Felipe Conzuelo, Adrian Ruff, Wolfgang Schuhmann

Current Opinion in Electrochemistry • 2018

Bilirubin oxidases (BODs) [EC 1.3.3.5 - bilirubin: oxygen oxido-reductase] are enzymes that belong to the multicopper oxidase family and can oxidize bilirubin, diphenols, and aryl amines and reduce the oxygen by direct four-electron transfer from the electrode with almost no electrochemical overpotential. Therefore, BOD is a promising bioelectrocatalyst for (self-powered) biosensors and/or enzymatic fuel cells. The advantages of electrochemically active BOD enzymes include selective biosensing, biocatalysis for efficient energy conversion, and electrosynthesis. Owing to the rise in publications and patents, as well as the expanding interest in BODs for a range of physiological conditions, this Review analyzes scientific literature reports on BOD enzymes and current hypotheses on their bioelectrocatalysis. This Review evaluates the specific research outcomes of the BOD in enzyme (protein) engineering, immobilization strategies, and challenges along with their bioelectrochemical properties, limitations, and applications in the fields of (i) biosensors, (ii) self-powered biosensors, and (iii) biofuel cells for powering bioelectronics.

K. Priyadharshini, Subramaniapillai Niju

Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment • 2025

Zixuan Wang, Zhen He, Erica B. Young

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology • 2020

An integrated photo-bioelectrochemical (IPB) system uses microalgae in the cathode of a microbial fuel cell to achieve higher electricity generation and nutrient removal from wastewater. Using multivariate analysis and surveys of IPB studies, this paper identifies key algal and bacterial taxa and discusses their functions critical for IPB performance. Unicellular algae with high photosynthetic oxygen production and biofilm formation can enhance IPB energy production. Diverse bacterial taxa achieve nitrogen transformations and can improve total nitrogen removal. Understanding bacteria-algae interactions via quorum sensing in the IPB cathode may potentially aid in boosting system performance. Future advances in development of IPBs for wastewater treatment will benefit from interdisciplinary collaboration in analysis of microbial community functions.

Carlo Santoro, Alexey Serov, Kateryna Artyushkova et al.

Current Opinion in Electrochemistry • 2020

Ludovic Jourdin, Sanne M. T. Raes, Cees J. N. Buisman et al.

Frontiers in Energy Research • 2018

Elena E. Ferapontova

Current Opinion in Electrochemistry • 2022

Zohreh Moghiseh, Abbas Rezaee, Somayyeh Dehghani

Bioelectrochemistry • 2020

In the present study, minimization of hazardous bio-sludge production was investigated using a bioelectrochemical system supplied by an alternating current electric field and supplemented with phenol as a cabon source. The experiments were conducted in an air-conditioned bioreactor and at neutral pH value. Moreover, steel wool and carbon cloth were utilized as electrodes in the bioelectrochemical system. The experiments were operated in an air-conditioned bioreactor at 25 ℃ and a neutral pH value with carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 0.5-6. The results obtainedshowed that complete phenol electro-biodegradation occurred at a C/N ratio ofa frequency of 5 Hz, and 0.4 peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp) over 2 h.Besides, sludge production and sludge yield were obtained at the C/N ratio of 0.5-6 by 200-382 mg VSS/g COD and 82-89.4 mg TSS/g COD, respectively. Ultimately, the C/N ratio of 1 seemed to be optimum for microbial growth with the phenol biodegradation efficiency of 99.9% as well as the lowest sludge production. These results demonstrated that the proposed bioelectrochemical system supplied by low-frequency and low-voltage electric current could reduce hazardous sludge production.

Diego Massazza, Rodrigo Parra, Juan P. Busalmen et al.

Energy & Environmental Science • 2015

New ceramic electrodes outweigh typical carbonaceous materials as anodes for microbial electrocatalysis.

SeungHan Ha, Daniel Seungmin Lee

International Journal of High School Research • 2022

Dongdong Zhang, Zhiling Li, Chunfang Zhang et al.

Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering • 2017

Dan Luo, Kang Zhang, Tianshun Song et al.

Biochemical Engineering Journal • 2022

Hao Ren, Hyung-Sool Lee, Jianwei Zhang et al.

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy • 2021

Guangfei Liu, Hanyi Li, Yang Liu et al.

Journal of Hazardous Materials • 2021

Microbial biofilm has been found to impact the mobility of nanoparticles in saturated porous media by altering physicochemical properties of collector surface. However, little is known about the influence of biofilm's biological activity on nanoparticle transport and retention. Here, the transport of ferrihydrite nanoparticles (FhNPs) was studied in quartz sands coated with biofilm of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 that is capable of reducing Fe(III) through extracellular electron transfer (EET). It was found that MR-1 biofilm coating enhanced FhNPs' deposition under different pH/ionic strength conditions and humic acid concentrations. More importantly, when the influent electron donor (glucose) concentration was increased to promote biofilm's EET activity, the breakthrough of FhNPs in biofilm-coated sands was inhibited. A lack of continuous and stable supply of electron donor, on the contrary, led to remobilization and release of the originally retained FhNPs. Column experiments with biofilm of EET-deficient MR-1 mutants (ΔomcA/ΔmtrC and ΔcymA) further indicated that the impairment of EET activity decreased the retention of FhNPs. It is proposed that the effective surface binding and adhesion of FhNPs that is required by direct EET cannot be neglected when evaluating the transport of FhNPs in sands coated with electroactive biofilm.

Xiang Qi, Yong Jiang, Panpan Liu et al.

Environmental Science & Technology Letters • 2023

Hao Zhang, Yating Guo, Meng Yu et al.

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry • 2023

Javiera Anguita, Gonzalo Pizarro, Ignacio T. Vargas

Bioelectrochemistry • 2022

Luyao Huang, Weiwei Chang, Dawei Zhang et al.

Corrosion Science • 2022

Baoli Qin, Guiqin Yang, Zheng Zhuang et al.

Electrochimica Acta • 2024

Anwar Ahmad, Alia Said Al Senaidi, Mohammad S. Mubarak

Journal of Environmental Management • 2024

Edyta Łaskawiec

Preprints.org • 2022

Swimming pools are examples of water-intensive facilities, where solutions for reducing economic and environmental costs are increasingly frequently searched. One of the solutions is the recovery of water from wastewater, including from washings obtained through the process of rinsing filter bed. The study objective was the qualitative and quantitative assessment of post-coagulation sludges, the main pollutant found in the washings. During the analyses, assessment of the sedimentation capabilities of the sludges was performed (gravitationally), particle size distribution was assessed (particle size distribution analyzer) and assessment of phytotoxicity with the use of plant indicators in short-term tests was performed (Lemna minor, Lepidium sativum, Sinapis alba, Raphanus sativus). The samples were collected from two independent circulations, which differed in terms of capacity and type of coagulant used. The tested post-coagulation sludges were characterized by high content of total suspended solids: in samples from Circulation 1 from 251 to 128 mg/l, in Circulation 2 from 489 to 228 mg/l. However, the sedimentation processes enabled significant separation of sludges. The hydrolyzed coagulant contributed to the improvement of sedimentation capabilities of sludges. Despite the fact that in many samples low sludge concentrations favored stimulation of plant growth, the post-coagulation sludges can constitute a hazard to plant growth, particularly in the long-term perspective.

P. Kindstedt

Microbe Magazine • 2013

Cheese making transforms milk into either fresh or ripened cheese, with the aging process ranging from weeks to years. The first days establish the chemical characteristics of the cheese before it begins to age, setting the stage for microbial ripening. Of the plethora of organisms in new cheese, some remain viable and may proliferate during aging, others will be suppressed, while still others may be suppressed initially and then favored or vice versa, depending on the chemical environment to which they are subject. To add to this complexity, the chemical environment within the cheese may change dramatically as ripening progresses. Much of this complexity can be reduced to a few scientific principles that cheese makers vary systematically to achieve a wide range of outcomes. The historical development of distinctly different cheese varieties involved modulating these basic principles.

John Philip M. Rivera

Preprints.org • 2024

This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of retrofitting techniques aimed at enhancing the seismic resilience of seismically vulnerable historical buildings. Recognizing the dual objectives of structural safety and architectural preservation, this research evaluates and compares several advanced retrofitting methods, including base isolation, strengthening of masonry, steel bracing systems, Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) wrapping, and damping devices. Each technique is critically assessed based on its effectiveness in mitigating seismic risks, its compatibility with historical architectural features, and its applicability to various building types. Base isolation is highlighted for its ability to decouple buildings from ground motion, thereby significantly reducing seismic forces and protecting architectural integrity. Strengthening of masonry through the use of fiber-reinforced polymers and steel elements enhances the ductility and strength of masonry walls, making them more resilient to seismic forces. Steel bracing systems are shown to provide essential lateral support, particularly in timber-framed structures, improving overall stability and reducing deformation during earthquakes. FRP wrapping is identified as a versatile technique that strengthens structural elements without compromising aesthetic value, making it suitable for reinforcing concrete and masonry components. Damping devices, including viscous dampers and tuned mass dampers, are discussed for their ability to dissipate seismic energy and control structural vibrations, offering a minimally invasive solution that preserves historical aesthetics. The study also addresses several challenges and research gaps associated with these retrofitting techniques, such as ensuring architectural compatibility, assessing long-term material performance, optimizing cost-effectiveness, and navigating complex regulatory frameworks. By advancing knowledge in these areas, the research aims to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation in the development of retrofitting solutions. Ultimately, this study contributes to the ongoing efforts to safeguard historical buildings against seismic hazards. By leveraging cutting-edge technologies and best practices in structural engineering and architectural conservation, stakeholders can develop sustainable, cost-effective, and culturally sensitive retrofitting strategies that protect valuable cultural heritage for future generations.

Mohamed Elsawi Mahmoud

• 2025

This review article examines recent advancements in durable construction technologies, focusing on three interconnected domains: microbial applications in construction materials, composite beam structures with post-tensioning, and advanced modeling techniques. The paper synthesizes findings from over 40 recent studies to provide a comprehensive overview of current research trends, methodological approaches, and practical applications. Key findings highlight the significant improvements in material properties achieved through microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP), with strength increases of up to 80% reported in some studies. The enhanced structural performance of composite beams with external post-tensioning demonstrates load capacity increases of 40-55% for draped tendon configurations, while the degree of shear connection significantly influences overall performance. Advanced modeling techniques, including spatial grillage models and phase field approaches, offer increasingly accurate predictions of structural behavior across multiple scales. The integration of these technologies offers promising pathways toward more durable, durable, and efficient construction practices. This review identifies research gaps and suggests future directions for advancing durable construction technologies, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary approaches that combine biological, structural, and computational innovations.

Sm Rahman

Preprints.org • 2021

Shipbreaking research has not been in the forefront until the last decade in which environmental and occupational hazards have been highlighted while economic sustainability and contextual conditions were not equally considered. The adoption of a triple bottom line approach across core business issues (environmental impacts, workplace safety ) as well as peripheral stakeholders expectation (environmental sustainability focus) has been retarded due to the less attention on the latter. Based on the findings of the 128 review papers, the study suggests that organizational learning and economic sustainability needs to prioritize through the formation of strange alliance among the stakeholders. The study argues that the dialogue and discussion on the peripheral stakeholders (NGOs, yard managers, national and international policy organizations) would lead to a more sustainable shipbreaking industry in the south Asian regions.

Oludolapo Esther Bewaji

• 2025

ABSTRACTHeavy metal contamination in drinking water poses a significant public health risk in developing countries where access to safe and clean water is limited due to inadequate infrastructure, poor surveillance systems and environmental negligence.This review explores the sources of heavy metals contamination (lead,arsenic, cadmium,mercury, chromium,iron and copper) in water supplies across developing countries. Industrial waste, agricultural runoff, mining and poor waste management practices are identified as primary contributors to elevated metal concentrations in water bodies. Prolonged exposure to these metals even at low levels is associated with severe health conditionsincluding neurological damage, kidney disease and cancers. It also evaluates the existing drinking water surveillance programs in countries such as Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, India and Brazil and the challenges faced by these countries in monitoring and mitigating water contamination, including limited technical capacity, insufficient funding and weak regulatory enforcement.While some progress has been made through national initiatives and international support, many systems remain underdeveloped and fragmented. This review emphasizes the urgent need for integrated strategies to improve water quality. It also highlights the role of international organizations in supporting local efforts through funding, technical assistance and advocacy.Ultimately, protecting drinking water from heavy metal contamination requires coordinated efforts among governments, communities and global partners to ensure universal access to safe and clean water.

Ashley Sousa

• 2021

Cellulosic ethanol has shown promise as a feasible alternative fuel, especially if the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is done through a single step process known as consolidated bioprocessing (CBP). A major challenge for CBP, especially for large-scale industrial applications is the inhibition of celluloytic microorganisms by ethanol. While recombinant DNA technology and microbial acclimatization by exposure have resulted in some increase in ethanol tolerance, the search remains for robust bacteria that can proliferate in industrially-relevant conditions. This study applied an anaerobic gradient system to provide a continous spatial pathway for the selection of cellulolytic consortia with increased tolerance to ethanol. DGGE analysis showed that increasing concentrations of ethanol impacts the community profile. Biofilm formation of cellulose degrading communities has been found to be influenced by species diversity. Environmental gradients have shown promise for selective enrichment of cellulolytic consortia at desired conditions required for industrial application.

Subir Gupta

• 2023

Analytics has become an essential tool in our search for long-lasting and forward- looking solutions in a world where information is constantly shared, and data is being made at a rate that has never been seen before. Welcome to the ”Sustain- able and Predictive Analytics Model,” an in-depth look at how sustainability and predictive analytics work together. This writing gives people a complete plan for using data-driven ideas to help society and business. Analysis methods for the long term and their ability to predict The book starts by looking at the basic concepts behind sustainable and predictive analytics. This creative work details why and how these two fields must work together to solve the world’s most pressing problems. In this study’s second part, we discuss the analyti- cal ideas and tools we used. The fundamental analytics ideas are looked at in depth to start with a solid base. In the next part, you’ll learn basic facts to help you analyse and understand data more effectively. In the third part, the basic ideas of sustainability are looked at. The main goal of this effort is to bring about sustainable growth. Through a thorough look at sustainability ideas, you will learn what you need to know to make sound economic, environmen- tal, and societal decisions. Part 4 of ”Approaches to Predictive Modelling For the book to make accurate predictions, it must look closely at historical facts. This part will overview the different predictive modelling methods and explain their advantages and disadvantages. Collecting information for a full look at long-term sustainability For statistics to work well, data must be used. This chapter gets into the book’s main topic, which is how to collect and prepare data for a study on sustainability. Building a model that can predict sustain- ability By using the information and tools in this book, we can start the process of building predictive sustainability frameworks, which will help us make well- informed choices about the future. Case studies on how to use statistics that are good for the environment Using real-world examples and case studies help show how important sustainable statistics are in many fields. Explores from a social and moral point of view. In the information age we live in, ethics are becoming increasingly important. The writers of this book look into the ethical and social aspects of sustainable and predictive analytics to ensure they align with responsible practices. We are checking and analysing how accurate and useful the model is. To ensure predictions are accurate throughout the process, you must know much about model validation and performance review. In this part, we’ll talk about how to set up and connect a certain system or piece of technology. The most important thing is that analytics work well with existing systems. This chapter looks at the different ways release and integration can be done. Chapter 11: What the future holds for sustainable and predictive analytics Analytics is a field that is constantly growing and improving. The book looks into the future by discussing upcoming technological changes for sustainable and predictive analytics. Final Thoughts and an Immediate Call for Change A call to action demonstrates the book’s turning point. This article ex- amines the many effects of sustainable and predictive analytics and encourages readers to use this changing method for a better future. This academic study digs deep into the ”Sustainable and Predictive Analytics Model” literature and looks at the complicated link between data, sustainability, and prediction. The joint projects described in the book hold hope for future generations because they show new ways to do things and help make the world more sustainable.

R. Nikolic

• 2012

This month's issue has the following articles: (1) Honoring a Legacy of Service to the Nation - The nation pays tribute to George Miller, who retired in December 2011 as the Laboratory's tenth director; (2) Life-Extension Programs Encompass All Our Expertise - Commentary by Bruce T. Goodwin; (3) Extending the Life of an Aging Weapon - Stockpile stewards have begun work on a multiyear effort to extend the service life of the aging W78 warhead by 30 years; (4) Materials by Design - Material microstructures go three-dimensional with improved additive manufacturing techniques developed at Livermore; (5) Friendly Microbes Power Energy-Producing Devices - Livermore researchers are demonstrating how electrogenic bacteria and microbial fuel cell technologies can produce clean, renewable energy and purify water; and (6) Chemical Sensor Is All Wires, No Batteries - Livermore's 'batteryless' nanowire sensor could benefit applications in diverse fields such as homeland security and medicine.

Charles M. Lieber

• 2009

Abstract : Efficient compact power sources are critical to future mobile technologies, yet limitations with existing sources have restricted development. The objective of this research is to exploit advances in nanoscience to enable new capabilities in compact biofuel cells. The research program has focused on (i) controlled synthesis and characterization of nanowire building blocks that can function as probes of fundamental biofuel cell processes, (ii) development of novel methods for hierarchical assembly of these nanoscale structures to enable studies of power scaling, and (iii) development and fabrication of new nanoscale electrodes enabling studies of microbial fuel cells down to the level of single bacteria. First, methods for the predictable and controlled synthesis of branched nanowires consisting of single crystal silicon backbones with metal nanowire branches have been developed. Nanocluster catalyzed growth was used to control the diameter and dopant concentration of silicon nanowire backbones, and metal branches were prepared using a novel nanocluster seeded solution phase growth. Second, an approach for large area, uniformly aligned and controlled density nanowire and nanotube films that involves expanding a bubble from a homogeneous suspension of these materials was developed. The blown-bubble films allow the unique properties of nanowires and to be exploited in applications that require large surface areas. Third, nanofabrication was used to define electrode arrays in which the exposed electrode area of individual elements was designed to limit interactions specifically with one or more bacterial cell and fabrication of optically transparent electrode arrays was carried out on transparent substrates to enable in-situ imaging of individual cells during electrochemical measurements. Results advance significantly our fundamental knowledge of branched nanoscale building blocks.

Swati Kachawa

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology • 2018

: A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a bio-electrochemical device that harnesses the power of respiring microbes to convert organic substrates directly into electrical energy. Microbial fuel cells work by allowing bacteria to do what they do best, oxidize and reduce organic molecules. There are different aspects of Microbial Fuel Cells as well as different types of fuel cells. Microbial fuels cell can be used for different purposes such as electricity generation, Bio hydrogen production, biosensors and waste water treatment. However, the MFC technology still faces major challenges, particularly in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency. So in order to increase efficiency of MFC, coating of silver nanoparticles on electroplates has been proved a more efficient method nanoparticle’s can be more economically formed by green chemistry using extracts of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi Leaves) and then can be used for coating. Overall this article is fully focused on treating of waste water using MFC and generating electricity at different variations.

Matthew K. Burgess, R. T. Murray, Veronica Lucian et al.

ArXiv.org • 2025

Conventional tissue engineering methodologies frequently depend on pharmacological strategies to induce or expedite tissue repair. However, bioengineered strategies incorporating biophysical stimulation have emerged as promising alternatives. Electroactive materials facilitate the provision of controlled electrical, mechanical, and electromechanical stimuli, which support cell proliferation and tissue remodelling. Despite their ability to supply external electrical and mechanical stimuli to the tissue microenvironment, the electroactive polymers in use today often lack critical biochemical signals essential for native-like cell-cell and cell-scaffold interactions, thereby constraining their regenerative capabilities. To address the demand for biomimetic materials that possess enhanced capabilities in promoting cell and tissue stimulation, we present the development of a novel class of polymers called ionomeric extracellular matrices (iECMs). By utilising the linker-mediated conjugation of sulfonic acid biomolecules (taurine) to the backbone of an extracellular matrix protein (collagen), we illustrate the potential of iECMs as the first electromechanical actuating material platform derived entirely from ECM materials, paving the way for dynamic and soft-robotic platforms for a wide range of tissue engineering applications.

Jaisimha Manipatruni

• 2022

This project involves Synthesis and Characterisationof Reduced Graphene Oxide/MnO2/Polyanilinebased Nanofluid which acts as a liquid electrode forRechargeable Flow Battery Applications. Thesynthesised Electroactive Nanofluid(EANF)potentially would display very fast charge transferproperties and can be used for High Power FlowBattery Applications.

Saleh Bufarwa

Research Square • 2022

Abstract Utilizing electrochemical and optical methods, a novel conjugated co-compound that contains the redox-active thiophene-EDTT units has been described. The electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of the molecule 5,7-bis(3-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1, 4]dithiine are covered in this article. Ethylene3,4-dioxythiophene (EDTT), which is bound by bis-hexylthiophene units, appears as the central core. Tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (Bu 4 NPF 6 ) 0.1 M was used as the supporting electrolyte in cyclic voltammetry to study the material's redox properties, and electronic absorption Spectra in acetonitrile solution was used to study the material's optical properties. The monomer's electrochemical characteristics have resulted in a lower oxidation potential than its polymer. When compared to the polymer state, the optical band gap of the monomer has demonstrated a significant change.

Gary Koenig

• 2019

While there are many material characterization techniques that are employed for the quality control processes of lithium-ion battery active material powders, eventually the materials must be validated electrochemically in battery cells. This requires making the cells including slurry mixing, slurry coating and drying, electrode calendering and pairing, and final cell assembly. Fabricating cells requires significant equipment and material expense and, in some cases, significant time. Additionally, the cells must be electrochemically tested which depending on the protocol can take multiple days. A technique that provides insights into the electrochemical properties of battery materials without cell fabrication and electrochemical evaluation could improve battery active material powder quality control and potentially reduce the time and cost involved in material validation. Our lab has been working on a technique where dispersions of battery active materials are evaluated electrochemically during collisions with current collectors. The technique has been referred to as dispersed particle resistance (DPR), and in previous studies we have shown that DPR measurements provide an indicator of the rate capability of lithium-ion battery active materials. DPR has a significant advantage with regards to timescale for material evaluation because the method takes only a few minutes and has the option of high throughput analysis due to a flow-through configuration. We have also adapted the technique to characterization of the particles in aqueous dispersions, and in this presentation we will demonstrate that the technique is effective with aqueous dispersions of cathode materials, including water-sensitive layered metal oxides with high nickel content such as LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2.

RAJESH KUMAR SAHOO

ChemRxiv • 2022

A Systematic Assessment of Quantum mechanical (density functional theory) and semiempirical methods are highly powerful techniques that allow the study of electroactive organic compounds and the discovery of organic electroactive substances for Li-hybrid redox flow batteries for the assessment of natural cathode substances. In this paper, a combination of semiempirical AM1 with PM3 calculation methods was implemented for the theoretical lumo energy for screening of a large number of quinone derivatives taking Lumo energy as a lead descriptor for selection of finer candidate and use for further analysis by DFT method B2LYP-D3 with 6-31++G (d, p) basis set was used to calculate electrochemical properties value for the detection of some best candidates for use in the new generation of Li- organic hybrid redox flow battery. The calculation of its electro-active properties using DMA as solvent. This computational screening becomes centered on comparing all molecules designed to predict the cell potentials of quinone-primarily for the design of cathode organic electroactive material for LiHRFB batteries. Additionally, we also compared the homo Lumo gap to get the best molecule that has better electron reorganization energy as compared to all the descriptors the homo-LUMO gap of the quinone derivative act as a lead descriptor for the analysis of electron reorganization energy. Solvation energy Calculation was done using the CPCM model accompanied with the aid of reduction strength calculation with DFT yielded high accuracy for finding the suitable organic molecules.

Peilin Zhang

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2018

Abstract Autoimmune disease is a group of diverse clinical syndromes with defining autoantibodies within the circulation. The pathogenesis of autoantibodies in autoimmune disease is poorly understood. In this study, human autoantigens in all known autoimmune diseases were examined for the amino acid sequences in comparison to the microbial proteins including bacterial and fungal proteins by searching Genbank protein databases. Homologies between the human autoantigens and the microbial proteins were ranked high, medium, and low based on the default search parameters at the NCBI protein databases. Totally 64 human protein autoantigens important for a variety of autoimmune diseases were examined, and 26 autoantigens were ranked high, 19 ranked medium to bacterial proteins (69%) and 27 ranked high and 16 ranked medium to fungal proteins (66%) in their respective amino acid sequence homologies. There are specific autoantigens highly homologous to specific bacterial or fungal proteins, implying potential pathogenic roles of these microbes in specific autoimmune diseases. The computational examination of the primary amino acid sequences of human autoantigens in comparison to the microbial proteins suggests that the environmental exposure to the commensal or pathogenic microbes is potentially important in pathogenesis of a majority of autoimmune diseases, providing a new direction for further experimental investigation in searching for new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases.

Kartik Tiwary

Research Square • 2025

Abstract Heavymetal contamination persists in water, soil, and sediments owing to its toxicity, bioaccumulation potential, and continuous inputs from mining, metallurgy, and ewaste processing. Synthetic biology offers a route to engineer microbes and microalgae with metalspecific uptake, binding, and redoxtransformation capabilities that outperform conventional physicochemical treatments. We conducted a PRISMAScR scoping review of peerreviewed literature indexed in Scopus and PubMed (January 2015 – May 2025). After screening 941 records, 69 studies met the inclusion criteria. Bacterial chassis dominated (almst 90 % of studies), principally E. coli and C. metallidurans , whereas engineered alge (25 %) and funi (25 %) remain underrepresented. Multimetal remediation designs accounte for 61 % of experimental work, ye only 8 % progressed to pilot scae and 6 % to field trials. Reported interventions improved metalremoval efficiencies 1.5–3fold and increased LC₅₀ tolerance two to fourfold relative to wildtype strains. Key barriers to deployment include genetic stability, biosafety and containment, cost of inducers, and limited performance data under complex environmental matrices.This review provides the first decade‑scale synthesis of synthetic‑biology strategies for microbial and algal heavy‑metal remediation, offering a quantitative map of chassis selection, genetic toolkits, and mechanistic pathways. By identifying technology bottlenecks, particularly biosafety governance and field‑scale validation it outlines a research agenda for translating laboratory advances into sustainable environmental applications that support SDGs 6 and 12.

Sugoto Maulik

• 2023

<p>The integration of renewable energy resources is a prevailing trend in modern power systems. Wind and solar energy are key among these renewables, linked to the grid via power electronic converters. These converters require precise synchronization of their output with the grid, achieved through a phase-locked loop (PLL). The PLL’s ability to accurately track the grid voltage phase directly impacts synchronization stability. Moreover, stability relies on the converter’s controller, loads, and grid stiffness. The inclusion of these cross-linked dynamics culminates in a complex analytical model. However, commonly used reduced-order models often omit load dynamics, limiting the obtained insights. Addressing these limitations, this paper introduces a comprehensive method to model a 3- phase grid-tied inverter with an SRF-PLL and local loads, utilizing dynamic phasors. The approach evaluates the impact of system parameters, especially load configuration, on synchronization stability via eigenvalue analysis of the linearized state-space model. This model is apt for investigating weak grids and islanded distributed generation (DG) with diverse local loads. The model showcases stability boundaries, aiding the design of robust renewable energy systems.<br> </p>

Tommaso Caldognetto

• 2020

<div><div><div><p>Grid-tied inverters are widely used for interfacing renewable energy sources or storage devices to low-voltage electrical power distribution systems. Lately, a number of different control techniques have been proposed to address the emerging requirements of the smart power system scenario, in terms of both functionalities and performance. This paper reviews the techniques proposed for the implementation of current-controlled or voltage-controlled inverters in microgrids. By referring to a voltage source inverter with LCL output filter, the different control architectures are classified as single-, double-, and triple- loop. Then, the functionalities that are needed or recommended in the grid-connected, islanded, and autonomous operating modes of the grid-tied inverter are identified and their implementation in the different control structures is discussed. To validate the analysis and to better illustrate the merits and limitations of the most effective solutions, six control strategies are finally implemented and experimentally compared on a single-phase, grid-connected inverter setup.</p></div></div></div>

Ahmed G. Elkafas

Research Square • 2024

Abstract Maritime transportation has a remarkable contribution to the increase of pollutant gases in the atmosphere and adapting alternative energy systems to ship’s main power grid is an effective method to both save energy and reduce the amount of emission gases. The concept of green shipping is now becoming an important issue for ship owners, shipping lines, and shipbuilders globally. Solar energy may supply an environmentally friendly part of the total energy balance of a ship. Egypt is in the world’s solar belt and has excellent solar energy availability. Therefore, the present work aims to present a case study for installing a photovoltaic solar system onboard a passenger/Ro-Ro ship sailing between Safaga Port in Egypt and Yanbu Port in Saudi Arabia. Meteorological data for Safaga and Yanbu sailing route is presented to calculate the output power of that system. The proposed ship is designed to accommodate 843 passengers and 227 cars. The solar system onboard the ship has been modeled based on the available weather deck and bridge deck areas. The solar system will be composed of 1229 solar panels with 565 batteries. The proposed solar system will produce 1625 kWh/day used for the hoteling system of the ship. As a result of the calculations, 0.333 tons of low Sulphur fuel oil is saved in a day by the generators over the designed solar system. It is found significant environmental impacts within the calculation. By adopting such a solar system to the vessel, it is determined that there is a decrease of 0.27 tons of SOx, 7 tons of NOx, 415 tons of CO 2 , and 0.18 tons of PM emission that occur during the operations annually. A cost analysis is conducted to assess the economic benefits of the installed system. It shows that the proposed solar system will save 326,000 $ per year in addition to being clean to the environment, less emissions, and green ship.