• 2011

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This recommended practice is intended to provide a framework for performance testing of fuel cell systems (FCS’s) designed for automotive applications with direct current (DC) output. The procedures described allow for measurement of performance relative to claims by manufacturers of such systems with regard to the following performance criteria.</div> <ol class="list nostyle"> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">—</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Power</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">—</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Efficiency</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">—</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Transient Response</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">—</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Start and Stop Performance</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">—</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Physical Description</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">—</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Environmental Limits</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">—</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Operational Requirements</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">—</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Integration</div></li></ol> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Since this recommended practice is based on the principal of performance measurement relative to a claim, the testing parties should take care to include any qualifying or unique circumstances leading to the test results reported in order to achieve full disclosure. For example, efficiency as defined in section 3.1.9 allows for the inclusion of thermal output benefit. If a test result is reported which takes advantage of this allowance this stipulation should be noted with the efficiency figure and the useful purpose of the thermal output (e.g. cabin heating) should be made clear.</div> </div>

• 2014

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This SAE Recommended Practice identifies and defines requirements relating to the safe integration of the fuel cell system, the hydrogen fuel storage and handling systems (as defined and specified in SAE J2579) and high voltage electrical systems into the overall Fuel Cell Vehicle. The document may also be applied to hydrogen vehicles with internal combustion engines.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This document relates to the overall design, construction, operation and maintenance of fuel cell vehicles.</div> </div>

• 2011

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This recommended practice is intended to serve as a design verification procedure and not a product qualification procedure. It may be used to verify design specifications or vendor claims. Test procedures, methods and definitions for the performance of the fuel processor subsystem (FPS) of a fuel cell system (FCS) are provided. Fuel processor subsystems (FPS) include all components required in the conversion of input fuel and oxidizer into a hydrogen-rich product gas stream suitable for use in fuel cells. Performance of the fuel processor subsystem includes evaluating system energy inputs and useful outputs to determine fuel conversion efficiency and where applicable the overall thermal effectiveness. Each of these performance characterizations will be determined to an uncertainty of less than ± 2% of the value.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The method allows for the evaluation of fuel processor subsystems for two general cases.</div> <ul class="list disc"> <li class="list-item"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Compare fuel processors with different designs (e.g., catalytic partial oxidation reforming, autothermal reforming or steam reforming) on a common basis where no specific fuel cell system design has been identified.</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Assess the performance of a specific fuel processor in the context of a specific fuel cell system design.</div></li></ul> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This document applies to all fuel processor subsystems for transportation applications regardless of fuel processor type, fuel cell type, electrical power output, thermal output, or system application (propulsion or auxiliary power unit (APU)). For example, the fuel processor subsystems associated with proton exchange, molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cells can differ due to the requirements of the fuel cells themselves.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Performance of the fuel processor subsystem, and preprocessor if applicable, is evaluated. A stand alone fuel processor “system” or even the primary reactor (e.g., autothermal, partial oxidation or steam reforming reactor) of a fuel processor subsystem that would normally be integrated into a fuel cell system can be evaluated. The fuel processor together with the preprocessor (if required) converts the fuel (gasoline or other liquid hydrocarbon) to a reformate gas consisting largely of H<sub>2</sub>, CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O and N<sub>2</sub> (if air is used). After the fuel processor subsystem, reformate gas typically contains only trace levels of carbon bearing components higher than C<sub>1</sub>. The FPS would be evaluated in a test facility that is designed to evaluate a stand-alone component rather than a portion of the reformer such as a specific catalyst or a particular vessel design.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Any fuel(s) mutually agreed to by the test parties can be used such as 1) straight run gasoline (EPA Fuel-CARB reformulated gasoline Tier II, 30 ppm sulfur), or 2) methanol or 3) hydrocarbon fuel such as iso-octane, naptha, diesel, liquefied natural gas (LNG) or LPG (propane), etc.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The procedures provide a point-in-time evaluation of the performance of the fuel processor subsystem. Steady state and transient (start-up and load-following) performance are included. Methods and procedures for conducting and reporting fuel processor testing, including instrumentation to be used, testing techniques, and methods for calculating and reporting results are provided. The boundary limits for fuel and oxidant input, secondary energy input and net energy output are defined. Procedures for measuring temperature, pressure, input fuel flow and composition, electrical power and thermal output at the boundaries are provided.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Procedures for determination of the FPS performance measures such as fuel processor efficiency and cold gas efficiency at a rated load or any other steady state condition are provided. Methods to correct results from the test conditions to reference conditions are provided.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">SI units are used throughout the recommended practice document.</div> </div>

• 2024

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform procedures for testing fuel cell and hybrid fuel cell electric vehicles, excluding low speed vehicles, designed primarily for operation on the public streets, roads and highways. The procedure addresses those vehicles under test using compressed hydrogen gas supplied by an off-board source or stored and supplied as a compressed gas onboard.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This practice provides standard tests that will allow for determination of fuel consumption and range based on the US Federal Emission Test Procedures, using the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) and the Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule (HFEDS).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Chassis dynamometer test procedures are specified in this document to eliminate the test-to-test variations inherent with track testing, and to adhere to standard industry practice for fuel consumption and range testing.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Communication between vehicle manufacturer and the governing authority is essential when starting official manufacturer in-house and official government confirmatory testing that incorporates this practice.</div></div>

• 2002

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This SAE Information Report contains definitions for hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicle terminology. It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other hydrogen fuel cell vehicle documents, specifically, Standards or Recommended Practices.</div> </div>

B. Gaikwad, Yashita Thakur

Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry • 2015

Black liquor is released from pulp and paper industry. It is hazardous in nature and harmful to environment. We have screened bacterial cultures for treatment of black liquor. 18 bacterial cultures were used for screening of biodegradation of black liquor (1:5 diluted). We have used two different pH i.e. 9.0 and 5.5 for study. Among bacterial cultures we attempted to use Pseudomonas sp., Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas fluroscence and Pseudomonas pudita for screening. Baker's yeast was also used for study at pH 9.0 and 5.5. Study of sugar utilization, phenol degradation and decolorization was carried out. Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIM 2174 utilized 47.5% sugar at pH 9. In case phenol degradation, 30.35% degradation was observed by Arthrobacter simplex NCIM 2449 at pH 9. 27.85% decolorization by done by Pseudomonas putida NCIM 2872 at pH 5.5. Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIM 2174 has shown 10.36% phenol degradation and 2.76% decolorization at pH 9. Arthrobacter simplex NCIM 2449 utilized 37.7% sugar and 8.23% decolorization observed at pH 9. 4.34% sugar utilization and 17.71% phenol degradation was observed with Pseudomonas putida NCIM 2872 at pH 5.5. Baker's yeast has shown 10.94% sugar utilization and 15.59% decolorization at pH 5.5. 14.27% phenol degradaton was obseved with Baker's yeast at pH 9.

Amol Jadhav, Snehal Sonawane, Neha Bhagat

International Journal of Microbial Science • 2020

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world. It is essential to find the best strategy and solution as soon as possible. Many therapies such as targeted therapy, immunotherapy, surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and stem cell therapy are used to treat cancer with new strategies. Still, we need a more advanced strategy to treat it. The use of bacteria in cancer treatment is a new approach. Bacteria can be used as a therapeutic agent. They are used to deliver a nanoparticle to a specific targeted site. The more important thing is that encapsulated bacteria can protect themselves as well as help to reach nanoparticle to its target successfully. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) can sense the nutrients and reach there with the help of flagella; it can swim easily through the vascular system. If the nutrient uptake capacity of MTB is increased, it can sense nutrient and attract to the cancer site. The use of MTB with our hypothesis will be the best strategy to treat cancer disease. MTB can be monitored externally with the help of magnetic field. The present review article summarizes the use of MTB as a therapeutic agent and comments on prevention of a cancer.

Z. E. Berdnikova, A. S. Tikhonova

Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment • 2024

INTRODUCTION . The distinctive nature and composition of biological medicinal products present certain challenges for the detection of microbial contamination, which affects the reliability of sterility control results. The main challenges associated with testing biologicals include changes in the appearance and physical properties of culture media or samples, an increased risk of contamination or false-positive results in direct inoculation tests, filtration issues, etc. When drafting product specification files and analytical method validation reports in dossiers for biologicals, manufacturers need adequate, reproducible, and pharmacopoeia-based sterility testing procedures for specific medicinal products, including live and inactivated, viral and bacterial, single- and multi-component vaccines, bacteriophages and interferons, sera and immunoglobulins. These challenges can be addressed through providing recommendations for developing analytical procedures based on compendial methods of direct inoculation and membrane filtration. AIM . This study aimed to offer key recommendations for the development of sterility testing procedures for biologicals based on pharmacopoeial methods. DISCUSSION . This article presents a retrospective analysis of the results of reviewing regulatory documentation for biological medicinal products submitted to the testing centre of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products in 2021–2023. Having considered major issues with the analytical procedures described in the Sterility section of regulatory submissions, the authors offer the following recommendations for addressing these issues. The authors advise against using low-pH Sabouraud culture media to test blood products by direct inoculation. Biologicals containing mercury preservatives should be tested using a thioglycollate medium at two temperature settings. When testing various biologicals, analysts should refrain from plugging vials with cotton gauze. Instead, they should pour culture media into glass vials with rubber stoppers and crimps. Biologicals in large primary packaging (≥10 mL) should be tested by membrane filtration. Membrane filtration tests for biologicals should use solvents and rinsing agents selected in validation studies. It is also recommended to set the maximum volume of a biological medicinal product that can be filtered through a membrane filter. A reduction in the filtration speed is recommended to minimise foaming when testing blood products. CONCLUSION . The recommendations presented in this article can guide the development of sterility testing procedures for inclusion in the relevant section of regulatory submissions for biologicals. Manufacturers, control laboratories, and regulatory authorities may implement these recommendations to harmonise their approach to sterility testing of biologicals.

K. Tihomirova, A. Briedis, J. Rubulis et al.

• 2012

Abstract. The addition of labile organic carbon (LOC) to enhance the biodegradation rate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in biological columns was studied. Acetate standard solution (NaAc) and LB (Luria Bertrani) medium were used as LOC as biostimulants in glass column system used for measurements of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC). The addition of LOC related with the increase of total DOC in sample. The concentration of BDOC increased up to 7 and 5 times and was utilized after 24 min. contact time. The biodegradation rate constant was increased at least 8 times during adaptation-biostimulation period. There was a strong positive correlation between the biodegradation rate constant and the concentration of BDOC. Biostimulation period ranged from 24 to 53 h for NaAc biostimulant and from 20 to 168 h for LB. The study has shown that LOC could be used as stimulator to enhance the biodegradation rate of DOC during biofiltration.

Hanane El Fadel

Global Scientific Research in Environmental Science • 2024

The evolution of raw wastewater to a purified effluent occurs through various stages or streams that constitute successive purifications. These successive stages of physical, chemical or biological characteristics are combined in order to first eliminate or reduce suspended matter, then colloidal materials and finally dissolved elements, whether mineral or organic. These treatments are distinguished according to the degree of purification sought and the technical means employed; the classification includes: a. Preliminary treatments b. Primary treatments c. Secondary treatments d. Complementary treatments, sometimes referred to as tertiary or advanced treatments The purpose of these purification processes is to obtain a satisfactory effluent for which pollution is limited to such a degree that the discharge does not create any nuisance to the flora or fauna of the receiving environment.

Ioana Stanciu

Environmental Sciences • 2023

Bioremediation includes processes such as bioventing, bioaugmentation, phytoremediation, biopiles, and composting. In this chapter, we details the characteristics, utilization and operating conditions of each process. Bioremediation is understood, according to the general definition, as the use of living organisms (microorganisms, plants, etc.) to improve and restore the ecological condition of a polluted or degraded substrate (area, land, aquifer, etc.) to better, favorable quality parameters life, harmless, non-polluting or to return it to its previous state. Soil treatment technologies through bioremediation include two types of treatments: in situ biological treatments (bioventilation, bioaugmentation, phytoremediation in soil) and ex situ biological treatments of polluted soils (biopiles and soil cultivation).

Gary W. VanLoon, Stephen J. Duffy

Environmental Chemistry • 2017

This chapter focuses on the meaning of water pollution and water treatment for the protection of water resources. In a first step, it defines what is meant by pollution in this context. It considers definitions based on purity, on naturalness, and a utilitarian definition and highlights their limitations. The chapter then reviews the desired chemical characteristics of various types of water and corresponding water quality guidelines before outlining wastewater treatment processes with emphasis on secondary and tertiary technologies. The chapter covers the chemistry of water treatment processes as wastewater which is discharged from urban centres is one of the principal contributors to water pollution.

C. Purdom, P. Hardiman, V. Bye et al.

Chemistry and Ecology • 1994

Abstract The occurrence of hermaphrodite fish in the lagoons of sewage treatment works led us to hypothesize that sewage effluent might contain a substance, or substances, estrogenic to fish. to test this hypothesis, we placed cages containing rainbow trout in the effluent from sewage-treatment works, and one to three weeks later measured the vitellogenin concentration in the plasma of the fish. Vitellogenin is a protein synthesized by the liver of oviparous fish in response to estradiol stimulation; it is then conveyed by the blood to the ovary, where it is sequestered by oocytes to form the yolk. Thus, the presence of vitellogenin in the plasma is indicative of estrogenic stimulation of the liver. an initial study, at a sewage-treatment works, showed that plasma vitellogenin concentrations rose rapidly and very markedly (over 1000-fold in three weeks) when trout were maintained in the effluent. an extensive nationwide survey was then conducted. Results were obtained from fifteen sewage-treatment works d...

F. Valentino, G. Moretto, L. Lorini et al.

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research • 2019

Although the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and sewage sludge (SS) originate from the same urban area and contain similar organic matter, they are collected separately and handle...

J. Gębicki, H. Byliński, J. Namieśnik

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment • 2015

The study presents information about the measurement techniques used for the assessment of air quality in terms of the olfactory intensity resulting from the operation of municipal sewage treatment plants. Advantages and disadvantages of the measurement techniques used are presented. Sources of malodourous substance emission from sewage treatment plants were described, and the malodourous substances emitted were characterised. Trends in development of analysis and monitoring of the malodourous substances in the air were also presented.

Zihan Li

Science Progress and Research • 2021

One of highest populated country is China where population of rural is 67% of the total population. The main issue that causing the rural environment of China-Jiangsu is treatment of domestic sewage waste-water. Basically, these arrives due to the untreated waste water from households and are directly flowing to water bodies that are nearby to their respective areas. More than 60% of people in China are affected by this physically causing huge health problems and spread of disease and also directly affecting living beings under water bodies. By this, sewage treatment plants were built by China 5-6 years ago but still the problem exists as the treatment wastewater hasn’t improved. So, in this paper we give a research area of how to improve household sewage wastewater treatment in better way and also give a futuristic way of the latest technologies in changing the wastewater treatment into an improved level.

Wanhao Zhu, Zhidong Wang, Zifan Zhang

Sensors • 2020

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is of great significance to the improvement of industrial efficiency and quality, and to reduce industrial costs and resources. However, there are few openly-reported practical project applications based on the IIoT up to now. For legacy automation devices in traditional industry, it is especially challenging to realize the upgrading of industrial automation adopting the IIoT technology with less investment. Based on the practical engineering experience, this paper introduces the automation renovation of a sewage treatment plant. The legacy automation devices are upgraded by the central controller of a STM32 processor (Produced by STMicroelectronics company, located in Geneva, Switzerland), and the WeChatApplet (Developed by Tencent company, located in Shenzhen, China) is used as the extended host computer. A set of remote monitoring and control systems of sewage treatment based on the IIoT is built to realize the wide-area monitoring and control of sewage treatment. The paper describes the field hardware system, wide-area monitoring and control application program, management cloud platform and security technologies in detail. The actual operation results show that the monitoring system has the requirements of high accuracy, good real-time performance, reliable operation and low cost.

Lubelihle Gwebu, Canisius Mpala

Wastewater Treatment • 2022

Climate change has led to water shortages in semi-arid regions. SDG 13 was advocates for wastewater reuse. Zimbabwe uses centralised conventional sewage treatment systems. Vermifiltration combines filtration process and earthworms in sewage water treatment. Vermifiltration is efficient, viable, requires less expertise and can be decentralised. Vermifiltration technique was used in treating domestic septic tank sewage water. Design parameters and efficiency were determined and characterised Vermifiltered water parameters were compared against the Environmental Management Agency Statutory Instrument 6 irrigation water standards. Vermifilter media contained gravel and composted soil with 20g Eseinia fetida earthworms per litre of soil. Treatments were septic tank raw water, vermifilter and control biofilter. A duplicate analysis was conducted. Hydraulic retention time was 1 hour 40 minutes and hydraulic loading rate 163l/m2/hour. Disposed wastewater did not meet required EMA standards. Both filters were effective in treating domestic sewage. There was a significant difference between untreated and treated wastewater. Vermifilter and the control, significantly (p < 0.01) treated pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, nitrates, phosphates and total coliforms properties. Vermifiltered water met EMA standards for irrigation and non-potable water uses. Phytoremediation can be incorporated in the designs to increase efficiency.

Na Li

Thermal Science • 2020

Objective: The paper is to study the sewage treatment degradation thermal energy management system of a sewage treatment plant, to achieve the energy saving and emission reduction. Methods: This paper studies the electron equivalent reaction of biochemical reaction of organic matter. Under the environmental conditions of biochemical degradation of sewage, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) is used to indicate the amount of heat generated by the degradation of organic matter in sewage. The paper designs a management system based on sewage heat recovery, and uses it to carry out heat recovery of sewage. Also, the energy-saving benefits produced by the heat management system are studied. Results: The sewage heat recovery system is more energy-efficient than the common air-conditioning supply system. In the use of sewage heat management system for one year, it achieves energy saving of 30.4% better than that of ordinary air-conditioning systems. The system for one year saves electric energy of 2145464 kWh, which is equivalent to saving 2511994?104 kJ primary energy. This system saves 858.2 tons per year of standard coal, reduces CO2 emissions by 2789.1 tons per year, reduces SO2 emissions by 19.61 tons per year, reduces NO2 emissions by 7.12 tons per year, reduces ash emissions by 135.19 tons per year, and saves tap water replenishment 40243 tons per year. Conclusion: The sewage thermal energy management system can utilize the thermal energy in the sewage, thereby using the sewage as a new clean energy. It can effectively improve China?s current energy shortage and make a substantial contribution China?s energy saving and emission reduction goals.

• 2010

Urban living generates waste that is usually treated to some degree and then discharged into water bodies. Too much waste can pose a risk to aquatic ecosystems and species. Pollutants can remain environmentally damaging even after passing through conventional sewage treatment. Municipal wastewater, including residential, commercial and industrial wastewater, is the major source of contaminants in the marine environment. In southern Canada, where most Canadians live, much of the municipal wastewater is treated by reducing some of the oxygen, suspended solids, phosphorus and sometimes ammonia and nitrogen to reduce the environmental impact on the receiving aquatic ecosystems. The map shows the percentage of the population without access to sewage treatment by ecoregion.

Elise Cartmell

Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control • 2013

Sewage from properties and industries which are connected to the public sewerage system are treated by physical, chemical and biological sewage treatment processes to protect human health and the environment. In this chapter the conveyance of sewage to treatment works by combined or foul sewers is described. The subsequent preliminary treatment, primary sedimentation and biological secondary treatment stages are highlighted together with the consent standards required. The resulting sludge produced from these processes is treated using physical thickening and dewatering stages together with biological anaerobic digestion or composting processes which are further described in this chapter.

Gorur Bettaiah Janardhana Swamy

Sewage - Management and Treatment Techniques • 2024

The AIoT Integrated Autonomous Sewage Management System is a project that aims to develop a cutting-edge solution for effective management and monitoring of sewage systems. The system will leverage Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) technology to autonomously manage the sewage infrastructure, including monitoring the water flow, water quality, and identifying any blockages or leaks in the system. The system will also incorporate a real-time alerting mechanism to notify relevant stakeholders in case of any emergencies or deviations from the expected operating conditions. The project’s ultimate goal is to create a self-regulating, eco-friendly sewage management system that ensures minimal human intervention while maximizing efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The AIoT Integrated Autonomous Sewage Management System has the potential to revolutionize the sewage management industry and pave the way for more sustainable and responsible waste management practices.

Committee D-19

Manual on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water • 1960

(a) This method describes a procedure for determining the quantity of chlorine required to obtain a specific objective in the treatment by chlorination of industrial water, including industrial waste water. (b) This method can be applied to all types of industrial water, including solutions of individual concentrated industrial wastes, and to the combined waste water effluents from an industrial plant. (c) This method is recommended as a means of establishing, prior to possible plant application, the quantity of chlorine required to achieve any of the following objectives: (1) Elimination of pathogens in the water, (2) Destruction or modification of decomposable organic substances so as to reduce the biochemical oxygen demand of the water, (3) Elimination or reduction of taste and odors in the water, (4) Separation of grease in waste water by eliminating the protective colloidal effect of proteins present, and (5) Destruction or modification of substances in the waste water that react directly with oxygen, such as ammonia, cyanates, cyanides, ferrous iron, nitrites, phenol, phosphorus, sulfides, sulfites, thiocyanates, and other oxidizable constituents.

J. Huisman, J. Sciré, L. Caduff et al.

Environmental Health Perspectives • 2021

The effective reproductive number, Re, is a critical indicator to monitor disease dynamics, inform regional and national policies, and estimate the effectiveness of interventions. It describes the average number of new infections caused by a single infectious person through time. To date, Re estimates are based on clinical data such as observed cases, hospitalizations, and/or deaths. Here we show that the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater can be used to estimate Re in near real-time, independent of clinical data and without associated biases stemming from clinical testing and reporting strategies. The method to estimate Re from wastewater is robust and applicable to data from different countries and wastewater matrices. The resulting estimates are as similar to the Re estimates from case report data as Re estimates based on observed cases, hospitalizations, and deaths are among each other. We further provide details on the effect of sampling frequency and the shedding load distribution on the ability to infer Re. To our knowledge, this is the first time Re has been estimated from wastewater. This method provides a low cost, rapid, and independent way to inform SARS-CoV-2 monitoring during the ongoing pandemic and is applicable to future wastewater-based epidemiology targeting other pathogens.

P. U. Iyare, S. Ouki, T. Bond

Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology • 2020

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are an important route for microplastics to enter aquatic environments.

D. Larsen, K. Wigginton

Nature Biotechnology • 2020

Wastewater testing captures the rise and fall of novel coronavirus cases in a mid-sized metropolitan region.

Minlin Mao, Tingting Yan, Junjie Shen et al.

Environmental Science & Technology • 2021

Heavy metals widely exist in wastewater, which is a serious threat to human health or water environment. Highly efficient removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater is a major challenge to wastewater treatment. In this work, capacitive removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater via an electro-adsorption and electro-reaction coupling process was originally demonstrated. The removal efficiency of heavy metal ions in the binary-component solutions containing metal nitrate (10 mg/L) and NaCl (100 mg/L) can reach 99%. Even the removal efficiency of heavy metal ions can be close to 99% in the multi-component solution containing all the seven metal nitrates (10 mg/L for each) and 100 mg/L NaCl. Meanwhile, the electro-adsorption and electro-reaction coupling process maintained excellent regeneration ability even after 20 cycles. Furthermore, the heavy metal ions removal mechanism was proven to be the pseudocapacitive intercalation of heavy metal ions into the layered structure of the employed W18O49/graphene in the electro-adsorption and electro-reaction coupling process. This work demonstrates great potential for general applicability to wastewater treatment.

Ding Wang, Mingming Ha, J. Qiao

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics • 2021

The wastewater treatment is an important avenue of resources cyclic utilization when coping with the modern urban diseases. However, there always exist obvious nonlinearities and uncertainties within wastewater treatment systems, such that it is difficult to accomplish proper optimization objectives toward these complex unknown platforms. In this article, a data-driven iterative adaptive critic (IAC) strategy is developed to address the nonlinear optimal control problem. The iterative algorithm is constructed with a general framework, followed by convergence analysis and neural network implementation. Remarkably, the derived IAC control policy with an additional steady control input is also applied to a typical wastewater treatment plant, rendering that the dissolved oxygen concentration and the nitrate level are maintained at desired setting points. When compared with the incremental proportional–integral–derivative method, it is found that faster response and less oscillation can be obtained during the IAC control process.

M. Morvan, A. Jacomo, Célia Souque et al.

Nature Communications • 2022

Accurate surveillance of the COVID-19 pandemic can be weakened by under-reporting of cases, particularly due to asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic infections, resulting in bias. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater can be used to infer infection prevalence, but uncertainty in sensitivity and considerable variability has meant that accurate measurement remains elusive. Here, we use data from 45 sewage sites in England, covering 31% of the population, and estimate SARS-CoV-2 prevalence to within 1.1% of estimates from representative prevalence surveys (with 95% confidence). Using machine learning and phenomenological models, we show that differences between sampled sites, particularly the wastewater flow rate, influence prevalence estimation and require careful interpretation. We find that SARS-CoV-2 signals in wastewater appear 4–5 days earlier in comparison to clinical testing data but are coincident with prevalence surveys suggesting that wastewater surveillance can be a leading indicator for symptomatic viral infections. Surveillance for viruses in wastewater complements and strengthens clinical surveillance, with significant implications for public health. Wastewater surveillance could provide a means of monitoring SARS-CoV-2 prevalence that does not rely on testing individuals. Here, the authors report results from England’s national wastewater surveillance program, use it to estimate prevalence, and compare estimates with those from population-based prevalence surveys.

A. Nemudryi, A. Nemudraia, Kevin Surya et al.

medRxiv • 2020

SARS-CoV-2 has recently been detected in feces, which indicates that wastewater may be used to monitor viral prevalence in the community. Here we use two different sampling methods to monitor SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater over a 17-day period and sequencing is used to infer viral ancestry. While SARS-CoV-2 is detected over the entire time course, viral RNA has been steadily decreasing over the last week, suggesting that state mandated social isolation is having a measurable impact on containment of the outbreak.

M. Herrera

• 2025

Layne has more than 75 years of experience in the wastewater treatment plant construction industry. Layne is one of the nation’s leading wastewater treatment plant contractors with municipal and industrial wastewater treatment contracts totaling more than $600 million over the past 10 years. Layne's wastewater treatment plant areas of specialty are sewer treatment, industrial wastewater treatment and water reuse. Layne offers new facility construction, expansions and modifications.

Fuqing Wu, Jianbo Zhang, A. Xiao et al.

mSystems • 2020

Wastewater-based surveillance is a promising approach for proactive outbreak monitoring. SARS-CoV-2 is shed in stool early in the clinical course and infects a large asymptomatic population, making it an ideal target for wastewater-based monitoring. In this study, we develop a laboratory protocol to quantify viral titers in raw sewage via qPCR analysis and validate results with sequencing analysis. Our results suggest that the number of positive cases estimated from wastewater viral titers is orders of magnitude greater than the number of confirmed clinical cases and therefore may significantly impact efforts to understand the case fatality rate and progression of disease. These data may help inform decisions surrounding the advancement or scale-back of social distancing and quarantine efforts based on dynamic wastewater catchment-level estimations of prevalence. ABSTRACT Wastewater surveillance represents a complementary approach to clinical surveillance to measure the presence and prevalence of emerging infectious diseases like the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. This innovative data source can improve the precision of epidemiological modeling to understand the penetrance of SARS-CoV-2 in specific vulnerable communities. Here, we tested wastewater collected at a major urban treatment facility in Massachusetts and detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA from the N gene at significant titers (57 to 303 copies per ml of sewage) in the period from 18 to 25 March 2020 using RT-qPCR. We validated detection of SARS-CoV-2 by Sanger sequencing the PCR product from the S gene. Viral titers observed were significantly higher than expected based on clinically confirmed cases in Massachusetts as of 25 March. Our approach is scalable and may be useful in modeling the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and future outbreaks. IMPORTANCE Wastewater-based surveillance is a promising approach for proactive outbreak monitoring. SARS-CoV-2 is shed in stool early in the clinical course and infects a large asymptomatic population, making it an ideal target for wastewater-based monitoring. In this study, we develop a laboratory protocol to quantify viral titers in raw sewage via qPCR analysis and validate results with sequencing analysis. Our results suggest that the number of positive cases estimated from wastewater viral titers is orders of magnitude greater than the number of confirmed clinical cases and therefore may significantly impact efforts to understand the case fatality rate and progression of disease. These data may help inform decisions surrounding the advancement or scale-back of social distancing and quarantine efforts based on dynamic wastewater catchment-level estimations of prevalence.

Awwa, Wef

Choice Reviews Online • 1999

Permite acceder a documentos sobre agua y efluentes por medio de dos metodos : busqueda documental y tabla de contenido. Incluye una guia de uso en idioma ingles con informacion tecnica e instrucciones de instalacion, asi como de uso de ambos metodos

ODIN Wastewater Surveillance Project • 2025

The ODIN project is dedicated to enhancing environmental surveillance to improve public health across Africa. By leveraging collective expertise, innovative research, and a global perspective, the initiative aims to foster positive change in environmental health. This page provides key outputs from the ODIN project, including a laboratory handbook and a protocol document for wastewater pathogen surveillance in Africa

O. Z. Roy

Physics Bulletin • 1970

Biological energy has intrigued men throughout the ages; some have written poems about the forms and shapes which contain it, others have discussed the pleasurable ways of expending it. It has been termed animal electricity or animal magnetism and is the stuff of great lovers, or the charisma of politicians.

Jon Scott, Gus Cameron, Anne Goodenough et al.

Biological Science • 2022

This chapter considers the notion of energy. Energy underpins the maintenance of life. Living cells resemble chemical factories within which thousands of reactions take place, and each reaction involves transformations of matter and energy. The chapter explains the function and features of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a universal energy currency. It also outlines the principles of food oxidation and the harnessing of energy. Enzymes act as biological catalysts because they lower the activation energy required before a reaction can happen. The chapter also tackles the electron affinity of electron carriers or hydrogen carriers. These determine what can donate electrons.

Stephen Curry

• 2011

It has been a quiet week in lab woebegone*. Though we have been working to pack up everything for a move across campus in mid-January, Christmas has intervened to scatter us to our homes, where traditionally we have the time to reflect on the year just past and galvanise ourselves for the one to come. Except that this year I haven’t had the time.

James Barber

Energy... beyond oil • 2007

Oil, gas, and coal provide us with most of the energy needed to power our technologies, heat our homes, and produce the wide range of chemicals and materials that support everyday life. Ultimately the quantities of fossil fuels available to us today will dwindle, and then what? Even before that we are faced with the problem of increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the consequences of global warming (Climate Change, 2001). To address these issues it is appropriate to remind ourselves that fossil fuel reserves are derived from the process of photosynthesis. Plants, algae, and certain types of bacteria have learnt how to capture sunlight efficiently and convert it into organic molecules, the building blocks of all living organisms. It is estimated that photosynthesis produces more than 100 billion tons of dry biomass annually, which would be equivalent to a hundred times the weight of the total human population on our planet at the present time, and equal to about 100 TJ of stored energy. In this chapter we emphasize the enormity of the energy/carbon dioxide problem that we face within the coming decades and discuss the contributions that could be made by biofuels and developing new technologies based on the successful principles of photosynthesis. We will particularly emphasize the possibility of exploiting the vast amounts of solar energy available to extract hydrogen directly from water. The success of this energy generating and storage system stems from the fact that the raw materials and power needed to synthesise biomass are available in almost unlimited amounts: sunlight, water and carbon dioxide. At the heart of the reaction is the splitting of water by sunlight into oxygen and hydrogen. The oxygen (a ‘waste product’ of the synthesis) is released into the atmosphere where it is available for us to breathe and to use for burning our fuels. The ‘hydrogen’ is not normally released into the atmosphere as H2, but instead is combined with carbon dioxide to make organic molecules of various types.

J. Boulton

Annual Technical Meeting • 1978

Introduction Nuclear energy is an established source of electrical power. Today there are over 260 GW(e) of nuclear electric generating capacity in operation or under construction in the world. Most of this capacity is in the industrialized countries but there is also a significant amount under construction in the developing ones. Many people consider that we are heading for an energy crisis, if indeed we are not already there, as our reserves of oil and natural gas are depleted. Most would also agree that we should try to conserve these versatile fuels as much as possible. Analysts 1, who have examined the energy picture in detail, argue that even with the most intensive conservation measures, our energy requirements will continue to increase and, if they are to be met, there must be a growing reliance on nuclear energy. The energy situation in Canada. while it may differ in detail, is fairly representative of a large part of the industrialized world. It is useful, therefore, to consider in what way nuclear energy can play a role in our energy future. Since nuclear energy is not universally applicable to all our energy needs, it is also important that we recognize its limitations. This paper attempts to give some perspective on the future role of nuclear energy in our society. Nuclear Energy Today At the present time, nuclear energy in the form of the CANDU-PHW ∗ reactor produces some 4500 MW(e) of electricity for the Ontario Hydro system. This represents about 20 per cent of Ontario's installed electrical generating capacity. Ontario Hydro has a further 9000 MW(e) of nuclear capacity under construction so that, by 1988, Ontario will have a total nuclear generated supply of 13,500 MW(e) of electricity. The nuclear base in Canada is expanding to other provinces with 600 MW(e) CANDU-PHW units being built in Quebec and New Brunswick. A recent survey of electrical utilities across the country indicated that the installed nuclear capacity might reach 70 GW(e) by the year 2000. ∗ Canada Deuterium Uranium – Pressurized Heavy Water. It is likely that most of Canada's nuclear capacity will be produced by CANDU-PHW reactors. The system as demonstrated by the Pickering generating station, our first commercial station, is an acknowledged success with very high capacity factors and impressive economics 2. Since it began generating electricity in 1971, Pickering has produced well over 80 billion kWh at a lifetime capacity factor of over 79 per cent. This high capacity factor was achieved despite problems with pressure-tube cracking in two of the four units which reduced the overall station output in the period 1974 to 1976. The capacity factor, which is simply the relationship between actual electricity produced and that which might have been produced with year-round operation, is usually regarded as the best way to measure a station's performance. In 1977, three of Pickering's four units operated with capacity factors above 90 per cent while the fourth achieved a capacity factor of 86 per cent. Each of these four units ranked in the first ten among the western world's 163 commercial nuclear units.

Cliff Hignett

Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal • 2011

Any lake absorbs heat from the sun. Normally, heat is lost aswarmed water rises to the surface and cools by evaporation. But wateris a VERY poor conductor of heat and if this circulation can be stopped,the heat can be trapped in the bottom of the lake. A salt lake, (ideallyabout 3m deep), managed so that the water on top is of relatively lowsalinity (density ~1.0g/cc) and the water on the bottom is of very highsalinity (density ~1.2g/cc), will not circulate to release heat because thewater on the bottom is so heavy with salt it cannot rise—even at quitehigh temperatures. The deeper water gets very hot—in the right circum-stances (the record is 114°C)—70°C degrees is common in even temperateclimates. In Southern Australia 50°C is easily achievable—even in winter.Run like this, such ponds are called ‘Salt Gradient Solar Ponds’ orjust ‘Solar Ponds’.