Dursun Ekren, Feridoon Azough, Robert Freer

Energy Storage and Conversion Materials • 2019

Thermoelectric modules used to convert thermal energy into electrical energy comprise multiple pairs of n-type and p-type elements connected in parallel thermally and in series electrically. They have been used in niche applications for over 60 years and are starting to gain more widespread acceptance. Traditional metallic thermoelectric materials are confined to modest temperature ranges and limited by cost, and their reliance on rare and sometimes toxic elements. Oxides, offering high temperature stability, along with lower cost and weight, and dependence on more environmentally friendly elements, have attracted increasing attention over the past 30 years. We review the developments of the main p-type and n-type thermoelectric oxides, their current status, the understanding gained from modelling, typical energy harvesting devices and future prospects. The materials are considered in terms of six main families: (i) misfit-layered cobaltites, (ii) ZnO-based materials, (iii) tungsten bronze structured oxides, (iv) CaMnO3, (v) TiO2/Magnéli phases and (vi) A-site deficient perovskites, including SrTiO3. The outlook for oxide thermoelectrics is promising if we can fully exploit available techniques to significantly enhance thermal-electric conversion efficiency and the temperature range of operation.

Universal Wiser Publisher

Advanced Energy Conversion Materials • 2025

The Editor-in-Chief and the Editorial Office of Advanced Energy Conversion Materials (AECM) have retracted the following article: Abdallah H, Shalaby MS, Shaban AM. Design of Low Energy Integrated Membranes Units for Production of Highly Purified Water. Advanced Energy Conversion Materials. 2020; 1(1): 1-14. This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. Following a journal-wide investigation, it was identified that this article falls outside the scope of the journal, and does not align with the thematic focus or subject matter requirements as outlined by the journal's editorial policies. The retraction is in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines, ensuring the integrity of the publication record is maintained. As part of journal's ongoing efforts to improve the quality of publications, the editorial office will continue to rigorously conduct preliminary review and peer review to ensure that only manuscripts that align with the journal's scope and meet the highest academic standards are published. The editorial office sincerely apologize for any confusion or inconvenience this retraction may have caused.

, Ugochukwu Obiakornobi Anieto

• 2014

Current energy and environmental challenges are driving the use of cellulosic materials for biofuel production. A major obstacle in this pursuit is poor ethanol tolerance among cellulolytic Clostridium species. The first objective of this work was to establish a potential upper boundary of ethanol tolerance for the cellulosome itself. The hydrolytic function of crude cellulosome extracts from C. cellulolyticum on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% (v/v) ethanol was determined. Results indicated that the endoglucanase activity of the cellulosome incubated in 5% and 10% ethanol was significantly different from a control without ethanol addition. Furthermore a significant difference was observed in endoglucanase activity for cellulosome incubated in 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% ethanol in a standalone experiment. Endoglucanase activity continued to be observed for up to 25% ethanol, indicating that cellulosome function in ethanol will not be an impediment to future efforts towards engineering increasing production titers to levels at least as high as the current physiological limits of the most tolerant ethanologenic microbes. The second objective of this work was to study bioethanol production by a microbial co-culture involving Clostridium cellulolyticum and a recombinant Zymomonas mobilis engineered for the utilization of oligodextrans. The recombinant Z. mobilis ZM4 pAA1 and wild type ZM4 were first tested on RM medium (ATCC 1341) containing 2% cellobiose as the carbon source. Ethanol production from the recombinant Z. mobilis was three times that observed from the wild type Z. mobilis. Concomitant with ethanol production was the reduction in OD from 2.00 to 1.580, indicating the consumption of cellobiose. No such change in OD was observed from the wild type. The recombinant ZM4 was then co-cultured with C. cellulolyticum using cellobiose and microcrystalline cellulose respectively as carbon sources. Results indicate that the recombinant ZM4 acted synergistically with C. cellulolyticum to utilize 2.0 g L-1 cellobiose, producing as much as 0.40 mM concentration of ethanol whereas only 0.20 mM ethanol was detected for the wild type ZM4 co-cultured with C. cellulolyticum under the same conditions. A co-culture of the recombinant ZM4 and C. cellulolyticum using 7.5 g L-1 microcrystalline cellulose gave lower ethanol yield than when using cellobiose. In the latter case, the recombinant began producing ethanol in 5 days whereas the wild type required 10 days to produce detectable ethanol. Future efforts will concentrate on identifying the correct concentration of cellulosic substrate at which synergy will be observed using the recombinant ZM4 and other cellulose degrading microorganisms, as well as optimizing medium formulations to better support both organisms.

Universal Wiser Publisher

Advanced Energy Conversion Materials • 2025

The Editor-in-Chief and the Editorial Office of Advanced Energy Conversion Materials (AECM) have retracted the following article: Ahmad M, Koliya L, Diso IS. Energy Consumption Pattern and Performance Indices of Federal Medical Center, Jalingo, Nigeria. Advanced Energy Conversion Materials. 2024; 5(1): 56-71. This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. Following a journal-wide investigation, it was identified that this article falls outside the scope of the journal, and does not align with the thematic focus or subject matter requirements as outlined by the journal's editorial policies. The retraction is in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines, ensuring the integrity of the publication record is maintained. As part of journal's ongoing efforts to improve the quality of publications, the editorial office will continue to rigorously conduct preliminary review and peer review to ensure that only manuscripts that align with the journal's scope and meet the highest academic standards are published. The editorial office sincerely apologize for any confusion or inconvenience this retraction may have caused.

Stanislav Ordin

Advanced Energy Conversion Materials • 2023

The analysis of Local thermo-EMF in p-n junctions made it possible to reveal the phenomenological features of ballistic thermoelectricity. By the Curie Symmetry Principle, in polar structures of p-n junctions, the thickness of which is of the order of the electron mean free path, the contribution of ballistic effects to the formation of the total EMF is decisive. This ballistic contribution to thermo-EMF provides both high output voltages and high efficiency of DIRECT energy conversion.

Michael Grätzel

Energy... beyond oil • 2007

The Sun provides about 100,000 Terawatts (TW) to the Earth, which is approximately ten thousand times greater than the world’s present rate of energy consumption (14 TW). Photovoltaic (PV) cells are being used increasingly to tap into this huge resource and will play a key role in future sustainable energy systems. Indeed, our present needs could be met by covering 0.5% of the Earth’s surface with PV installations that achieve a conversion efficiency of 10%. Fig. 8.1 shows a simple diagram of how a conventional photovoltaic device works. The top and bottom layers are made of an n-doped and p-doped silicon, where the charge of the mobile carriers is negative (electrons) or positive (holes), respectively. The p-doped silicon is made by ‘doping’ traces of an electron-poor element such as gallium into pure silicon, whereas n-doped silicon is made by doping with an electron-rich element such as phosphorus. When the two materials contact each other spontaneous electron and hole transfer across the junction produces an excess positive charge on the side of the n-doped silicon (A) and an excess negative charge on the opposite p-doped (B) side. The resulting electric field plays a vital role in the photovoltaic energy conversion process. Absorption of sunlight generates electron-hole pairs by promoting electrons from the valence band to the conduction band of the silicon. Electrons are minority carriers in the p-type silicon while holes are minority carriers in the n-type material. Their lifetime is very short as they recombine within microseconds with the oppositely charged majority carriers. The electric field helps to collect the photo-induced carriers because it attracts the minority carriers across the junction as indicated by the arrows in Fig. 8.1, generating a net photocurrent. As there is no photocurrent flowing in the absence of a field, the maximum photo-voltage that can be attained by the device equals the potential difference that is set up in the dark at the p-n junction. For silicon this is about 0.7V. So far, solid-state junction devices based on crystalline or amorphous silicon (Si) have dominated photovoltaic solar energy converters, with 94% of the market share.

, Kessara Seneesrisakul

• 2017

This work studied the conversion of lignocellulosic materials to sugars, the intermediates for bioethanol production, by a bacterial enzyme. Due to the complex structure of lignocellulose, a cellulase enzyme cannot effectively access and hydrolyse cellulose fibers. Various pretreatment processes of lignocellulose have been studied to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis to date. In this work, corncob was firstly studied for microbial pretreatment using three microorganisms including two bacterial strains of Bacillus subtilis A 002 and Cellulomonas sp. TISTR 784 and a fungal strain of Phanerochaete sordida SK7. The results showed that the microbial pretreatment with P. sordida SK7 was the most effective for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis with approximately 40% improvement, compared to no treatment. Whereas, Bacillus subtilis A 002 was able to hydrolyse some cellulose fraction in lignocellulose but the reducing sugar concentration was very low due to its simultaneously consumption. In the following part, the native cellulase-producing bacteria B. subtilis was developed to produce enzyme at high level using PCR-based cloning technique. Endoglucanse gene encoding from B. subtilis M015 was cloned into plasmid (pFLAG-CTS) and transferred into E. coli JE5505. The clone, named E. coli Glu5, could greatly produce endoglucanase with higher enzymatic activity than that of the native strain, approximately 17 times. Finally, E. coli Glu5 was used for a microbial hydrolysis of soluble cellulose (carboxymethyl cellulose) in a continuous bubble reactor. The results demonstrate the feasibility to consolidate the steps of enzyme production and enzymatic hydrolysis together in continuous system at a low organic loading rate of 5 kg/m3d.

Hajar Rajaei Litkohi, Hosein Yazdi Dehnavi

Revolutionizing Energy Conversion - Photoelectrochemical Technologies and Their Role in Sustainability • 2024

The microbial community employed as biocatalyst in microbial fuel cells (MFC) play a crucial role in degradation of organic substances and bioelectricity generation. While degradation of organic matters and electrical current generation in MFC technology is predominantly depend on metabolic activities of electroactive bacteria such as Geobacter and Proteobacteria, these bacteria engage in mutual interactions with non-electroactive counterparts within the microbial community. These mutual interactions can modify system performance, which is widely depended on operational conditions, the source of the initial microbial inoculum, substrate diversity and system’s components. Consequently, it is essential to gain a comprehensive understanding of the ecological behavior of microbial communities under diverse conditions to optimize system efficiency. Numerous research studies have delved into the microbial communities under varying circumstances, and the objective of this research is to elucidate the distinctions among microbial communities and investigate the factors that impact their composition.

Steven James Norrie

• 2021

This thesis proposed a decision-making framework to consider multiple objectives in long-term planning situations, and asserts that planning for power generation systems should consider relevant environmental and/or social objectives at the same decision level as traditional economic or reliability objectives. The framework was applied to the case study of long-term planning for Ontario's power generation system. The framework integrates life-cycle based information and decision-maker preferences toward multiple objectives in the context of sustainable development. Six decision criteria evaluated as measures of the objectives include life-cycle cost of electricity, a system flexibility indicator, demand reduction, land use requirements, greenhouse gas emissions, and air emissions. Stakeholder values were derived through questionnaires. Three hypothetical electricity generation scenarios were compared to test the decision-making framework. The results of the application indicated that the scenario which included aggressive renewable energy development and demand reduction was favourable, even given the tradeoffs of reliability and costs.

X H Cheng, Denny K S Ng, L Y Ng et al.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering • 2022

Abstract Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has been identified as the most viable and cost-effective technology to achieving the 1.5°C targets set down in the 2015 Paris Agreement. It is essential to understand the impact of BECCS on carbon dioxide removal at a commercial scale. As such, this research presents an extensive life cycle analysis and optimisation of BECCS. To ensure the proposed methodology is appropriate for this research, case study of three cases is performed. In the case study, an existing coal-fired power plant is used as a base case for comparison between 2 different BECCS configurations. A regional assessment of the BECCS configurations from various critical performance aspects is then performed. This consists of assessing the system effectiveness, environmental impacts, energy efficiency, and cost optimisation from a life cycle perspective.

Wenqing Yan, Jianguo Sun, Jonas Garemark et al.

Research Square • 2023

Abstract Exploring the potential for secondary utilization of wastewater is a prudent strategy to achieve "take-make-use-dispose" circular economy. Taking advantages of wood's hierarchical structure and large surface area, in this project, we fabricated surface-encapsulated anion-selective (S-AWM) and cation-selective (S-CWM) wood membranes (comprising up to 98% eco-friendly materials) through a two-step process: dip-coating with either positively charged 2(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate or negatively charged acrylic acid, followed by energy-efficient sunlight-induced polymerization. The output voltage and current of a single modified wood cell (R x T x L: 20 x 20 x 3 mm3) in modulated wastewater from flue gas desulfurization are 55 mV and 0.6 µA, respectively, tenfold higher than that of untreated wood cells. When five cells are connected in series, the output voltage reaches 0.27 V, sufficient to power simple electronic devices. This underscores its potential for scaling up and its viability for future applications in industrial power plants.

Joel Gilmore, Ben Vanderwaal, Ian Rose et al.

IET Renewable Power Generation • 2015

Historically, solar photovoltaic (PV) generation has been able to claim a significant ‘premium’ in revenues over other generation types because of its correlation in operation with peak demand (and therefore high priced) periods. However, similar to many international markets, recent conditions in the Australian National Electricity Market, including low demand, high levels of rooftop PV generation and oversupply of capacity, are found to have eliminated the revenue premium for solar. Half‐hourly modelling to 2030 illustrates that historical premiums are unlikely to resurface. Storage is shown to increase solar revenues at high penetrations, but can have a detrimental effect on solar revenues at lower solar penetration levels. Therefore at high solar penetration levels, solar generators will be incentivised to develop storage assets, since they can capture additional portfolio market benefits by minimising the decline in solar premiums because of the merit order effect. In contrast, most other market participants will find storage detrimental to revenues because of increasing competition during high priced periods, and will therefore have less incentive to include storage in their portfolios.

, Gareth Kear

• 2011

<p>Non-pumped hydroelectricity-based energy storage in New Zealand has only limited potential to expand to meet projected growth in electricity demand. Seasonal variations of hydro inflows have also led to several 'dry-year' events over the last decade and dedicated fast-start 'peaker' capacity may also be required to support wind power as it approaches a 20% generation share. In this research, the New Zealand electricity industry has been surveyed in regard to the feasibility of reducing CO2-e emissions through the introduction of pumped hydroelectricity and utility-scale batteries by 2025. A desk-based review of the economic costs of these technologies has also been performed and their drivers and barriers critically assessed. Most respondents to the survey projected that peak power demand will continue to increase and this will result in new-build centralised (~150 MW) thermal reserve power sources. In New Zealand, the costs of pumped hydro and batteries are seen to be prohibitive to their introduction, even though they are almost universally assumed to be technically capable of providing renewables support and peak power adequacy. The perception of the poor economic viability of pumped hydro may, in part, be due to the relatively high capital cost estimate associated with the Manorburn-Onslow proposal (~NZ$3 billion). This research has shown, however, that smaller, 'more-internationally-representative' pumped hydro schemes, if available in NZ with low associated environmental impact, are cost-competitive with thermal peakers, especially diesel peakers. Conversely, utility-scale batteries have very high storage costs per kWh and are most likely to be used only for very high value applications where there is a strong technical advantage, such as the six-second fast instantaneous reserve.</p>

Bilgi Yilmaz, Christian Laudagé, Ralf Korn et al.

Commodities • 2024

The dynamic structure of electricity markets, where uncertainties abound due to, e.g., demand variations and renewable energy intermittency, poses challenges for market participants. We propose generative adversarial networks (GANs) to generate synthetic electricity price data. This approach aims to provide comprehensive data that accurately reflect the complexities of the actual electricity market by capturing its distribution. Consequently, we would like to equip market participants with a versatile tool for successfully dealing with strategy testing, risk model validation, and decision-making enhancement. Access to high-quality synthetic electricity price data is instrumental in cultivating a resilient and adaptive marketplace, ultimately contributing to a more knowledgeable and prepared electricity market community. In order to assess the performance of various types of GANs, we performed a numerical study on Turkey’s intraday electricity market weighted average price (IDM-WAP). As a key finding, we show that GANs can effectively generate realistic synthetic electricity prices. Furthermore, we reveal that the use of complex variants of GAN algorithms does not lead to a significant improvement in synthetic data quality. However, it requires a notable increase in computational costs.

, Moses Jeremiah Barasa Kabeyi

• 2024

Clean and low-carbon energy sources and technologies have emerged as a critical driver in delivering the energy transition and achieving net zero-carbon emissions. All energy sources and power systems produce greenhouse gases (GHGs) and hence they contribute to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and resultant climate change besides contributing to other negative environmental impacts. Energy sustainability remains a major challenge globally due to current heavy reliance on depletable and polluting fossil fuels for most of global energy needs. This study examines the energy transition strategies and proposes a roadmap for sustainable energy transition for sustainable energy planning and grid electricity generation and supply in wake of commitments made by the world community to the Paris Agreement aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and limiting the rise in global average temperature to 2oC and preferably 1.5oC above the preindustrial level and realisation of the sustainable development goal of the United Nations. The sustainable transition strategies typically consist of three major technological changes namely, energy savings on the demand side, generation efficiency at production level and fossil fuel substitution by various renewable energy sources and low carbon non-renewable sources like nuclear power and carbon emission reduction strategies like carbon capture and sequestration and a conversion from high carbon fossil fuels like coal and oil to natural gas which remains the cleanest fossil fuel. The study demonstrated that decentralised generation with application of both demand side management and behind the meter management (BTM) strategies are effective measures to increase the use of renewable energy resources which are often locally available leading to higher uptake of renewable energy sources and conversion of consumers to prosumers making the transition economically sustainable. Waste to energy options have a significant potential to contribute to the energy transition e.g. use of biowaste for biogas production, slaughterhouse waste biodigestion for biogas and electricity generation and waste treatment and disposal, waste heat recovery from used geothermal for extra power generation and reinjection to improve the reservoir sustainability and use of bagasse and sugarcane trash for grid-based power production in sugar factories. Therefore, domestic, and industrial scale waste to energy conversion can enhance the economic sustainability of waste management process by offering useful energy substitutes for fossil fuels and enhanced energy security through decentralisation of generation. Whereas sustainable development has social, economic, and environmental pillars, energy sustainability is best analysed by five-dimensional approach consisting of environmental, economic, social, technical, and institutional/political sustainability to determine energy resource sustainability. The study recommends the adoption of sustainability-based planning for energy development and optimisation of electricity generation and supply where energy sources are analysed and ranked based on the five dimensions of energy sustainability instead of Least Cost Development Planning (LCDP) often applied by many countries. On this basis, the sustainable energy transition and optimisation of power generation will rely on both renewable and non-renewable energy since both have an important role in the realisation of the energy transition plans even though the desire is to shift entirely to renewable energy sources by the year 2050. The sustainability of various energy sources was assessed with hydrogen, wind, solar, sugarcane bagasse and cane trash, biogas and ocean energy technologies proving to be among the most sustainable renewable energy and sustainable sources. The study also examined various power plants and energy conversion systems for electricity generation in terms of their specific role and potential in grid-based power generation with hydro power plants, geothermal, nuclear, fuel cells, raking high on performance indicators like load and capacity factors making them ideal for base load power supply. Diesel engines and gas turbines using cogeneration and dual cycle systems powered by cleaner fuels like natural gas, hydrogen and biomethane will play an important role in supplying intermediate and peak load power. The study highlighted enabling technologies and concepts in the energy transition which include decentralisation of generation, cogeneration and trigeneration, demand side and behind the meter management microgrids and smart grid technologies, energy and generation planning and optimisation models, energy storage, electrification of transport and use of electric cars as decentralised electricity sources through the V2X technologies like the G2V and V2G, and carbon capture and sequestration for emissions reduction in fossil fuel power plants making them more sustainable. The study classifies electric vehicles as distributed power plants and variable loads with extensive use of energy storage while sugar cane bagasse is noted as a sustainable energy resource for power generation by cane sugar factories by application of more efficient grid connected cogeneration power plants. The study identified long project gestation period as the main factor limiting nuclear and geothermal energy deployment and recommends the adoption of modularised wellhead generators and small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs) as a solution to enhance exploitation of these sustainable energy and technologies through faster deployment with high degree of flexibility. Biogas and biomethane demonstrated significant potential as renewable energy sources for power generation and substitute fuels in all applications of fossil natural gas. The study recommends sustainability-based planning for the energy sector and power generation and use of both renewable and non-renewable but sustainable sources of energy, adoption of smart energy concept by all sectors and investment in energy technology and infrastructure development for hydrogen and other promising energy sources like ocean thermal, wave and tidal energy and the conversion of the transition from the traditional to smart grid systems and a shift from centralised to decentralised power generation. Since the transport sector accounts for a significant portion of the global greenhouse gas emissions, electrification of the transport sector and coupling with the power sector is a key strategy recommended for the transition with the smart grid and microgrids playing an enabling role. Since energy sources and generation technologies have associated emissions occurring at different sections of the lifecycle, the use of lifecycle costs and emissions are helpful in long term energy and generation planning which demonstrate that renewable sources and nuclear are the most sustainable when analysed within the five dimensions of energy sustainability, but with the non-renewable sources playing a critical role as dispatchable sources for sustainable grid power generation, while the smart grids and use of energy storage can increase the uptake of variable renewables to as high as 95% to 100% up from a low of 20-25% uptake of variable renewables with the traditional grid. This will significantly help the world in achieving the global emissions and climate targets as. stipulated in the Paris Agreement as well as the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Graphical Abstract The overall objective of the study was to provide solutions to build global energy systems based on renewable and sustainable energy resources and optimise power generation and consumption by use of sustainable energy resources and generation technologies based on the five dimensions of energy sustainability. A sustainable energy system should intergrade electricity and other sectors through smart electricity grids, smart gas grids and smart heat grids as demonstrated below.

Amro Elshurafa

• 2020

Electricity storage technology has many useful applications in the energy sector and can complement variable renewable power generation to achieve a low-carbon future. For policymakers, utilities, and investors, effective decisions in this context require an understanding of how to determine the monetary value of storage.

Behdad Vatani, Nima Amjady, Hamidreza Zareipour

IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution • 2013

This study presents a new stochastic self‐scheduling model for generation companies (GENCOs) in day‐ahead electricity markets including energy and reserves auctions. The proposed stochastic model takes into account both the uncertainty of predicted market prices and forced outages of generating units. Also, financial risk of GENCOs is formulated through well‐known conditional value‐at‐risk index. The proposed self‐scheduling model is tested on the IEEE 118‐bus test system and the obtained results are discussed.

Constance Crozier, Christopher Quarton, Noramalina Mansor et al.

Electricity • 2022

In this paper, we explore how effectively renewable generation can be used to meet a country’s electricity demands. We consider a range of different generation mixes and capacities, as well as the use of energy storage. First, we introduce a new open-source model that uses hourly wind speed and solar irradiance data to estimate the output of a renewable electricity generator at a specific location. Then, we construct a case study of the Great Britain (GB) electricity system as an example using historic hourly demand and weather data. Three specific sources of renewable generation are considered: offshore wind, onshore wind, and solar PV. Li-ion batteries are considered as the form of electricity storage. We demonstrate that the ability of a renewables-based electricity system to meet expected demand profiles can be increased by optimising the ratio of onshore wind, offshore wind and solar PV. Additionally, we show how including Li-ion battery storage can reduce overall generation needs, therefore lowering system costs. For the GB system, we explore how the residual load that would need to be met with other forms of flexibility, such as dispatchable generation sources or demand-side response, varies for different ratios of renewable generation and storage.

Jorge Pablo Aguilar Zavaleta

Preprints.org • 2025

Geothermal energy, with a global installed capacity of 16.7 GW by 2023 and an annual generation of more than 97 TWh, is consolidating its position as a key pillar in the energy transition. From the pioneering Lardarello plant (1913) to The Geysers complex in California—the largest in the world with 1.5 GW of capacity—this energy source has demonstrated its potential to supply baseload electricity 24 hours a day, with a carbon footprint up to 10 times lower than fossil fuels. The article explores how the architectural design of these plants integrates geological, environmental, and technological factors. Systems such as binary cycles—which operate at 90°C and reduce emissions by 95%—allow the exploitation of low-temperature resources, expanding their applicability to non-volcanic regions. However, challenges remain: reservoir exploration is 30-40% uncertain, and initial costs exceed $4,500 per installed kW, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. Iconic cases like The Geysers illustrate innovative solutions. Since 2003, its recharge project with treated wastewater (11 million gallons/day) has revitalized the reservoir, extending its lifespan by decades. This circular economy approach not only optimizes resources but also reduces water conflicts in arid areas. The future points to disruptive designs: Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), which could increase global potential tenfold by enabling dry reservoirs, and urban heating districts with heat pumps, capable of providing heating at -20°C. By 2030, drilling innovations—such as smart drill bits and robotics—could reduce costs by 50%, accelerating adoption. In a world that needs to double clean energy by 2040, geothermal energy is emerging not only as a renewable source, but as an architectural canvas where engineering and sustainability converge to redefine the energy landscape. Its evolution will depend on creatively overcoming technical barriers, transforming the Earth's heat into the cornerstone of a decarbonized era.

Punit Kansara

International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research • 2025

Elaeocarpus Ganitrus popularly known as “Rudraksha” has been part of the Indian culture since many centuries. A lot has been written from the religious point of view and through the personal experiences however; there are very few scientific evidences recorded to support such claims. For example, if this bead actually possesses any vibrations or energy. This research aims to understand the bio electrical properties found in Elaeocarpus Ganitrus bead and how can we effectively measure that energy current using the modern low-cost devices. This study involves usage of simple techniques and instruments without going into complexity of other methods such as impedance spectroscopy and costly software applications. There are interesting findings from this research such as, the bio electricity power of Elaeocarpus ganitrus bead can be easily measured in volts just like a dry cell battery and what are the key portions of a bead that holds this energy within. These critical observations are the starting points towards understanding the effects of external bio electric energy on human body and its neurological impact.

Iyabo Olanrele

Research Square • 2021

Abstract The supply and demand for electricity have outpaced available infrastructure in Nigeria despite the abundant energy resources. The paper investigates the determinants of electricity generating infrastructure in Nigeria for the period 1980 to 2016. Using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag model, electricity generation capacity was used as an indicator for electricity infrastructure development. Its expansion was based on the behaviour of inflation rate, total government expenditure, interest rate, private sector financial credit, exchange rate, real GDP per capita, real gross fixed capital formation, and the rate of urbanisation. Financial credit to private sector, total public expenditure, real per capita income, real gross fixed capital formation, urbanization, and exchange rate adversely affect the development of electricity generation capacity. Investment in generating assets is capital intensive, which should be matched with adequate private sector financing. If the power sector subsidy will remain and achieve its objective, strategies that will lead to sustaining exchange rate stability should be promoted. Based on estimate, every one million population require 1000MW of electricity to function in modern-day society implying that Nigeria needs 180,000MW of electricity capacity. The realisation of this is hinged on large scale electricity infrastructure investment enabled, partly, by the favourable macroeconomic environment.JEL Classification: E16, O1, O2

Xingrui Zhang, Juhao Su, Yiming Zhou

Research Square • 2025

Abstract By analyzing the electricity generation data of Texas from 2007 to 2024, this study computes the average emission factors (AEF) of electric vehicles and observes how AEF evolved with changes in grid mixes. It was observed that the primary source of variation within the AEF comes from the time-varying supply of renewable energy. In addition to developing a tool to forecast the AEF, this study found that adopting solar and wind power generation simultaneously allowed the two energy sources to compensate for each other’s diurnal and seasonal patterns, making EV charging sustainable across all times. It was also discovered that renewable energy capacity serves as pathway by which the interaction between emission factors and changes in economic conditions can be explained, as economic growth impacts renewable energy capacity, and in turn the emissions factors. A 3-D framework for peak identification of AEF considering both diurnal and seasonal variation was proposed, and it was observed that the peaks in AEF had shifted over the years and that the current governmental recommendation to charge during evenings deserves re-evaluation.

N Emalya, N Malahayati, E Munawar et al.

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science • 2021

Abstract The high growth of world population, increase global urbanization and rapid rise of industrialization have driven a drastic escalation in demands not only for food, and water but also energy. In addition to decreasing the natural oil reserve, excessive utilization of fossil fuel for the conversion into various forms of energy, including electrical power, also contributes to atmospheric pollution due to the release of gases from combustion which eventually will cause climate change. Consequently, recent years, great attention has been focused on energy production and generation from microalgae, because it is sustainable, environmentally friendly and economical. Microalgae fuel cell (MFC) is a device which utilizes microalgae capable of oxidizing organic matter by generating electron, obtaining energy for their own and providing electricity generation. Wastewater contains inorganic and organic nutrients which could be used as the source of substrate for microalgae to grow. A combination of MFC and wastewater would offer a great promising technology in the future for the simultaneous treatment of wastewater and electricity generation. This paper review the potentials of electrical energy generation with the application of MFC, the concept of MFC and the current development of MFC.

, M.A. Satter

International Journal of Current Science Research and Review • 2021

An experiment was conducted to evaluate growth performances and production of bio-fuel of Spirulina platensis (Gomont), and bio-oxygen and bio-electricity of culture media in supernatant of three different amount of digested poultry waste (DPW), and Kosaric medium (KM) as control. Three different amounts (concentrations) such as 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 g/L poultry waste were allowed to digest under aeration. After 17 days, 700 ml grayish coloured supernatant was taken with addition of 9.0 g/L NaHCO3 and 0.50 ml/l micronutrient in 2.0 L conical flask with three replications and then autoclaved. Spirulina was inoculated to grow in these three treatments including KM (Control) after 72 hours of autoclave and then allowed to grow for a period of 14 days. This duration was estimated through repeated growth trials. The cell weight of spirulina was attained a maximum of 12.58 ± 1.25 mg/L (dry wt. basis) in KM followed by 11.46 ± 1.03, 9.16 ± 0.84 and 8.13 ± 0.73 mg/L in supernatant of 4.0, 2.0 and 6.0 g/L DPW, respectively on the 10th day of culture. Similar trend was also observed in the cases of optical density of the media contained spirulina, chlorophyll a content (mg/L), cell weight, total biomass (mg/l) and specific growth rates on the basis of cell weight and chlorophyll a. Cell weight of spirulina grown in these media had highly significant (P < 0.01) correlation with the chlorophyll a content (r = 0.993) of spirulina. Crude protein of spirulina grown in supernatant of DPW was lower than that of spirulina cultured in KM. Crude lipids as bio-fuel of spirulina cultured in supernatant of 4.0 g/L DPW was almost three times higher than that of spirulina grown in KM which may be due to high phospholipids bioaccumulation. Phosphate-P was decreased in media of DPW due to its use for high lipids biosynthesis as phospholipids. Bio-oxygen was produced higher ranged from 2.1 ± 11 mg/L on initial day to 10.20 ± 0.54 mg/L on 10th day grown in supernatant of 4.0 g/L DPW media. Bio-electricity as green electricity ranged from 135 ± 4 on initial day to 284 ± 7 mV on 10th day when spirulina cultured in supernatant of 4.0 g/L DPW which was higher than grown in other media. pH followed the similar trend like bio-oxygen and bio-electricity. It was found that the production of bio-oxygen, bio-fuel and bio-electricity had direct relation with pH in culture media of spirulina. Therefore, mass production of Spirulina platensis might be done in supernatant of 4.0 g/L digested poultry waste to get high total lipids as bio-fuel, bio-electricity and bio-oxygen.

Yaniv Shlosberg, Ayelet Lesman

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2024

Abstract The recent understanding of the critical future damage that might happen on earth by climate change has urged scientists to initiate new creative ideas for clean energy technologies that will reduce carbon emissions. A promising approach is the utilization of living cells as electron donors in bio-electrochemical cells (BECs). This concept has been intensively studied for micro-organisms such as non-photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, and microalgae, but not for mammalian cells. In this work, we report for the first-time integrating live fibroblast cells in a BEC to produce electrical current that is about 3 times higher than intact micro-organisms. Furthermore, we apply 2D-fluorescence and electrochemical measurements to show that like in micro-organisms based BECs, NADH and flavins play a role in the electron mediation between the cells and the anode. Finally, we show that the cultivation medium of fibroblasts also consists of redox species that may produce dark and photocurrent.

Pratibha Singh, Ashima Srivastava, Nupoor Srivastava et al.

Zastita Materijala • 2024

The current global scenario is marked by substantial energy demands coupled with limited resources, leading to a widespread energy crisis. Non-renewable energy sources are depleting rapidly, while renewable sources remain underutilized. There is an urgent need for alternative methods of energy generation. In recent times, considerable attention has been directed towards microbial fuel cells (MFCs) due to their favorable operating conditions and the availability of a variety of eco-friendly substrates as fuel. Through the active breakdown of substrates by microorganisms, bioelectricity is produced, offering a sustainable solution to the escalating energy challenges. Extensive research has yielded new insights into Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs), revealing that a diverse range of carbon sources, including various types of waste, can be effectively utilized with a wide array of microbes. Consequently, the microbial conversion of waste through innovative bioremediation techniques like utilizing MFCs present a potentially attractive alternative to conventional treatment processes in wastewater treatment, facilitating the direct generation of electric energy. This not only aligns with prevailing technological trends but also contributes to cost reduction in the overall process. This article comprehensively examines various components of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs), including the anode, cathode, and membrane. To address practical challenges within this field, pragmatic solutions are proposed. The review critically assesses diverse categories of wastes suitable for Bioenergy generation, exploring the associated microorganisms, power output, key advantages, challenges, and limitations and advancements of MFC technology.

Syed Hasan Khuld, Babar Jamal Naqvi, Naeem Samoon et al.

Journal of Sustainable Environmental • 2023

This era is all about energy, humans cannot survive without energy. Conventional energy resources are not enough to fulfill the needs of energy that’s why it is necessary to find alternate energy resources that will be efficient and environment friendly. Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is one of the reasonably low costs and is considered as environment friendly It degrades the harmful substance during production of electricity.This technology helps out for the producing of electricity by using the microbes. The generation of electricity is the new form of non-renewable energy by treating of the waste water from different types of effluent. The purpose of this technology is to produce the electricity that is environment friendly and sustainable. This review is also the part of research which is also to make a comparison of different MFC feeds which have unique chemical composition and are rich of various biological species and designing. This report also contains the discussion of MFC principle, necessary components, bacteria that are responsible for electricity production. This MFC contain the different batch type of reactor and in each reactor anode and cathode are dipped for time to check the response of flow of electron. Electrodes are used for drawing the comparison data of the MFC and giving new direction for the researchers. Salt bridge or membrane is connected between the reactor for the flow of proton to the cathode side and oxygen is supplied in the cathode compartment.

Yuting Wang, Huaxiang Chen, Xiaoda Yang et al.

Nanoscale • 2024

This work presents a bio-inspired electricity generation device, utilizing mitochondria and oxygen-carrying red blood cells (RBCs) for advancing sustainable energy technologies.

K. R. Vernon

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences • 1987

Synopsis The large hydro-electric schemes developed by the early 1960s now (1984/85) supply 12% of Scottish electricity demand. The pumped storage schemes contribute to the balance of production and demand but are not nett producers of electric power. Schemes remaining for development are numerous but small, in the range below 10 MW. Private development for local use is the best economic prospect for schemes below 500 kW. A rolling five-year programme of 10–15 MW per annum is suggested for the development of remaining resources. In Scottish conditions, peat does not appear to be a viable alternative to diesel power. Wave power is practicable, but probable costs are too high to justify investment at present. Wind power is promising, especially for island sites, but not as a complete replacement for diesel. Developments since 1980 include a successful small machine on Fair Isle and machines at 250 and 300 kW on Orkney where a 3 MW generator is being erected. A 750 kW machine has been ordered for Shetland.

D T Edmonds

Electricity and Magnetism in Biological Systems • 2001

Abstract An ionic coport is a trans-membrane protein or group of proteins that uses the drop across the cell membrane of the electrochemical potential of one type of ion to power the transfer of a second type of ion across that membrane in the same direction but against its trans-membrane electrochemical potential gradient. Any such simultaneous transfer can only occur spontaneously if the Gibbs free energy of the combined process falls, as described in Appendix 3. For definiteness we consider a coport that uses the transfer of the cation X + across the membrane, resulting in a change − ΔµX in its electrochemical potential, to power the transfer of another type of cation Y + across the membrane in the same direction when the change in its electrochemical potential is Δ+ µY .

Amey Kulkarni, Amit Breed

International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management • 2020

Rapid consumption of renewable energy resources has led to development of an alternative source of energy. Fuel cell technology is a reliable and sustainable source of energy which was developed. Microbial fuel cell is a type which uses active micro-organisms as catalysts for production of electricity. The micro-organisms degrade the organic substrate to release protons and electrons which generate a potential difference across the cell. Our study focused on the generation of electricity from human urine using microbial fuel cell system. Specific bacteria were used as inoculum at anaerobic anode chamber and salt solution was supplied at aerobic cathode. The chambers were connected using salt bridge which would facilitate ion transfer. This made the system cost effective. The potential difference generated was measured using digital multi-meter.

Andrea Colantoni, Luciano Ortenzi, Alessandro Lops et al.

Preprints.org • 2023

The aims of this paper can be traced back to goals number seven, twelve and thirteen introduced by Agenda 2030, namely "affordable and clean energy", “responsible consumption and production” and "climate action”, respectively. This is due to the fact that the present work supports decarbonization processes acting in a direct way on the electricity consumption achieved by plants pertaining to the waste industry; in fact, this study aims at the realization of a machine learning model for predicting the energy consumption achieved by a mechanical biological treatment (MBT) waste plant located in central Italy, given the distribution of the entering waste. This model is implemented in MATLAB. The model can be used to tune the distribution of the entering waste in order to adapt the plant energy consumption to the capability of the energy sources and can serve as a play-ground model for other energy transformation plants. The results of the study, which feed the literature on the application of artificial intelligence to real industrial plants, could be used to determine energy efficiency actions that could be incorporated into Property’s strategic planning.

Sam J. England, Daniel Robert

Biological Reviews • 2022

ABSTRACT Electricity, the interaction between electrically charged objects, is widely known to be fundamental to the functioning of living systems. However, this appreciation has largely been restricted to the scale of atoms, molecules, and cells. By contrast, the role of electricity at the ecological scale has historically been largely neglected, characterised by punctuated islands of research infrequently connected to one another. Recently, however, an understanding of the ubiquity of electrical forces within the natural environment has begun to grow, along with a realisation of the multitude of ecological interactions that these forces may influence. Herein, we provide the first comprehensive collation and synthesis of research in this emerging field of electric ecology. This includes assessments of the role electricity plays in the natural ecology of predator–prey interactions, pollination, and animal dispersal, among many others, as well as the impact of anthropogenic activity on these systems. A detailed introduction to the ecology and physiology of electroreception – the biological detection of ecologically relevant electric fields – is also provided. Further to this, we suggest avenues for future research that show particular promise, most notably those investigating the recently discovered sense of aerial electroreception.

D T Edmonds

Electricity and Magnetism in Biological Systems • 2001

Abstract In this chapter it is shown that a time-varying magnetic field will give rise to a time-varying electric field and a time-varying electric field will give rise to a time-varying magnetic field. Thus when the fields vary with time it is no longer possible to separate electricity and magnetism as was possible for static fields. Faraday’s law, which governs the generation of an electric field by a time-varying magnetic field, will give rise to electric fields in the form of closed loops which can penetrate conductors, unlike the static electric fields dealt with in Chapter 2. Thus the generation of an electrical current within a living biological cell is often accomplished by applying an external time-varying magnetic field. The realization that a time-varying electric field will generate a magnetic field enabled James Clerk Maxwell to formulate a set of equations called the Maxwell equations that govern electric and magnetic fields under any circumstances.

D T Edmonds

• 2001

Abstract Our understanding of biological functions is rapidly approaching the molecular level. On this scale the only significant forces are electromagnetic, so that ultimately all living processes must be understood in terms of electromagnetic fields and forces. The first half of the present book deals with the theory of electromagnetism using a descriptive and geometrical approach suited to students of biology, chemistry, and biochemistry, and including biologically relevant examples where possible. The second half contains biological topics which can serve as applications of the theory for students of chemistry or biology, or as an introduction to biology for students trained in the physical sciences who wish to migrate to biology. Topics include the properties of water and ions in bulk solution and in narrow pores, the Debye Layer, possible mechanisms for a magnetic animal compass, an electrostatic model of a proton/ion counterport, and the semi-classical theory of nuclear magnetic resonance.

Fatlinda Shaqiri, Ralf Korn, Hong-Phuc Truong

Electricity • 2023

We have developed a conventional benchmark model for the prediction of two days of electricity consumption for industrial and institutional customers of an electricity provider. This task of predicting 96 values of 15 min of electricity consumption per day in one shot is successfully dealt with by a dynamic regression model that uses the Seasonal and Trend decomposition method (STL) for the estimation of the trend and the seasonal components based on (approximately) three years of real data. With the help of suitable R packages, our concept can also be applied to comparable problems in electricity consumption prediction.

Štefan Bojnec

Energies • 2023

Here, we seek to review the relevant literature and published articles on the subjects of electricity markets, electricity prices and green energy transition [...]

Natalie Ortiz-Guerrero, Rafael González-López

Electricity • 2023

This paper presents a novel tool for electricity planning, based on an improvement of MuSIASEM (Multiscale Integrated Analysis of the Societal and Ecological Metabolism) by incorporating a new regional analysis of the electricity metabolism across levels. An analysis of Mexico illustrates this toolkit and shows that the industry sector has economic energy intensity (EEI) with 40.3 MWh/MMXN reaching a higher value than the commerce and services sector with 0.84 MWh/MMXN. Regarding the economic labor productivity (ELP) indicator (AV/h), the industrial sector with 208.5 TMXN/Kh reached a higher value than the commercial and services sector with 114.3 TMXN/Kh. Regarding the exosomatic metabolic rate (EMR), the household sector obtained 59.3 KWh/Kh, whereas the economic sector reached 2486.4 KWh/Kh. Disaggregation of the EMR indicator into economic sectors shows that the industrial sector reached 8.4 KWh/Kh and the commercial and services sector reached 0.10 KWh/Kh. The lack of complete data for the agricultural sector does not allow us to calculate EEI, ELP, and EMR indicators accurately. This innovative approach is useful for governance because it helps us to understand and reduce asymmetries across regions in terms of electricity consumption, resulting in more social equality and a better economic equilibrium across sectors and regions.

Henry Minchin Noad

Cambridge University Press eBooks • 2012

During the early nineteenth-century craze for conducting kite experiments in lightning, deaths were not unheard of. Electrical physicists, meanwhile, were often shocked badly enough to collapse in the course of their work. However, the perils of electricity did not deter its proponents. Published in 1844, this enlarged collection of lectures by Henry Minchin Noad (1815–77) had proven immensely popular in earlier incarnations, eventually running to four editions and recognised as an invaluable textbook for electricians and telegraph engineers until the turn of the century. An electrical practitioner himself, Noad includes illustrated explanations of some of the most significant ideas in the field, and describes many of his own experiments, from his version of the lightning kite to a battery constructed with fifty jars and a thousand feet of wire. His work remains relevant to students in the history of science.

David O'Connor

Natural Gas & Electricity • 2016

The national policy debate over how to reduce carbon emissions while preserving the integrity of wholesale electricity markets heard a jarring message from the Northeast this summer. In a region known for first creating and then defending competition in its wholesale electricity market, the largest consuming state, Massachusetts, passed legislation that requires distribution utilities to purchase carbon‐free electricity under long‐term contracts for up to 30 percent of the state's electricity supply.