there was a significant difference (lower) only in the 37 C count. Colonies from 2, 20, 27, 33 and 37 C plates were picked and stabbed into plates subsequently incubated at these temperatures. All colonies developed best at 20 and 27 C. Evidence is presented that psychrophilic counts can be indirectly determined as the difference between counts at 27 C and 37 C.

Tuğçe Tüccar, Esra Ilhan-Sungur, Gerard Muyzer

Johnson Matthey Technology Review • 2020

Oil fields harbour a wide variety of microorganisms with different metabolic capabilities. To examine the microbial ecology of petroleum reservoirs, a molecular-based approach was used to assess the composition of bacterial communities in produced water of Diyarbakır oil fields in Turkey. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments was performed to characterise the bacterial community structure of produced water samples and to identify predominant community members after sequencing of separated DGGE bands. The majority of bacterial sequences retrieved from DGGE analysis of produced water samples belonged to unclassified bacteria (50%). Among the classified bacteria, Proteobacteria (29.2%), Firmicutes (8.3%), Bacteroidetes (8.3%) and Actinobacteria (4.2%) groups were identified. Pseudomonas was the dominant genus detected in the produced water samples. The results of this research provide, for the first time, insight into the complexity of microbial communities in the Diyarbakır oil reservoirs and their dominant constituents.

А. Kapustyan, N. Cherno

Food Science and Technology • 2016

It is shown that microorganisms are an integral element of the mаcroorganism immune system.Peptidoglycan, muramyldypeptyd, teichoic acids are structural components of cell walls of microorganisms. These componentsare an object for recognition of the innate immunity system. The necessity of the bacteria cell walls destruction with a view toobtain the immunotropic products for enteral consumption, able to overcome the intestinal barrier, was substantiated.The use of lactic acid bacteria (ICD) for such purposes is perspective and safe, since the considerable experience oftheir cultivation was accumulated, in addition, ICD have got «GRAS» (Generally Recognized As Safe) status. Waste productsof ICD are organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocins and others. These substances have got antagonist activity, implicitlyaffect on the immune system, reducing the antigenic load caused by pathogenic microorganisms.A number of physical, chemical and biochemical methods of bacteria cell walls destruction were considered. Thepriority methods is the soft influence, namely the use of specific enzymes or hydrolases, own autolyzins with a combination ofphysical destruction methods.

James H. Martin

Journal of Milk and Food Technology • 1974

Sporeforming bacteria are present in practically all raw milk, but usually in small numbers if the milk is produced under modern sanitary conditions. There appears to be no relationship between total bacteria and spore counts, nor between total bacteria and the incidence of any given species of sporeforming organism. Bacillus species account for about 95% of the total sporeforming bacteria in milk, with Clostridium species comprising the remainder. In the United States, approximately 43% of the Bacillus organisms are B. licheniformis and 37% are B. cereus. Reports from some other countries indicate a predominance of B. cereus, or essentially a reversal in the prevalance of these two species. Spores of both these organisms survive low temperature pasteurization, some persisting through even the lower temperatures in the ultra-high range, and recent reports indicate that some sporeformers are psychrotrophic. B. cereus has been implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness, but this is still controversial. Should B. cereus be proven capable of growing in the psychrotrophic range, and also responsible for food-borne illness, then the significance of spores in milk would take on added importance.

Shen’ao Yang

Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology • 2022

The abuse of antibiotics has brought a series of medical problems including the increase of bacterial drug-resistance. Given the current conditions researchers tend to develop a new field of medicines to gradually replace conventional anti-bacterial agents. Nanomaterials-based anti-bacterial agents have drawn tremendous interest because of a range of advantages over traditional anti-bacterial agents including higher efficiency, low provocation of drug-resistance, lower cost and other specific properties given by the nanoscale, making it a research topic in great demand. At present, numerous categories of anti-bacterial agents have been developed and completed with various properties, and along with the process many hypothesis and mechanisms have been suggested to serve as conferences to guide further research and creation. This research aims at summarizing mechanisms of current typical nanomaterials-based anti-bacterial agents including anti-bacterial peptide, carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) and metal nanomaterials while also providing related application fields in order to give a primary and wide acknowledge.

Karl W. Hagen

Journal of Milk and Food Technology • 1970

Bacterial examinations were made of skin surfaces of rabbit carcasses following several methods of processing. There was a correlation between high bacterial counts and shelf life. Prolonged pre-chilling shortened shelf life. The value of adding ice to chill water was not indicated but 15 ppm chlorine lowered bacterial counts and extended shelf life one day. The types of organisms encountered were micrococci, coliforms, gram-positive bacilli, and pasteurellae.

Suman Rai, Shiva Kumar Rai

Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology • 2017

Zanthoxylum armatum is a medicinal plant found in the Himalayan range. The present study was carried out to unravel the antimicrobial activities of Z. armatum oleoresin against bacteria isolated from raw pork and chicken meat sold in Dharan submetropolitan city. Five bacterial species Salmonella enterica var Typhi, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated. The antimicrobial activity of oleoresin extracted from Z. armatum was tested by agar well diffusion method and MICs were compared with standard antibiotics against isolated bacteria. The MIC values of oleoresin were ranged from 25-75 μl/mL. Zone of inhibition for oleoresin extracted with acetone was 10 mm (25 μl/mL) against Shigella dysenteriae and Staphylococcus aureus, and 9.5mm (25 μl/mL) against Escherichia coli respectively. Zone of inhibition of oleoresin extracted with chloroform was 12 mm (25 μl/mL) and 11 mm (25 μl/mL) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, that of oleoresin extracted with cyclohexane was 10mm(25 μl/mL and 50 μl/mL) against all the isolates, except Bacillus cereus. Zone of inhibition of oleoresin extracted with methanol was 10mm (25 μl/mL) and 9.5 cm (25 μl/mL) against Shigella dysenteriae and Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli respectively. Zone of inhibition of oleoresin extracted with petroleum ether was 10 mm (25 μl/mL and (50 μl/mL) against Escherichia coli and all the isolates except Escherichia coli. Increasing oleoresin concentrations showed greater antimicrobial effect on the isolates. Bacillus cereus was most affected; comparatively, Salmonella enterica var Typhi was least affected by all the antibiotics.

Gautam Panwar, Ankur Vashishtha, Navdeep Singh et al.

COMPENDIUM OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNOLOGY • 2023

Bacterial infections encompass a diverse array of diseases, each with unique clinical presentations and implications. Accurate and timely diagnosis of these infections is essential for effective patient management, infection control, and antimicrobial stewardship. This chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of the intricate process of bacterial laboratory diagnosis, highlighting critical steps and methodologies. Starting with the collection and transportation of clinical samples, we underscore the significance of maintaining sample integrity to minimize contamination risks. Precise sample receipt, logging, and preparation are foundational for subsequent diagnostic procedures. Gram staining, a fundamental step, enables the initial classification of bacteria as Gram-positive or Gram-negative, guiding downstream diagnostic decisions. Further processing may be necessitated based on Gram stain findings, with selective media cultivation being central for the isolation of specific bacterial pathogens. In-depth examination of colonial morphology and biochemical tests refines bacterial identification. The chapter delves into the nuances of bacterial identification techniques, ranging from traditional phenotypic assays to advanced molecular methods like PCR and DNA sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing emerges as a pivotal aspect for guiding treatment decisions, and serological tests play a critical role in diagnosing specific bacterial infections. Emphasis is placed on the importance of precise and timely result reporting and the vital role of clinical correlation in interpreting laboratory findings. Looking toward the future, the chapter explores emerging technologies, including automation, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics, poised to revolutionize bacterial diagnosis. These innovations hold the promise of faster turnaround times and enhanced diagnostic accuracy but also bring forth ethical and regulatory considerations. In a medical landscape characterized by ever-evolving pathogens and antimicrobial resistance, the capacity to diagnose bacterial infections with precision remains central to patient care and public health. This chapter provides a comprehensive roadmap for navigating the intricate world of bacterial laboratory diagnosis.

Błażej Wacikowski, Michał Michałowski

Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology • 2020

The possibility of using bacterial cellulose in particleboard technology. The paper presents the results of the influence of bacterial cellulose multiplication on industrial pine particles (used in wood materials technology), and then the use of the obtained biomass in the production of particleboards with reduced density LP1 type. Based on previous preliminary studies it was determined that the most effective growth of bacterial cellulose occurs using 5% wood particles in the breeding mixture. Two series of particleboards were produced: control and containing bacterial cellulose. Selected mechanical properties of produced particleboards (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond) and selected physical properties (swelling and water absorption after 2 and 24 hours of soaking in water) were determined in turn. The boards made with bacterial cellulose had lower MOR and MOE values. Swelling after 2 and 24 hours was lower for boards with bacterial cellulose. The presented tests allow to state that bacterial cellulose can be a potential raw material ingredient in the production of particleboard while meeting the minimum requirements of the technical specification for boards with reduced density LP1.

Mohd Akhlak, Seema Negi, Sanjay Kumar

COMPENDIUM OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNOLOGY • 2023

Upper respiratory and lower respiratory system bacterial infections represent a significant global health burden, contributing to illness (condition) and death rate worldwide. While Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a pivotal concern, this comprehensive study on bacterial infections affecting the respiratory tracts upper and lower, excluding tuberculosis. This study provides thorough understanding of the diverse bacterial pathogens, their epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and current treatment modalities.