Aqiang Wu, Mingxing Wang, Yaming Pang et al.

Battery Energy • 2025

ABSTRACT Bacterial cellulose (BC) as a natural polymer possessing ultrafine nanofibrous network and high crystallinity, leading to its remarkable tensile strength, moisture retention and natural degradability. In this study, we revealed that this BC membrane has excellent affinity to organic electrolyte, high ionic conductivity and inherent ion selectivity as well. Due to its ability of migrating lithium ions and suppressing the shuttling of anions across the membranes, it is deemed as available model for iodide‐assisted lithium‐oxygen batteries (LOBs). The cycle life of the LOBs significantly extends from 74 rounds to 341 rounds at 1.0 A g −1 with a fixed capacity of 1000 mAh g −1 , when replacing glass fiber (GF) by BC membrane. More importantly, the rate performance improves significantly from 42 to 36 cycles to 215 and 116 cycles after equipping with the BC membrane at 3.0 and 5.0 A g −1 . Surprisingly, the full discharge capacity dramatically enhanced by ca. eight times from 4,163 mAh g −1 (GF) to 32,310 mAh g −1 (BC). Benefited from the convenient biosynthesis, cost‐effectiveness and high chemical‐thermal stability, these qualities of the BC membrane accelerate the development and make it more viable for application in advancing next‐generation environmentally friendly LOBs technology with high energy density.

A. Pancharoen, S. Poomjan, T. Taengtang et al.

Advanced Materials Research • 2014

In this research, we present a fabrication of an electric generation experimental kit which is comprised of pineapple peel residue from agricultural industries. Juice from squeezing pineapple peel was used as electrolyte of a galvanic cell. Sufficient acidity of the juice could activate electrochemical reaction in the galvanic cell kit using a zinc plate and copper plate as electrodes. During the experiment, adjustable distances between the two electrodes were controlled to obtain maximum output voltage. It has been already known that a galvanic cell with a lower distance between electrodes could provide higher output voltage but both electrodes could not touch each other. Experimental results from controlling distances between the 2 electrodes showed that the galvanic cell kit could provide high output voltage of 1.00 V which was able to apply in electronic devices.

David C. Miller, Kenneth A. Gall, Conrad R. Stoldt

Microelectromechanical Systems • 2004

The addition of a noble metallization layer to doped polysilicon results in the formation of a galvanic cell when the composite is submerged in aqueous hydrofluoric acid. A corrosion current created by the galvanic cell promotes the electrochemical etching of silicon in contact with the acidic solution. Here, we demonstrate the galvanic corrosion of phosphorus-doped polysilicon when a gold metallization layer is used. As a consequence of galvanic corrosion, a number of significant changes to the polysilicon structural layers are observed including a finite polysilicon etch rate, an increase in electrical resistance (both ohmic and non-ohmic), a change in curvature (i.e. mechanical shape), and a decrease in mechanical resonant frequency. The observed change in electrical and mechanical performance on micromechanical structures necessitates more careful consideration of the post-processing procedures, as well as the choice of device metallization layer. The physical impact of corrosion becomes even more significant as device scale is decreased.

Qiang Ding, Chao Ye

Microbial Cell Factories • 2023

Abstract Background Advanced DNA synthesis, biosensor assembly, and genetic circuit development in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have reinforced the application of filamentous bacteria, yeasts, and fungi as promising chassis cells for chemical production, but their industrial application remains a major challenge that needs to be solved. Results As important chassis strains, filamentous microorganisms can synthesize important enzymes, chemicals, and niche pharmaceutical products through microbial fermentation. With the aid of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, filamentous bacteria, yeasts, and fungi can be developed into efficient microbial cell factories through genome engineering, pathway engineering, tolerance engineering, and microbial engineering. Mutant screening and metabolic engineering can be used in filamentous bacteria, filamentous yeasts ( Candida glabrata, Candida utilis ), and filamentous fungi ( Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp.) to greatly increase their capacity for chemical production. This review highlights the potential of using biotechnology to further develop filamentous bacteria, yeasts, and fungi as alternative chassis strains. Conclusions In this review, we recapitulate the recent progress in the application of filamentous bacteria, yeasts, and fungi as microbial cell factories. Furthermore, emphasis on metabolic engineering strategies involved in cellular tolerance, metabolic engineering, and screening are discussed. Finally, we offer an outlook on advanced techniques for the engineering of filamentous bacteria, yeasts, and fungi.

Robert Baboian

Galvanic and Pitting Corrosion—Field and Laboratory Studies • 1976

The various electrochemical techniques for predicting galvanic corrosion behavior of metals are described. Each method is evaluated on the basis of practicality using specific galvanic couples as examples. The paper describes some serious shortcomings of the existing techniques and warns of the dangers of their improper use.

A.G. Volkov, N.Zh. Dikopova, V.M. Grinin et al.

Stomatology • 2025

The objective of this work is to study the effectiveness of a method for determining the activity of a galvanic cell in the absence and presence of galvanic syndrome and diseases of the oral mucosa, the development of which may be associated with the irritating effect of direct electric current. Material and methods. Three groups of 50 patients were examined. All patients had at least 2 metal structures in the oral cavity. The first group consisted of patients without diseases of the oral mucosa and the absence of complaints specific to galvanic syndrome. The second group included patients without signs of pathological changes in the oral mucosa but with complaints are specific to galvanic syndrome. The third group consisted of patients with diseases of oral mucosa, the development of which could be due to the irritating effect of direct electric current. The electrochemical potential of each metal structure was determined and the difference between the potential obtained was calculated to detect metal structures that could form a galvanic pair. To determine the activity of a galvanic cell formed by galvanic vapors, the hydrogen index of the gingival fluid in the area of these structures was determined. The results of the study. The difference in the electrochemical potentials of metal structures in the studied groups had no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) and amounted to: 129±24.7 mV in the first group, 138±35.3 mV in the second, 135±19.8 mV in the third. In the first group, 92% of patients had no significant difference in the hydrogen parameters of gingival fluid near pairs of metal structures (p>0.05). The hydrogen values were 6.6±0.26 at the cathode and 6.9±0.35 at the anode. In the second group, 88% of patients showed significant credible differences (p<0.05) in the hydrogen parameters of the gingival fluid near metal structures, at the cathode — 7.9±0.42, and at the anode — 6.3±0.31. In the third group, 86% of patients also showed a high difference in the hydrogen parameters of the gingival fluid near metal structures, at the cathode — 7.8±0.29, at the anode — 6.3±0.22 (p<0.05). Conclusion. A method for detecting the activity of a galvanic element in the oral cavity, which consists in measuring the hydrogen parameters of the gingival fluid near metal structures forming a galvanic pair, allows you to objectively assess whether the galvanic element is in a passive or active state. In the absence of galvanic syndrome and diseases of the oral mucosa, the detection rate of active galvanic cells was only 8%, wwhile in the presence of galvanic syndrome it was 88%, and in diseases of the oral mucosa it was 86%.

A. Mishra, M. Chhabra

Algal Systems for Resource Recovery from Waste and Wastewater • 2023

Abstract Biofuels from algae have the potential to completely replace fossil-based fuels and provide energy security for the future. However, the cost of algae biofuels is still too high for commercial application. In this context, producing algae and electrical energy using photosynthetic microbial fuel cells (PMFCs) is an attractive option. PMFCs utilize the natural process of photosynthesis for algae generation or algae degradation at the anode. In the former system, the process of organic matter degradation complements the process of algae biomass production with concomitant power generation. Electrogenic bacteria oxidize organic matter at the anode anaerobically. The anode transfers the electrons released through oxidation to the cathode, where photosynthetic organisms produce oxygen (O2) as a cathodic electron acceptor. The suitability of bio-electrochemical systems such as microbial fuel cells for algae cultivation can be assessed by comparing them with the conventional method of cultivation, namely open ponds and photobioreactors. PMFCs offer a process that can provide high carbon dioxide concentrations for algal growth, has a mechanism to prevent high inhibitory O2 concentrations and can meet a fraction of the process electricity requirements. The algae biomass can go as high as 4–5 g/L in a PMFC and power output doubles due to activity of algae at the cathode compartment. This chapter discusses the algal growth in bio-electrochemical systems, the factors that influence them and directions for future research.

Khalid Suleiman, Mutaib Aljulidan, Gamaleldin Hussein et al.

JMIRx Bio • 2024

Background The culture of immortal cell lines has become an indispensable tool in the field of modern biotechnology and has been used in the production of human and viral veterinary vaccines, therapeutic recombinant proteins, interferons, and monoclonal antibodies. Several approaches are used to immortalize cells in culture, such as transduction of cells with viral oncogenes, induced expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase, and spontaneous immortalization by serial passage of primary cell lines. Objective This study aimed to establish an immortal cell line by serial passage of fetal ovine heart cells that could be used to produce veterinary viral vaccines. Methods We serially passaged primary heart cells prepared from a fetal ovine heart till passage 140. We studied the events that led to the transformation and immortalization of the cell line under light and phase contrast microscopy. DNA samples of the cell line at passages 22 (before transformation) and 47 (after transformation) were genotyped according to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using the OvineSNP50 BeadChip (Illumina). We sequenced the cytochrome b gene, control region, and tRNA-Phe and 12S rRNA genes of the mitochondrial genome of the cell line at passages 26 and 59 by Sanger sequencing. The susceptibility of the cell line to sheep pox, Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), lumpy skin disease (LSD), Rift Valley fever (RVF), and camel pox viruses was investigated. Results We established a unique immortal cell line called fetal ovine heart–Saudi Arabia (FOH-SA) by serial passage of fetal ovine heart cells. We demonstrated that the transformation or immortalization of the cell line resulted from spontaneous cellular and nuclear fusion of 2 morphologically distinct cardiocytes at passage 29. Fused cells at passage 29 gave rise to progeny cells, which grew into multicellular filaments that persisted at passages 30, 31, and 32. Trypsinization of the filamentous multicellular growth at passage 32 gave an epithelial-type immortal heart cell line. SNP genotyping revealed 65% and 96% homozygosity in SNP genotypes of the cell line at passages 22 and 47, respectively. Partial sequencing of the mitochondrial genome of the cell line revealed mutational events in the control region and the tRNA-Phe and 12S rRNA genes of the mitochondrial genome of passage 59 cells. The cell line was found to be permissive to sheep pox, PPR, LSD, RVF, and camel pox viruses. Conclusions We established an immortal cell line by serial passage of primary fetal ovine heart cells, which was permissive to many animal viruses. It could be used in animal virus isolation, vaccine production, and biotechnology. The study reported spontaneous cell fusion of cardiocytes as a method of cell immortalization. The findings of this study might help address the mystery of how the VERO cell line evolved.

Saikumari N, Sudhakhar K S

Research Square • 2023

Abstract In recent days synthesis and structuring of intelligent nano materials investigated and reported has developed critical scientific ideas to the greater extent. The excellent thermal, optical and electrical properties along with its resistant to corrosion, wear, oxidation and erosion made it unique for sustainable environmental applications. Here nano structured Titanium di oxide particles synthesized from its precursor via template assisted sol-gel technique have been verified as corrosion inhibitor of brass alloy in acid medium along with its photo catalytic and anti-microbial applications. The physico-chemical parameters of the synthesized nano materials were studied using XRD, FT-IR, UV-DRS, SEM, TEM and BET analytical techniques and revealed the impact of tea leaf extract as a template in producing a nano catalyst NTG about 14 nm in size with tailored structural, optical and morphological characteristics. The rate of corrosion of a brass strip in acid medium is verified by weight loss method and the inhibitor efficiency increased with the increase in concentration of the nano catalyst. The catalytic activity is proved against the photo degradation of a toxic melamine, a trimer of cyanamide. The synthesized nano catalyst showed excellent antimicrobial properties proven against the growth of K. pneumonia and H. influenza.

, Abhijit Biswas

Biotechnology Kiosk • 2021

The ongoing research in the sustainable energy sector has shown tremendous potential of microbes or electro-active biofilms (EABfs). These biofilms act as the important component of bioprocessing technologies that are based on bio-electrochemical systems (BESs). EABfs exhibit unique characteristics including redox reactions and resilience against otherwise harmful products that make BESs promising for important applications in energy recovery in the form of electricity or hydrogen or even production of fuels or chemicals from CO2. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of EABfs characteristics is considered essential for the optimization of BESs for practical applications. To this end, a wide range of characterization techniques based on electrochemical, visual and chemical methods have been employed for the analyses of EABfs. These techniques can provide very valuable and wide-ranging information about EABfs that include performance, morphology and biofilm composition. Especially, significant attention has been paid to developing non-destructive visual techniques for EABfs characterization. The goal is to obtain in-situ information of EABfs functioning for industrial-scale development of BESs. Visual techniques are considered extremely useful for EABfs monitoring studies that can complement the information obtained with other characterization techniques. In this perspective, we have provided a short overview of various visual characterization techniques that have been proposed to study EABfs for the optimization of BESs.

Das Sagnik, Palit Sukanchan

International Journal of pharma and Bio Sciences • 2021

Environmental engineering, environmental protection and chemical process engineering are today in the avenues of new scientific revelation and deep scientific regeneration. Industrial wastewater treatment and water purification stand in the midst of scientific introspection and scientific comprehension. Both conventional and non-conventional environmental engineering techniques are today the needs of the hour. Non-conventional environmental engineering techniques involve electrochemical treatments and advanced oxidation processes. This review investigates the application of electrochemical technologies for the treatment of industrial wastewater. In the article we have also depicted profoundly the immediate need and the immediate concerns of electrochemical treatments of industrial wastewater. The applications of nanotechnology are also delineated in minute details. The main objective of this article is to elucidate on electrochemical technologies, nanotechnology applications and non- conventional environmental protection methods. The present study deeply deals with various electrochemical technologies in the treatment of industrial wastewater. Various areas of nanomaterials and engineering nanomaterials applications in the treatment of water and wastewater are the other areas of deep scientific research pursuit. Heavy metal groundwater remediation and electrochemical treatments are also dealt with scientific vision and scientific ingenuity in this paper. Arsenic groundwater contamination is a disaster to human life on earth. The authors also stresses on these areas of scientific introspection.

Zahraa Zahraa A.kadhim, Ali H. Abbar

Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal • 2022

The kinetics of nickel removal from aqueous solutions using a bio-electrochemical reactor with a packed bed rotating cylinder cathode was investigated. The effects of applied voltage, initial nickel concentration, the rotation speed of the cathode, and pH on the reaction rate constant (k) were studied. The results showed that the cathodic deposition occurred under mass transfer control for all values of the applied voltage used in this research. Accordingly, the relationship between concentration and time can be represented by a first-order equation. The rate constant was found to be dependent on the applied voltage, initial nickel concentration, pH, and rotation speed. It was increased as the applied voltage increased and decreased as the initial concentration increased. Its relation to the applied voltage can be fitted as follows: where ko =0.01695 min-1 and -β=0.431. pH and rotation speed have two dissimilar effects on the rate constant. Increasing the pH from 3-6 leads to an increase in the rate constant, while a decrease in the rate constant beyond pH=6 has occurred. Increasing the rotation from 100 to 300 rpm results in an increase in the rate constant. However, the rate constant decreases significantly beyond a rotation speed of 300 rpm.

Tanneru Hemanth Kumar, M.P Resmi Suresh, Aravind Vyas Ramanan et al.

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2015

Micro photosynthetic cell (µPSC) is an electrochemical device, which generates electricity, by harnessing the electrons from photosynthesis and respiration processes of the photoautotrophs. Till date, focus has been mostly on experimental aspects of and very little work has been pursued on the development of mathematical models for µPSC. Modeling a system like µPSC is complex due to the fact that the device operation depends on interactions of microorganisms with several operational parameters such as light intensity, quantum yield and so on. Further, the electrode structure and the electrochemical interactions at the surface of the electrodes affect the device performance. Modeling of µPSC could help in understanding the performance limiting step(s) in the series of processes that occur during the operation of device. The performance of the device can be improved by focusing on the rate of limiting steps. Modeling could also help in determining optimal design and operational parameters which can maximize the device performance. A simple mathematical model based on first principles is proposed to predict the performance of the µPSC. Sensitivity analysis is performed to obtain the most sensitive rate parameters of the model. The optimal values of sensitive rate constants are obtained from the experimental data through optimization. The developed model is validated by comparing the predictions of the model with the experimental data obtained from the response of the system to step changes in load. Figures 1 and 2 show the model performance in terms of i-V characteristics and comparison of experimental and estimated voltage profiles for step changes in external loads. Keywords:, First principles model, Parameter estimation, and Optimization and Sensitivity analysis. Figure 1

Hengyue Xu, Lan Ma

ChemRxiv • 2022

Electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide promises next-level paradigm shifts in sustainability. Applications will include breakthrough solutions to global crisis threatening our civilization, including energy, food, and climate change. Here, inspired by CO dehydrogenase II from Carboxyothermus hydrogenoformans, we designed a heterogeneous Fe4S4 single-cluster catalyst Ni100-Fe4S4, achieving high performance CO2 electroreduction. Combined with the experimental data and theoretical calculation, Ni100-Fe4S4 and CO dehydrogenase have highly similar catalytic geometric centers and CO2 binding modes. By exploring the origin of catalytic activity of this biomimetic structure, we found the activation of CO2 by Ni100-Fe4S4 theoretically exceeds that of natural CO dehydrogenase. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the dehydrogenase enzyme-liked Fe-Ni active site as an electron enrichment 'electro-bridge', activating CO2 molecules efficiently and stabilizing various intermediates in multistep elementary reactions to produce CH4 in a low overpotential (0.13eV) selectively. The calculated electroreduction pathway can completely consistent with the nickel-based catalytic materials reported in the current experiments. This work demonstrates that it is efficient and feasible to design biomimetic high-performance catalytic materials by using blueprints provide by nature. Combining ideas from modern catalyst design with bio-inspired strategies will lead our catalysts beyond its current limitations.

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Materials Research Foundations • 2021

The bio-mediated nanomaterials have expected growing responsiveness due to an increasing requirement to develop naturally nonthreatening technologies in nanomaterial synthesis. Biotic ways to prepare nanomaterials through extracts from the plant (includes stems, leaves, flowers, and roots) and microorganisms were recommended as likely replacements for physical and chemical routes due to their solvent medium and environment eco-friendliness and nontoxicity. This chapter focuses on electrocatalyst prepared by various bio-mediated synthetic ways and used as a green and eco-friendly electrocatalyst to recognize extensive chemical and biologically essential molecules with improved selectivity and sensitivity with low detection limit. The bio-mediated nanocomposite formation processes and their unique properties surface functionalization and electron transfer mechanism discussed in connection with the design and fabrication of sensors. As a final point, the encounters and prospects in developing bio-mediated nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensing technology was outlined.

Mansi Gandhi

Electrochem • 2024

Electrochemistry is a hotspot in today’s research arena. Many different domains have been extended for their role towards the Internet of Things, digital health, personalized nutrition, and/or wellness using electrochemistry. These advances have led to a substantial increase in the power and popularity of electroanalysis and its expansion into new phases and environments. The recent COVID-19 pandemic, which turned our lives upside down, has helped us to understand the need for miniaturized electrochemical diagnostic platforms. It also accelerated the role of mobile and wearable, implantable sensors as telehealth systems. The major principle behind these platforms is the role of electrochemical immunoassays, which help in overshadowing the classical gold standard methods (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) in terms of accuracy, time, manpower, and, most importantly, economics. Many research groups have endeavoured to use electrochemical and bio-electrochemical tools to overcome the limitations of classical assays (in terms of accuracy, accessibility, portability, and response time). This review mainly focuses on the electrochemical technologies used for immunosensing platforms, their fabrication requirements, mechanistic objectives, electrochemical techniques involved, and their subsequent output signal amplifications using a tagged and non-tagged system. The combination of various techniques (optical spectroscopy, Raman scattering, column chromatography, HPLC, and X-ray diffraction) has enabled the construction of high-performance electrodes. Later in the review, these combinations and their utilization will be explained in terms of their mechanistic platform along with chemical bonding and their role in signal output in the later part of article. Furthermore, the market study in terms of real prototypes will be elaborately discussed.

Rory Doherty, Panagiotis Kirmizakis, Mark Cunningham et al.

• 2024

This study introduces a straightforward and cost-effective Bio-Electrochemical System (BES) design that can be easily retrofitted into a borehole. The design uses standard bailers and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) to create electrodes. These electrodes are connected across redox environments in nested boreholes. The  electrodes were installed in pre-existing boreholes surrounding a groundwater plume at a gasworks site. The BES at the plume fringe had the highest electrical response and showed variations in the bacterial and archaeal taxa between the anode and cathode electrodes. The other BES configurations in the plume center and uncontaminated groundwater showed little to no electrical response, suggesting minimal microbial activity. This approach enables rapid decision-making to effectively monitor degradation at groundwater plumes. 

, Carolin Psotta

• 2023

This thesis is focused on developing electrochemical (bio-)sensors specifically designed to detect biomolecules and bacteria in human physiological fluids. A more comprehensive understanding of their performance can be obtained by exposing the sensors to real human physiological fluids. Thus, four biosensors were designed and tested in saliva, plasma, blood, and urine. Specifically, a voltammetric electronic tongue, integrating six different electrode materials, was developed to qualitatively assess SARS-CoV-2 in saliva samples using principal component analysis. A tubular enzyme-based sensor utilizing incorporated cellobiose dehydrogenase in an Os(bpy)PVI redox polymer was employed for continuous glucose sensing in human plasma and undiluted whole blood under homeostatic conditions. Two different sensing concepts were developed for the label-free detection of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) in artificial urine and human urine based on metabolic activity due to bacterial growth. The first sensor enabled continuous bacterial detection by reducing Prussian Blue deposited on screen-printed electrodes with wireless data transfer. The second bacterial-sensitive sensor utilized electrochemical characterization to identify three bacteria types based on artificial urine metabolic changes. For a qualitative investigation of the metabolic changes, nuclear magnetic resonance was utilized, and flow cytometry was used to quantify and correlate bacterial growth with electrochemistry. Multivariate statistical data analysis was applied to distinguish bacteria-free and bacteria-infected artificial urine. Finally, an overview of the recent advances in the field of non-invasive electrochemical biosensors operating in secreted human physiological fluids, viz., tears, sweat, saliva, and urine, was give

Yair Farber, David Rasuli, Yaniv Shlosberg

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2024

Abstract The world is striving for the development of novel clean energy technologies that can replace the utilization of fossil fuels, and assist in the struggle against climate change. A unique approach that does not involve any carbon emission is bio-photo electrochemical cells (BPECs). This method integrates live organisms with an electrochemical system, while native redox species that exist in the organisms can generate dark and photo electrical current. Such systems were previously shown using photosynthetic micro and macro organisms in which the photocurrent mostly derives from photosynthesis. Another electron source was reported to originate from cherries which consist of pigments and enhance the production of the strong electron donor ascorbic acid under solar irradiation. In this work, we show the ability to produce electrical and photoelectrical current from beet juice. We apply cyclic voltammetry and fluorescence methods to show that among the major components that play a role in the current and photocurrent generation are NADPH and flavins.

Yifan Dai, C. Liu

Angewandte Chemie International Edition • 2019

A number of very recently developed electrochemical biosensing strategies are promoting electrochemical biosensing systems into practical point-of-care applications. Focus of research endeavors in biosensing community has transferred from detection of a specific analyte to the development of general biosensing strategies that can be applied for a single category of analytes, such as nucleic acid, protein and cell. In this review, we describe most recent cutting-edge researches on electrochemical biosensing strategies. These described developments resolved critical challenges on application of electrochemical biosensors to the practical point-of-care systems, such as rapid readout, simple biosensor fabrication method, ultra-high detection sensitivity, direct analysis in complex biological matrix and multiplexed targets analysis. This review provides general guidelines both for scientists in the biosensing research community and for the biosensor industry on development of point-of-care system, benefiting global healthcare.

H. Felgueiras, L. Castanheira, S. Changotade et al.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials • 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the osteoblastic cells behavior and biotribocorrosion phenomena on bioactive titanium (Ti). Ti substrates submitted to bioactive anodic oxidation and etching treatments were cultured up to 28 days with MG63 osteoblast-like cells. Important parameters of in vitro bone-like tissue formation were assessed. Although no major differences were observed between the surfaces topography (both rough) and wettability (both hydrophobic), a significant increase in cell attachment and differentiation was detected on the anodized substrates as product of favorable surface morphology and chemical composition. Alkaline phosphatase production has increased (≈20 nmol/min/mg of protein) on the anodized materials, while phosphate concentration has reached the double of the etched material and calcium production increased (over 20 µg/mL). The mechanical and biological stability of the anodic surfaces were also put to test through biotribocorrosion sliding solicitations, putting in evidence the resistance of the anodic layer and the cells capacity of regeneration after implant degradation. The Ti osteointegration abilities were also confirmed by the development of strong cell-biomaterial bonds at the interface, on both substrates. By combining the biological and mechanical results, the anodized Ti can be considered a viable option for dentistry.

Alexandra Bondarenko, F. Cortés-Salazar, M. Gheorghiu et al.

Analytical Chemistry • 2015

To understand biological processes at the cellular level, a general approach is to alter the cells' environment and to study their chemical responses. Herein, we present the implementation of an electrochemical push-pull probe, which combines a microfluidic system with a microelectrode, as a tool for locally altering the microenvironment of few adherent living cells by working in two different perturbation modes, namely electrochemical (i.e., electrochemical generation of a chemical effector compound) and microfluidic (i.e., infusion of a chemical effector compound from the pushing microchannel, while simultaneously aspirating it through the pulling channel, thereby focusing the flow between the channels). The effect of several parameters such as flow rate, working distance, and probe inclination angle on the affected area of adherently growing cells was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. As a proof of concept, localized fluorescent labeling and pH changes were purposely introduced to validate the probe as a tool for studying adherent cancer cells through the control over the chemical composition of the extracellular space with high spatiotemporal resolution. A very good agreement between experimental and simulated results showed that the electrochemical perturbation mode enables to affect precisely only a few living cells localized in a high-density cell culture.

S. Kuss, D. Trinh, J. Mauzeroll

Analytical Chemistry • 2015

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is increasingly applied to study and image live cells. Quantitative analyses of biological systems, however, still remain challenging. In the presented study, single human adenocarcinoma cervical cancer cells are electrochemically investigated by means of SECM. The target cell's electrochemical response is observed over time under the influence of green tea catechins (GTC), which are suggested to offer chemopreventive and therapeutic effects on cancer. The electrochemical response of living target cells is measured experimentally and quantified in an apparent heterogeneous rate constant by using a numerical model, based on forced convection during high speed SECM imaging. The beneficial effect of GTC on cancer cells could be confirmed by SECM, and the presented study shows an alternative approach toward unraveling the mechanisms involved during inhibition of carcinogenesis.

K. Hua, Igor Rocha, Peng Zhang et al.

Biomacromolecules • 2016

This work presents an insight into the relationship between cell response and physicochemical properties of Cladophora cellulose (CC) by investigating the effect of CC functional group density on the response of model cell lines. CC was carboxylated by electrochemical TEMPO-mediated oxidation. By varying the amount of charge passed through the electrolysis setup, CC materials with different degrees of oxidation were obtained. The effect of carboxyl group density on the material's physicochemical properties was investigated together with the response of human dermal fibroblasts (hDF) and human osteoblastic cells (Saos-2) to the carboxylated CC films. The introduction of carboxyl groups resulted in CC films with decreased specific surface area and smaller total pore volume compared with the unmodified CC (u-CC). While u-CC films presented a porous network of randomly oriented fibers, a compact and aligned fiber pattern was depicted for the carboxylated-CC films. The decrease in surface area and total pore volume, and the orientation and aggregation of the fibers tended to augment parallel to the increase in the carboxyl group density. hDF and Saos-2 cells presented poor cell adhesion and spreading on u-CC, which gradually increased for the carboxylated CC as the degree of oxidation increased. It was found that a threshold value in carboxyl group density needs be reached to obtain a carboxylated-CC film with cytocompatibility comparable to commercial tissue culture material. Hence, this study demonstrates that a normally bioinert nanomaterial can be rendered bioactive by carefully tuning the density of charged groups on the material surface, a finding that not only may contribute to the fundamental understanding of biointerface phenomena, but also to the development of bioinert/bioactive materials.

M. Ramuz, Adel Hama, Jonathan Rivnay et al.

Journal of Materials Chemistry B • 2015

Electrical, label-free monitoring of cells is a non-invasive method for dynamically assessing the integrity of cells for diagnostic purposes. The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is a device that has been demonstrated to be advantageous for interfacing with biological systems and had previously been shown to be capable of monitoring electrically tight, resistant, barrier type tissue. Herein, the OECT is demonstrated not only for monitoring of barrier tissue cells such as MDCK I, but also for other, non-barrier tissue adherent cells including HeLa cells and HEK epithelial cells. Transistor performance, expressed as transconductance (gm) is measured as a function of frequency; barrier tissue type cells are shown to have a more abrupt drop in transconductance compared to non-barrier tissue cells, however both tissue types are clearly distinguishable. Simple modelling of the cell layers on the transistor allows extraction of a resistance term (Rc). OECT monitoring shows that barrier tissue cells lose their barrier function in a standard calcium switch assay, but remain adhered to the surface. Re-addition of calcium results in recovery of barrier tissue function. The entire process is continuously followed both electronically and optically. Finally, high resolution fluorescence imaging of live cells labelled with a red fluorescent actin marker demonstrates the versatility of this method for tracking molecular events optically, with direct correlation to electronic readouts.

Rui Jia, S. Rotenberg, M. Mirkin

Analytical Chemistry • 2022

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from biological cells have attracted considerable interest due to their potential for cancer diagnostics and important role in cell signaling. Most previously reported studies have been concerned with the detection of EVs in biofluids and analysis of proteins and nucleic acids they contain. Electrochemical resistive-pulse (ERP) sensing enables direct detection of single EVs released from a specific cell and analysis of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in such vesicles. Here, we demonstrate the applicability of ERP sensing to distinguish between nontransformed and cancerous breast cell lines as well as between breast cancer cell lines with different metastatic potential. Another application of ERP sensing is in real-time monitoring of changes in a single cell induced by a chemical agent. This approach is potentially useful for evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic agents, including those that trigger breast cancer cell death by inducing intense oxidative stress.

Jing Su, Shixing Chen, Yanzhi Dou et al.

Analytical Chemistry • 2022

Exosomes are potential biomarkers, which play an important role in early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of cancer-related diseases. Nevertheless, direct quantification of exosomes in biological fluid, especially in point-of-care tests (POCTs), remains extremely challenging. Herein, we developed a sensitive and portable electrochemical biosensor in combination with smartphones for quantitative analysis of exosomes. The improved double-antibody sandwich method-based poly-enzyme signal amplification was adopted to detect exosomes. We could detect as low as 7.23 ng of CD63-positive exosomes in 5 μL of serum within 2 h. Importantly, we demonstrated that the biosensor worked well with microliter-level serum and cell culture supernatant. The biosensor holds great potential for the detection of CD-63-expressing exosomes in early diagnosis of prostate disease because CD63-positive exosomes were less detected from the prostate patient serum. Also, the biosensor was used to monitor the secretion of exosomes with the drug therapy, showing a close relationship between the secretion of exosomes and the concentration of cisplatin. The biosensing platform provides a novel way toward POCT for the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of prostate disease and other diseases via biomarker expression levels of exosomes.

S. Shin, Tugba Kilic, Y. S. Zhang et al.

Advanced Science • 2017

Development of an efficient sensing platform capable of continual monitoring of biomarkers is needed to assess the functionality of the in vitro organoids and to evaluate their biological responses toward pharmaceutical compounds or chemical species over extended periods of time. Here, a novel label‐free microfluidic electrochemical (EC) biosensor with a unique built‐in on‐chip regeneration capability for continual measurement of cell‐secreted soluble biomarkers from an organoid culture in a fully automated manner without attenuating the sensor sensitivity is reported. The microfluidic EC biosensors are integrated with a human liver‐on‐a‐chip platform for continual monitoring of the metabolic activity of the organoids by measuring the levels of secreted biomarkers for up to 7 d, where the metabolic activity of the organoids is altered by a systemically applied drug. The variations in the biomarker levels are successfully measured by the microfluidic regenerative EC biosensors and agree well with cellular viability and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay analyses, validating the accuracy of the unique sensing platform. It is believed that this versatile and robust microfluidic EC biosensor that is capable of automated and continual detection of soluble biomarkers will find widespread use for long‐term monitoring of human organoids during drug toxicity studies or efficacy assessments of in vitro platforms.

Rongrong Pan, Dengchao Wang, Kang Liu et al.

Journal of the American Chemical Society • 2022

Measuring the activity of low-abundance enzymes, down to a few molecules in one living cell, is important but challenging to elucidate their biological function. Here, an electrochemical molecule trap is established at the tip of a nanopipette with an electrochemical detector, in which the diffusion of the molecules away from the electrochemical detector is prevented by electro-osmotic flow (EOF). Accordingly, a limited amount of enzymes is trapped to continuously catalyze the conversion of the substrate to generate a sufficient amount of the byproduct hydrogen peroxide for electrochemical measurements. The resistive pulse sensing of the enzymes in single liposomes validates the detection sensitivity down to 15 molecules. Using this ultrasensitive electrochemical strategy, the activity of 60 sphingomyelinase molecules inside single unstimulated living J774 cells is measured, which was hardly detected by previous methods. The established electrochemical molecule trap-based sensing approach opens the door toward single-molecule electrochemical detection in one living cell. This success will solve the long-standing problem regarding the study of the activity of low-abundance proteins in cells in their native physiological state and greatly enhance the understanding of the roles of proteins in cellular behavior.

Alina V. Geraskevich, A. N. Solomonenko, E. Dorozhko et al.

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry • 2022

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) involving superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical play important role in human health. ROS are known to be the markers of oxidative stress associated with different pathologies including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cancer. Accordingly, ROS level detection in biological systems is an essential problem for biomedical and analytical research. Electrochemical methods seem to have promising prospects in ROS determination due to their high sensitivity, rapidity, and simple equipment. This review demonstrates application of modern electrochemical sensors for ROS detection in biological objects (e.g., cell lines and body fluids) over a decade between 2011 and 2021. Particular attention is paid to sensors materials and various types of modifiers for ROS selective detection. Moreover, the sensors comparative characteristics, their main advantages, disadvantages and their possibilities and limitations are discussed.

A. Hamnett

Handbook of Fuel Cells • 2010

Abstract Electrochemical cells are formed when two electronically conducting electrodes are placed in an ionically conducting medium, the electrolyte . When current is passed through the cell, electrochemical reactions take place at each electrode, leading to nett chemical conversion of one or more constituents of the cell into new materials. This chapter reviews the nature of the chemical reactions in simple cells, distinguishes between electrolysis and galvanic cell operation, describes the structure and dynamical behavior of the electrolyte, and reviews the properties of some special electrolytes of relevance to fuel cells: ionically conducting membranes, solid ionic conductors and molten salts.

Oliver Harris, Maureen H. Tang

• 2020

While the Li-ion battery has been engineered over the last four decades to improve energy capacity, power density, and device safety, the useful lifetime of this essential energy storage technology has not progressed as much. This is largely due to experimental challenges of studying, characterizing, and understanding the SEI: the battery `component' most vital to ageing and failure. More importantly for the goal of improving Li-ion battery lifetime, researchers have lacked adequate diagnostic tools for studying how the SEI fails. Here we demonstrate a prototype electrochemical flow cell for the specific application of detecting crosstalk reactions in advanced Li-ion battery chemistries. We develop a generator-collector approach to understanding battery crosstalk and leverage finite-element simulations to guide design of this novel reactor. After calibrating the device using a known redox couple, the device is cycled under varying electrode configurations to detect capacity fade induced by the metal dissolution crosstalk mechanism. The path forward will involve adding new product detection capabilities and engineering a reactor environment that replicates a sealed Li-ion battery.

A. S. Stikhin, , V. I. Teslya et al.

Electrochemical Energetics • 2008

A 350–400 V storage battery is necessary as a buffer or auxiliary battery for electrically driven car with fuel cell power plant developed at UEIP together with «AvtoVAZ». With this aim in view, the development of batteries with filter-press configuration based on nickel metal hydride system is of great interest. Sequential assembly of cells that are in contact through separating metal plates in one casing permits to reduce the mass and dimensions characteristics during high-voltage battery manufacturing to a considerable extent in comparison with the batteries where cells are positioned in separate casings. The analysis of electrode group operating modes and design characteristics calculation of full-size nickel metal hydride battery with filter-press configuration was performed.

Firas A. Al-Lolage, Saiful Arifin Shafiee

Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology • 2024

<p>Carbon materials, such as the boron-doped diamond (BDD), are commonly used in the field of electroanalytical sensors and chemical generators. This study focuses on using the scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and the scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) techniques for probing the surface heterogeneity of the carbon-based materials of interest. Three BDD electrodes with high concentrations of boron doping, were investigated in this study. The GC and HOPG electrodes were used as standards for their behaviour. The SECM results on the lowest doped BDD electrode (2.94×10<sup>20</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>; 2000 ppm) in this study imply that the BDD electrode behaves similar to a gold substrate: The feedback kinetic rate constant, <italic>k</italic><italic><sub>feedback</sub></italic>, obtained, was 0.009–0.013 cm s<sup>−1</sup> (the gold substrate’s value: 0.014 cm s<sup>−1</sup>). The Raman spectra show that all the BDD electrodes exhibit metallic conductivity and also that the non-diamond carbon (NDC) cannot be removed from the BDD films. The presence of graphite, buckminsterfullerene, and fullerite were detected in the BDD films based on the X-Ray diffraction (XRD) spectra. A background current and a potential window study were performed, using the SECCM technique; the BDD electrode with the lowest boron doping shows the widest potential window among the electrodes of interest. This potential window decreases as the boron concentration increases. The results of the standard electrodes show that they share the same and narrowest potential windows among the carbon electrodes. The HOPG electrode has the smallest double layer capacitance while the GC electrode has a relatively large background current. As the boron concentration increases, the background currents for the BDD electrodes increase. The same carbon-based electrodes were also investigated in dissolved ferrocyanide using the SECCM technique. The results show that the GC electrode has the fastest kinetic transfer in comparison to the HOPG electrode. As the boron concentration increases, the kinetic transfer of the BDD electrodes increases.</p>

Khiena Z. Brainina, Liliya K. Shpigun

Electrochemical Science Advances • 2023

Abstract The present review focuses on the interplay between electrochemistry and life, events on the border of electrochemistry‐biology‐life science, electrochemistry as the basis, and the information source on oxidative stress (OS) or Red/Ox state of biological systems and food to be investigated. Electroanalytical chemistry provides rapid, relatively simple, and sensitive approaches to assess the redox characteristics and antioxidant activity of biologically active compounds in various samples. OS is a relatively new physiological response concept, recognized in medicine and biology in the last three decades. This phenomenon is caused by an imbalance between (pro)oxidants and antioxidants in living organisms and it is related to the fundamental redox reactions that underlie health signaling and life processes in general. OS can contribute to many pathological conditions and diseases. In particular, it is recognized that a highly contagious infectious disease, coronavirus disease 2019, is associated with an inflammation process related to OS‐induced cellular changes. Recent years have shown a marked increase in electrochemical studies of OS and quantitation of its reductant‐oxidant markers (signaling agents), such as reactive oxygen species and antioxidants. The goal of this overview is to cover the brief scope of modern electrochemical analysis and sensor devices for monitoring biomarkers of OS and antioxidant status of biological systems. By discussing the great potential of potentiometric and voltammetric methods for human health assessment, it is hoped to bridge between recent electrochemical research and medical diagnostic treatment in the 21st century.

Liju Yang

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2015

As a principle of transduction, the impedance technique has been applied in the field of biological study ranging from microbiology to cancer cell/tissue studies. This paper summarizes the applications of electrical/electrochemical impedance spectroscopy that have been practiced in our research in the past several years, mainly including two distinct fields--the detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens and the study of oral cancer cells. Foodborne diseases caused by foodborne pathogens have been a serious threat to public health for decades and remain one of the major concerns of our society. The development of rapid, sensitive, and specific methods is central to implementing effective practice to ensure food safety and security. We have been using impedance technique as a means to detect and/or quantify foodborne pathogenic bacteria. This paper will particular introduce the recent significant development in this field, including the use of microfabricated microelectrodes, microfluidic chip-based devices, nanoparticles and integration with other techniques such as dielectrophoresis. Based on the fundamental impedance microbiology, which is a technique based on the measurement of changes in electrical impedance of a culture medium or a reaction solution resulting from the bacterial growth, we have added some new aspects to this subject that have made the impedance technique a more valuable technique for detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens. These aspects include the use of different electrode systems and the analysis of impedance components using equivalent circuits for better improvement on the detection systems. The advances in microfabrication technologies have launched the use of microfabricated microarray electrodes in impedance detection and the miniaturization of impedance microbiology into a chip format, which has shown great promising in rapid detection of bacterial growth. Further, the integration of impedance technique with biosensor technology has led to the development of impedance biosensors that is expending rapidly for bacteria detection in recent years. Impedance biosensors for bacteria detection are based on the analysis of electrical properties of bacterial cells when they are attached to or associated with the electrodes. Such impedance biosensor methods have substantially reduced the assay time down to 30 min~2 h compared with growth-based impedance methods. The dimensional compatibility of those microfabricated biosensors with the target bacterial cells has enabled them to detect the binding of bacterial cells on its surface without any amplification step. On the other hand, electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) enables direct sensing of cellular activities occurring on an electrode surface by measuring the induced capacitance and/or resistance changes by cells attached on the electrode. Particular, EIS is capable of distinguishing different types of cells based on the cellular activity-induced electrical signals. We have demonstrated the use of real-time impedance technique to study the cellular activities of oral cancer cells in a label-free manner, including cell proliferation, adhesion, spreading, and apoptosis induced by drug treatments. Furthermore, it is known that during transformation from non-cancer cells to caner cells, the cellular morphology, structure, and function are altered, which may includes, but are not limited to changes in the nuclei, composition of the cytoplasm, structure of the cell membrane, changes in the nuclei, composition of the cytoplasm, structure of the cell membrane, and expression levels of ion channels, etc. These changes may result in alterations in cancer cell properties that could be detected by the EIS well before these morphological features that normally used in detection can be seen or biomarkers are developed. We have explored the use of real-time impedance measurements to distinguish oral cancer cells from normal oral epithelial cells in label-free manner by studying the kinetics of cell spreading and attachment of the two cell types.

, Ajyal Zaki Alsaleh

• 2019

Six peripherally meso-modified Zn (II) porphyrin sensitizer dyes are designed and their J-V performance in dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) evaluated. Electron-donating groups including phenothiazine, carbazole and pyrene are used to modify the porphyrin macrocycle at the meso-carbon position(s). To compare the effect of donor substitution on the performance of the cells in terms of short circuit current (Jsc), light harvesting efficiency (LHE) and power conversion efficiency (η), two sets of sensitizers with different degrees of substitution are synthesized. One set of dyes (mono-substituted) have one electron donor at trans-position to the acceptor, while the second set (tri-substituted) dyes have three of the same type electron donor groups at 5, 10 and 15 meso-carbon positions making all the six dyes push-pull type sensitizers incorporating 4'-carboxyphenyl as an electron-acceptor/anchor group. Different spectroscopic and electrochemical methods are used to study the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the dyes, while the photovoltaic performance of their cells under 1.5 A.M is studied using solar simulator. Meso-substitution of Zinc (II) porphyrin with these small donor molecules is shown to improve the light harvesting character of the Zinc (II) porphyrin macrocycle in the UV-Vis absorption while at same time improving its fluorescence quantum yield, excited-state life time and electron donating potential. All these factors combined make these meso-modified dyes better sensitizers with suitable Δ0 Δ0, and much improved power conversion efficiencies (PCE) compared to unsubstituted Zn (II) porphyrin. In particular, as a result of the peripheral modification, a doubling in efficiency in the mono- substituted series (RA-200-Zn; η=^M 4.2%, Jsc= -13.13 mA cm-2, Voc=0.54 ) and tripling in the tri-substituted series ( tri-phenothiazine Zn (II) Porphyrin; η= 7.3%, Jsc= -18.15 mA cm-2, Voc= 0.55 ) compared to unsubstituted Zn (II) porphyrin (η= 2.11%, Jsc= -5.7 mA cm-2, Voc= 0.53 V) has been accomplished.

Hitoshi Shiku, Hiroaki Ohya, Tomokazu Matsue

Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry • 2002

Abstract The sections in this article are SECM Feedback Mode Generation/Collection Mode Applications to Biological Systems Enzymes Antigen–Antibodies Local Fluxes Through Biological Materials Liquid–Liquid Interfaces, Liquid–Air Interfaces Planar BLMs Cells, Tissues

, Ghassan Hamad Abdulla

• 2017

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Crude oil contains natural organic components such as organosulfur compounds, and these compounds largely remain in refined petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel and jet fuel products. During fuel combustion, sulfur was emitted as sulfur dioxide or sulfate, which is one of the main causes of air pollution and acid rain. The oil price is inversely proportional to the sulfur content because upgrade of heavy, high-sulfur-containing oil is much more difficult than the light feeds. Many regulations have been established by different countries to control sulfur level in fuels; in the U.S. the maximum required concentration is 15 ppm (parts per million) sulfur in diesel. The most commonly used technology to remove sulfur from diesel fuel is hydrodesulfurization (HDS). The major drawback of HDS is the harsh operating conditions that require high temperatures and pressures with consumption of a large amount of hydrogen. The HDS process is only able to reduce sulfur content to about 500 ppm in diesel. Further reduction requires more intense processing with a significant increase in hydrogen usage, particularly in removing the refractory sulfur compounds, such as benzothiophene (BT), dibenzothiophene (DBT), and their alkyl derivatives. In this dissertation, an efficient and cost-effective process for oxidation of organosulfur compounds (OSCs) in diesel has been developed and investigated. A divided-cell trickle bed electrochemical reactor (TBER) was first developed to produce hydrogen peroxide. The divided-cell trickle bed electrochemical reactor (TBER) has a porous cathode composed of carbon black and polytetrafluoroethylene. It was designed and fabricated to have hydrophobic and hydrophilic components for liquid and gas flows. Hydrogen peroxide generation was successfully demonstrated from reducing oxygen in concentrated alkaline electrolyte solutions. An important feature of the reactor was a cathode made with stainless steel meshes that divide it into four packed-bed cells. This division into sectional cathode resulted in a concentration of hydrogen peroxide that more than doubles that produced in an undivided cathode. The much-improved performance was attributed to the even distribution of the electrolyte and oxygen in the cathode bed, as well as an effective mass transport of oxygen from the gas phase to the electrolyte-cathode interface. After the successful production of hydrogen peroxide, the TBER was employed for in situ oxidation desulfurization of diesel fuel. The possibility of diesel desulfurization with in situ generated hydrogen peroxide in the presence of DBT was systematically investigated. The maximum concentration of hydrogen peroxide after two-hour electrolysis was 31.79 mM without diesel, whereas in the presence of 10% diesel (by volume) in the electrolyte was 18.0 mM. DBT was successfully oxidized in situ in the TBER, with conversion efficiency of 97.75% in six hours. To further improve the efficiency of the hydrogen peroxide production, cathode was modified with MnO2, a potentially more active catalyst for hydrogen peroxide production in alkaline electrolytes. It was found that incorporation of MnO2 indeed promoted in situ oxidation of DBT which was attributed to more hydrogen peroxide produced. The results showed the in situ oxidation process in the divided-cell TBER is a promising and environmentally friendly approach for desulfurization of diesel.

Gomuraj Santhanaraj, Mathavan Alagarsamy, Chinnapaiyan vedhi

Research Square • 2024

Abstract Detection and monitoring of toxic and exhaust gases are crucial for energy and environmental conservation. Low-power, inexpensive gas sensors are in high demand. Metal oxide gas sensors are gaining interest due to their high selectivity and sensitivity. This research work aims to synthesize and characterize metal oxides, specifically thorium(IV) oxide, iron(III) oxide, and FTMMO, which is a mixed metal oxide consisting of iron and thorium. The synthesis of nanoparticles is accomplished using the co-precipitation method with a microwave reaction system. The resulting nanoparticles are subsequently characterized utilizing various analytical techniques such as FT-IR, UV-VIS (DRS), FE-SEM, EDAX, AFM, and XRD analysis. The cubic geometry of ThO2 and the face-centered rhombohedral structure of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were verified by XRD analysis. In order to investigate the utilization of iron(III) oxide, thorium(IV) oxide and iron thorium mixed metal oxides (FTMMO) are used to recognizes of ammonia and sulfur dioxide with the help of electrochemical method in the basic medium. The binding behavior of metal oxides and ovalbumin were investigated using UV-visible adsorption and fluorescence spectral techniques. The binding constant (Kb), Stern-Volmer constant (Ksv), and fluorophore quenching rate constant (kq) were calculated with the help of spectral data. Using the disc diffusion technique, research has been carried out to investigate the exceptional antibacterial activities of prepared metal oxides and mixed metal oxides against the different bacterial strains.