Grzegorz Gzyl, Anna Skalny

Green Energy and Sustainability • 2025

The mining industry invests a lot of money and effort in excavating and maintaining large underground networks of interconnected void spaces. This brings a unique opportunity to future engineer and minimize capital costs of mine water geothermal projects, which have wide global potential. This paper provides an update on the state-of-art in mine water driven energy utilization and, using the example of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB), Poland, presents a simple and fast method for assessment of geothermal project viability based on availability of six categories of nearby energy receptors: single-family housing, multi-family housing, services and large-area retail, office space, large-scale public buildings, active mining sites, and large-scale production plants. Results indicate a high potential for success of mine-water geothermal projects in the highly urbanised USCB. However, the coal mining industry in Poland is in decline so there is a strong tendency to avoid any kind of investment in innovation. The authors argue that this approach, although understandable, is short-sighted, as it overlooks opportunities to promote use of low-carbon energy resources, and create a post-closure “after-life”, or support mining communities, sustaining the cultural identity of mining regions. Given that land use categorization and weighting in our method can be adjusted for local or regional conditions, it is readily applicable for assessment of project viability at any prospective mine water geothermal location across the world.

, Elshan Hajizadeh

• 2020

In paper investigates issues dealing with some aspects of enhancing energy security and increasing energy efficiency. An extensive research related the role of energy in economic life and people’s business activity, as well as, its modern market system being formed as a global commodity was carried out. After analytic generalization, new interpretation of “Energy security” concept was presented. It was clarified once more that, in contemporary world, energy security is measured not only by the quantity of energy consumption supply, but also by its quality values and standards. Given the fact that in the Azerbaijan Republic, as in a sustainable social country, energy security is not separated from energy efficiency and is considered as an important indicator in the supply of fuel-energy resources for increasing the national development level of the economy, the paper intends to investigate these features. It also studies preparation of national energy security strategy and criteria, activities, and objectives that define its conditions being justified by analysis for providing sustainability of these activities. Keywords: energy security, energy efficiency, Azerbaijan Republic, fuel-energy resources, energy strategy.

Aurelia Ngirwa Kamuzora

Sustainable Energy Research • 2024

Abstract This paper investigates the determinants and prospects of household lighting choices in rural Tanzania using a Multinomial Logit Regression Model. The analysis is based on data from 4671 households, focusing on three lighting options: electricity, solar energy, and candle lighting. The results reveal significant factors influencing these choices, including household head characteristics, household size, marital status, education, employment status, number of rooms, and income. Key findings indicate that the age of the household head negatively influences the likelihood of choosing grid-electricity, while having a male head of household significantly reduces the probability of opting for any lighting option. Larger household size is negatively associated with choosing electricity and candle lighting. Marital status shows that married households are more likely to use candle lighting. Employment status positively impacts the likelihood of adopting all three lighting options, with employed household heads being more likely to choose modern lighting solutions. Income levels are crucial, as higher income significantly increases the probability of selecting electricity and candle lighting, but not solar energy. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to enhance sustainable energy access in rural Tanzania. It highlights the importance of addressing socio-economic factors to promote the adoption of modern and sustainable lighting technologies.

Richard Niesenbaum

Sustainable Solutions • 2019

This chapter discusses the use of fossil fuels from several perspectives. These perspectives include the environment, human condition, and growing energy demand. Renewable alternatives to fossil fuels have focused on innovations and technologies which enable us to meet the growing energy needs more sustainably, and identify the most sustainable options. The chapter considers the barriers that are inhibiting the transition to a renewable-based economy and ways to remove these barriers. The transition to renewable energy will require the development of smart grid technology and infrastructure. This is needed so we can effectively manage and distribute energy. The chapter suggests rethinking transportation so that we can successfully transition to renewable energy and mitigate climate change.

Garry Rumbles

Sustainable Energy & Fuels • 2022

A message from Garry Rumbles, Editor-in-Chief of Sustainable Energy & Fuels .

Louis Marc Michaud

Clean Energy Science and Technology • 2024

Stationary tornadoes will be produced by having warm humid air enter the bottom of a hollow tower tangentially. A large atmospheric vortex engine (AVE) could generate 2 GW of electricity. 2000 AVE’s could provide current world electricity needs. The tower would look like a 200 m high natural draft cooling tower. The vortex is started by heating the air with steam or fuel. Subsequently, the vortex is sustained by warm humid surface air, warm sea water spray, or waste heat. Mechanical energy would be produced by expanding air into the low pressure at the base of the vortex via peripheral turbo-generators located at grade and not by harnessing the kinetic energy of the swirling tornado wind. The intensity and size of the vortex can be controlled because the energy is produced by the expansion of surface air which is in a metastable state. Vortex diameter could be 10 m to 100 m. Vortex height could be up to 15 km. The Singapore Science Center fire whirl producer demonstrates that tangential air entries plus a heat source can produce vortices. The technology needs scaling up. Waterspouts demonstrate that low temperature heat sources can produce stable vortices.

Joseph Romm

Climate Change • 2022

This chapter will focus on the clean energy revolution and the technologies most widely discussed for a transition to a low-carbon economy. It will explore the scale of the energy transition needed to explain why some energy technologies are considered likely to be major contributors...

Weimin Yang

Clean Energy Science and Technology • 2024

Global warming, environmental pollution, and energy scarcity have emerged as significant problems for human society due to the swift advancement of modernization. Some of these problems may be resolved with research and applications of clean energy technologies. Readers can get helpful information about such studies from the nine excellent articles in this issue. In particular, this issue includes four review articles, four commentary articles, and one original research paper.

Bibhunandini Das

Energy RESEARCH LETTERS • 2025

For decades, Indian households have faced a sustainability challenge due to overreliance on high carbon-emitting energy sources across various sections and sectors of society. The paper examines the likelihood of Indian households adopting clean energy and other non-clean energy using innovation system perspectives. By using logistic regression, the study found that households’ characteristics and infrastructural variables significantly influence the likelihood of clean energy adoption.

Isa Basnukaev, Varvara Markaryan, Zelimhan Musostov

BIO Web of Conferences • 2023

The key factor for sustainable development is the transformation of the energy sector through the growth of investments in environmentally friendly electricity. Its consumption in emerging market and developing countries will grow about three times faster than in advanced economies, and the low cost of wind and solar power should make them the preferred technologies to meet growing demand if the infrastructure and regulatory frameworks are put in place. base. Also important are investments in digital electricity grids, energy efficiency and electrification, which will provide the largest share of emission reductions. An important component of transformations in the electric power industry are the mechanisms of international support for the refurbishment or decommissioning of obsolete generation facilities.

E. V. Dobrynin, S. A. Blinkova

BIO Web of Conferences • 2023

The paper provides results of the study dedicated to estimation of the energy storage economical efficiency in the traction energy system of electric railways. The energy storage offered will allow obtaining the line of technological and technical advantages: increasing the degree of recuperation use, which will lead to reduction of consumed traction energy, obtained from the external power system; minimizing risks, in the part of failures in energy supply of the infrastructure complex facilities; increasing economical efficiency indicators; optimizing costs in traction energy supply; equipping energy supply facilities with efficient technical means and technological systems. Statement of need of the products designed is provided. The definition of economic effect from using the developed products on the railway network of JSC “Russian Railways” and the compensation period, and the project risk analysis have been given.

, Pradeep Kr. Yadav, Ankur Agarwal et al.

Vegetable Science • 2025

Tomato grafting has proven to overcome the biotic and abiotic stresses as well as improve growth, yield, fruit quality. However, in India the graft compatibility between eggplant rootstocks and tomato varieties has not been explored extensively. The total 18 grafting combinations were developed by using three different (including two breeding lines) varieties of tomato as a scion and varieties of brinjal including two wild species i.e., ST05 and SG06. Tomato var. EC97, EC98 and DOrg and Brinjal varieties and its wild species i.e., SM01, SM02, SM03, SM04, ST05 and SG06 were used as root stock for this study. The experiment was laid out Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 18 treatments and 3 replications and data were analyzed statistically. The results revealed that the plants are compatible with the grafting through cleft grafting method viz., graft success rate (95.71%), days taken to sprouting (10.60 days), number of leaves (27.12), plant height (32.99 cm), stem diameter (0.45 cm), root length (21.59 cm), root fresh weight (16.23 g) and root dry weight (10.51 g) for the graft combination SM01 x DOrg. The 2nd graft combination which exhibited highest graft success rate (93.03%) was SM01x EC98. The highest root length was recoded in graft combination SM01 x EC97 (22.85 cm) followed by ST05 x DOrg and SM01 x EC98. Better root growth as root fresh weight was recorded in graft combination ST05 x EC97 (18.39 g) followed by SM01 x EC98 and ST05 x DOrg (17.65 g and 17.05 g, respectively) but root dry weight was recorded maximum in graft combinations i.e., ST05 x DOrg (13.20g) followed by ST05 x EC98 and SM01 x EC97 (12.59 and 12.23 g, respectively). Further studies are required for the selection of best rootstocks that support vigorous growth of the scions under interspecific grafting for improved graft compatibility and plant growth.

Bhavya Tripathi, P.Vijay

Research Square • 2021

Abstract The present work outlines the energy crisis produced by burning of excess amount of fossil fuels. The scientists and environmentalists come to realize the importance of renewable amount of energy to eradicate the pollution by developing new technologies and discussing its pros and cons, in addition to it developing sustainable ways to tackle the problem of global warming and green-house effect. There is a need to understand the development of developing the bio-fuel project by undergoing the cumulative aspects of various environmental, man-made, resource etc,. We cannot only rely on the unique aspect of producing bio-fuel products. There are certain no. ways to inculcate the agendas related to its development. An attempt was made to produce bio-oil from wheatgrass. In conclusion, the bio-oil was obtained by means of biomass pyrolysis method indicates that it is a good source of bio-oil and can be used as a resource of diesel and various petroleum products after grinding, separation, distillation and extraction.

Yali Li, N. Goulbourne

Volume 9: Mechanics of Solids, Structures and Fluids • 2014

Active contraction of smooth muscle results in the myogenic response and vasomotion of arteries, which adjusts the blood flow and nutrient supply of the organism. It is a multiphysic process coupled electrical and chemical kinetics with mechanical behavior of the smooth muscle. This paper presents a new constitutive model for the media layer of the artery wall to describe the myogenic response of artery wall for different transmural pressures. The model includes two major components: electrobiochemical, and chemomechanical parts. The electrochemical model is a lumped Hodgkin-Huxley-type cell membrane model for the nanoscopic ionic currents: calcium, sodium, and potassium. The calculated calcium concentration serves as input for the chemomechanical portion of the model; its molecular binding and the reactions with other enzyme cause the relative sliding of thin and thick filaments of the contractile unit. In the chemomechanical model, a new nonlinear viscoelastic model is proposed using a continuum mechanics approach to describe the time varying behavior of the smooth muscle. Specifically, this model captures the filament overlap effect, active stress evolution, initial velocity, and elastic recoil in the media layer. The artery wall is considered as a thin-walled cylindrical tube. Using the proposed constitutive model and the thin-walled equilibrium equation, the myogenic response is calculated for different transmural pressures. The integrated model is able to capture the pressure-diameter transient and steady-state relationship.Copyright © 2014 by ASME

Yali Li, N. Goulbourne

MRS Proceedings • 2014

Active contraction of smooth muscle results in the myogenic response and vasomotion of arteries, which adjusts the blood flow and nutrient supply of the organism. It involves coupled electrobiochemical and chemomechanical processes. This paper presents a new constitutive model to describe the myogenic response of the artery wall under different transmural pressures. The model includes two major components: a cell-level model for the electrobiochemical process, and a tissue-level model for the chemomechanical coupling. The electrochemical model is a lumped Hodgkin-Huxley-type cell membrane model for the nanoscopic ionic currents: calcium, sodium, and potassium. The calculated calcium concentration serves as input for the chemomechanical portion of the model; its molecular binding and the reactions with other enzymes cause the relative sliding of thin and thick filaments of the contractile unit. In the chemomechanical model, a new nonlinear viscoelastic model is introduced to describe the time varying behavior of the smooth muscle. Specifically, this model captures the filament overlap effect, active stress evolution, initial velocity, and elastic recoil in the media layer. Using the proposed constitutive model and a thin-walled equilibrium equation, the myogenic response is calculated for different transmural pressures. The integrated model is able to capture the pressure-diameter relationship incorporating fewer parameters than previous work and with clear physical meanings.

Ümit Yaşar, U. Kökbaş, Z. G. Yasar

Medical Records • 2024

The regulation of blood glucose levels is controlled by insulin, which is produced by the pancreatic beta system. Inadequate synthesis of beta insulin, results in elevated glucose levels, a condition known as diabetes, which can lead to various chronic health issues. In recent times, the diagnosis of diabetes, particularly type 1, has shifted towards the direct measurement of insulin levels. To facilitate this, an immunosensor was created to enable rapid and sensitive examination of insulin levels, with the goal of improving the quality for life for diabetic patients. For this purpose, an insulin tracer protein based biosensor was designed for the determination of insulin at all solutions. For determination of insulin, electrobiochemical analyses were performed. The insulin biosensor cyclic woltammogram was obtained between -0,1 and 0,6 V potantial. At 0,45 V was found as the anodic peak side for determination the insulin. Optimisation and characterisation studies performed at 0,45 V with differential pulse voltammetry. The study successfully identified stable and easy-to-use insulin concentrations, indicating the potential of the newly developed immunosensor for applications in clinical biochemistry laboratories.

A. Samin, V. Subramaniam

Applied Physics Research • 2015

The Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations are relevant in numerous electrobiochemical applications. In this paper, we provide analytical solutions to the steady state Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) systems of equations for situations relevant to applications involving bioelectric dressings and bandages. The PNP system of equations is analyzed for two ionic species (one positively charged and the other negatively charged) both in the one-dimensional and two dimensional cases. The equations were formulated, non-dimensionalized, and an order of magnitude analysis was performed. Additionally, the method of singular perturbations was utilized in the two dimensional case. In the one-dimensional case, an exact solution is obtained while in the two-dimensional case an asymptotic solution is obtained. Both analytical solutions are compared with numerical solutions of the equations, and exhibit good agreement. The analytical solutions for the benchmark problems presented here are useful for verifying numerical solutions to more complex problems, and may also enable simple interpretation of experimental data for electrobiochemical systems.

A. I. Zia, S. C. Mukhopadhyay

Food Biosensors • 2016

Food consumed by human beings may contain biotoxins, endotoxins, or chemotoxins that could lead to adverse effects on human health. Ingested toxins generally produce short-term illness that could be fatal. Biotoxins may occur in human food naturally, whereas endotoxins may arise in the food chain due to bacterial degradation. Chemotoxins are added during food preparation; their leaching from plastic packaging leads to long-term malfunctions of the endocrine system. Phthalates are ubiquitous chemotoxins that have penetrated the ecosystem due to their wide use in the plastics industry. Conventional quantification assays for food toxins require skill, expensive equipment, and longer analysis time than the assay techniques presented here. Hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction phenomena can be used for the selective capture of toxins present in consumable food. Analyte-sensitive materials immobilized on interdigital capacitive sensing surfaces were developed to design novel assay techniques for real-time monitoring. This chapter describes the electrobiochemical detection of food toxins employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in conjunction with smart sensors and selective coatings to quantify their concentration in real time without the need for sample preparation, bulky instrumentation, or skilled operators.

S. Minteer

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2022

Enzymatic biocatalysts have been proposed for a variety of chemical manufacturing applications due to their high selectivity, but they can be utilized as electrocatalysts. This talk will discuss the "wiring" of nitrogenase (the only enzyme known to catalyze reduction of nitrogen to ammonia) to electrode surfaces for electrosynthesis. The talk will start with a discussion of nitrogenase bioelectrodes for ammonia production followed by the use of nitrogenase bioelectrodes for the selective production of chiral amines and chiral amino acids.

P. Jeyabarathi

International Journal of Electrochemical Science • 2022

This paper uses the efficient, reliable, and widely accessible Akbari-Ganji’s method to solve the steady-state problem of mediator concentration by bioelectrocatalysis. Analytical expressions of the mediator concentration and the normalized current are derived for all values of parameters. Compared to numerical simulations, the derived approximate analytical expressions of the mediator concentrations are more accurate than the expressions obtained by the well-founded homotopy perturbation method. The derived results will help in evaluating several important enzyme kinetic parameters.

R. M. Iost, S. Lanceros‐Méndez, F. Crespilho

Catalysis Science & Technology • 2025

Bioelectrocatalysis has emerged as an important area in the transition to sustainable energy, offering a green and efficient way for producing solar fuels, bioelectricity, and value-added chemicals.

Lenka Lorencová, Štefánia Hrončeková, P. Kasák et al.

Emergent Materials • 2025

The current study shows a direct electron transfer (DET) and direct bioelectrocatalysis of the sarcosine oxidase (SOx) on the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified by a hybrid bionanocomposite composed of chitosan (CS) and Ti3C2Tx MXene for the first time. A detailed electrochemical investigation revealed a pair of redox peaks at SPCE/CS-MXene/SOx, i.e. an anodic peak at a potential value of approx. -0.7 V and a cathodic peak at a potential value of approx. -1.0 V at pH 7.0, displaying direct electron transfer of SOx. Further experiments showed homogeneous DET with SOx not to be strongly adsorbed on the interface; this might be a prerequisite for keeping the enzyme active towards catalysis. The DET of SOx is not reversible with the maximal current observed at pH 7.0. It can also be concluded that scan rate significantly influences the redox behaviour of SOx and that at scan rates above 0.3 V s−1 the redox behaviour of SOx is quite stable with I pc/I pa achieving a stable value of -1.55. In addition, detailed analysis revealed that the enzyme exhibited E 1/2 of -(0.781 ± 0.003) V at pH 7.0. Direct bioelectrocatalysis is more effective at pH 7.0 than at pH 9.0, achieving a high maximal current of -7.57 × 10−5 A at a potential value of -663 mV upon the addition of 1 mM sarcosine. Furthermore, direct bioelectrocatalysis of SOx is highly reproducible when examined using six different SPCE electrodes.

Kumarasamy Jayakumar, Dharmalingam Sakthilatha, Raja Venkatesan

ChemistrySelect • 2025

Bioelectrocatalysis has advanced ammonia production by integrating enzyme‐based processes into electrochemical methods, providing chemical manufacturers with a distinct alternative to the traditional Haber–Bosch process. The review discusses the latest developments in enzyme‐based electrochemical catalysis that have been shown to enhance ammonia synthesis, efficiency, and sustainability. We also discuss the development of designed bioelectrocatalysts, including nitrogenase‐inspired enzymes and engineered microbes, which enable the reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia under mild conditions. Also the study highlights the most recent e‐BNF advancements, focusing on innovations that enhance efficiency and scalability. Nanomaterial integration simplifies ATP‐independent nitrogen fixation, enhancing electron transfer and ammonia production under normal conditions, while also exploring its scalability and implications for green chemistry and industrial applications as a sustainable alternative to the Haber–Bosch process. Eventually, the study discusses the scalability of these technologies and their implications for green chemistry and industrial applications, providing a comprehensive overview of current advancements and future research directions.

Christina M. Wark, Yan Xie, S. Calabrese Barton

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2023

Multistep biocatalytic cascades benefit from channeling mechanisms that guide intermediate transport between active sites. Channeling approaches such as electrostatic interactions and steric confinement are best exemplified in natural biocatalytic complexes such as tryptophan synthase and malate dehydrogenase–citrate synthase, but are also amenable to application in de novo cascades designed to accomplish chemical conversion and energy production. We have recently conducted an extensive computational study of the Malate Dehydrogenase–Citrate Synthase (MDH-CS) complex, which displays a positively charged patch on its surface, capably of electrostatically channeling a negatively-charged oxaloacetate intermediate. Our collaborators have demonstrated experimentally that mutation of residues in the positively-charged patch can strongly effect intermediate transport, as measured by lag time, the time required for the second of a two-reaction cascade to approach steady state [1]. Using classical molecular dynamics approaches to study the transport of oxaloacetate in the presence of the charged surface, we created a Markov State model that effectively maps the prevalence of the intermediate across the enzyme surface as well as in bulk solution. Building the model involved seeding the possible states of the intermediate using metadynamics to force the intermediate out of low-energy states and to explore the overall energy landscape. Once assembled, this model enables us to study the dominant pathways of intermediate transport, for example contrasting transport along the charged enzyme surface with diffusion into the bulk solution. A “hub score” approach enabled identification of key residues that control intermediate traversal over the charged surface, and we are able to calculate pathway efficiency that is directly relatable to lag time [2]. We will discuss a new, fast finite-difference approach to predict lag times for these multidimensional complexes. The steady-state transition matrix of the Markov state model is easily converted to a material balance for each node in the network. Using the model, the lag time of MDH-CS was determined computationally to be comparable to experiment for both the original and mutant complex. Using the model, the the dynamics of each of the four possible reaction pathways between the the two source (MDH) active sites and the two sink (CS) sites could be studied independently. This analysis provides a dynamic model for intermediate transport in an electrostatically channeled system, and can be used as a predictive tool to provide mechanistic insight into path dominance. B. Bulutoglu, K. E. Garcia, F. Wu, S. D. Minteer and S. Banta, ACS Chem. Bio., 11, 2847–2853 (2016). doi:10/f9c5cp Y. Xie, S. D. Minteer, S. Banta and S. C. Barton, ACS Nanosci. Au, 2, 414 (2022). doi:10/gqkvtq

Hyeryeong Lee, Yuna Bang, In Seop Chang

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2023

The multienzyme complex in biological systems are highly ordered so that intermediate molecules occurred during enzymatic sequential reaction are efficiently delivered to downstream enzymes without diffused to bulk phase. Recently, the cascadic multienzymes have been adopted to enzymatic electrocatalytic platform to be applied for enzyme-based bioelectronics such as enzyme fuel cell, biosensors, and electrosynthetic system. This cascadic enzyme-electrode, in which interfacial electron transfer (ET) occurs concurrently with inter-enzyme chain reaction, has been regarded promising for the advancement of enzyme-based bioelectronics performance. However, co-regulation of interfacial electrical connection and inter-enzyme chain reaction efficiency has been known to be highly challenging due to systematic complexity. In this context, the generalized enzyme immobilization tool is significantly needed to be developed to control inter-enzyme and enzyme-electrode interface concurrently. Herein, enzyme cascade-based direct bioelectrocatalytic system has been constructed by immobilizing enzymes using the solid binding peptide (SBP) linker that can control surface-orientation of enzymes on electrode. Here, invertase (INV) and FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase gamma-alpha complex (GDHγα) were utilized as upstream- and downstream enzyme so that the sucrose hydrolysis (at INV) and glucose oxidation (at GDHγα) is concomitantly occurred. Especially, the GDHγα that is direct electron transfer (DET)-capable oxidoreductase, has bi-function that are downstream catalysis and transport of produced electrons toward electrode that cause bioelectrocatalytic current signal. To immobilize enzymes and control relative orientation of coupling enzymes, the SBP linker was tethered various termini (C-, N-, or both termini) of INV when SBP fusion site of GDHγα was fixed to C-terminus of GDH α subunit to enable efficient interfacial DET, based on previous study. Therefore, the inter-enzyme relative orientation dependent chain reaction efficiency was evaluated with resulting DET-based electrocatalytic current. In the result, it was found that the interfacial DET at GDHγα-electrode could be affected by binding conformation of co-immobilized enzyme, fusion INV. Most importantly, the chain reaction efficiency between INV and GDHγα was revealed to be diverse depending on different relative orientation determined by SBP tethering sites in enzymes. The intermediate delivery route was changed by relative positioning of coupling active sites, affecting overall cascade reaction rate. Taking into account the factors related with interfacial DET and intermediate delivery, precise design of bienzymatic electrode is indeed necessary in order to introduce SBP-tethering technique to cascadic enzyme-derived direct electrocatalytic platform. Figure 1

Yuna Bang, Hyeryeong Lee, In Seop Chang

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2023

In nature, most enzymes form a multienzyme complex called “metabolon” in the cellular system. The natural metabolon has been evolved to increase the efficiency of multi-step biocatalysis involved in such conditions. Such principle of enzymatic cascade reaction could be applied to the system which mimics pertinent reaction in vitro. Especially, its pertaining to bioelectrocatalytic system is quite promising to enhance its performance in terms of electrical generation or biochemical production, depending on systematic applications. In the previous studies , it was abundantly reported that multi-enzymatic reaction has been utilized to generate higher electrical current via sequential enzymatic oxidation of substrates (e.g., methanol, glucose, etc.) in bioelectrochemical systems, and to operate biochemical production system utilizing multi-enzymic conversion or reduction reactions. However, it is still challenging to implement multi-step enzymatic reaction in the electrode platforms due to unmanageable regulations of inter-enzyme distance or electrical connection between enzymatic cofactor and electrode, during multi-enzyme co-immobilization on electrode surface. Herein, we intentionally design and construct variants of chimeric enzyme in which two enzymes, invertase (INV) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), are conjugated with peptide linkers. We expected that INV hydrolyzes sucrose into fructose and glucose, then glucose is oxidized at the catalytic subunit of GDH, releasing electrons toward the electrode. It also employed solid binding peptides (SBPs) fused to GDH in chimeric enzyme for the electrical connection of GDH-SBP and electrode. In order to accomplish the desired reaction with chimeric enzyme, we have conducted the following tests; 1) The recombinant plasmid harboring the genetic sequence of two enzymes with an in-between linker was constructed. 2) By production of chimeric proteins, the chain reaction efficiency of fusion constructs was compared depending on the length of the linker. 3) The gold binding peptide (GBP) was fused to sites (N- and C-terminus, or other sites) of the catalytic subunit of GDH. And finally, 4) the electron transfer rates were monitored and compared depending on the GBP tethering sites. Throughout the whole study, we found the factors affecting the occurrence of multienzyme cascade-based bioelectrochemical reactions and how to control these factors to improve the reaction efficiency Figure 1

Kevin Beaver

The Electrochemical Society Interface • 2023

Purple bacteria are a special subclass of photosynthetic bacteria known for their metabolic versatility, resistance to salinity, and bright red-violet pigmentation responsible for photosynthesis. Previous work by the Minteer group has demonstrated purple bacteria to be a viable electrochemical solution for sustainable decontamination of saline wastewater, in addition to biosensing and bio-electrosynthesis applications. Notably, the bacteria’s mechanism of transferring electrons to electrodes is directly related to their photosynthetic electron transfer chain, and current density is significantly enhanced in the presence of light. Often, the light sources used for photo-bioelectrochemistry experimental studies are high-intensity (∼100 mW per cm2) and not wavelength-specific. This leads to uncertainty of the mechanism of photo-enhanced bioelectrocatalysis and may also lead to photo-inhibition at higher light intensities. A novel method was developed to study the effect of isolated light wavelengths on photo-enhanced current.

Kota Takeda, Makoto Yoshida, Kiyohiko Igarashi et al.

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2024

Redox enzyme catalysis coupled with electrode reaction is called bioelectrocatalysis and has become a key technology applicable to bioelectrochemical devices such as biosensors, biofuel cells and bioreactors. Since electron transfer between the enzyme and the electrode is the most important phenomenon, discussion of it has dominated the study of bioelectrocatalysis. Direct electron transfer (DET) between oxidoreductases and electrodes is important not only for understanding the fundamental properties of redox proteins, but also for developing mediator-free bioelectronic devices. Among enzymes with different coenzymes, pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent dehydrogenases are promising biocatalysts for both biosensors and biofuel cells. However, only a limited number of studies have reported DET between PQQ in the enzyme and the electrode. Fungal PQQ-dependent pyranose dehydrogenase from Coprinopsis cinerea (CcPDH)is a multifactor-containing enzyme with superior DET ability [1].The enzyme has a three-domain structure, an N-terminal heme b-binding cytochrome domain, a central catalytic domain with PQQ as a cofactor, and a C-terminal cellulose-binding domain. The substrate undergoes oxidation in the PQQ domain followed by interdomain electron transfer (IET) from the reduced PQQ cofactor to heme b in the cytochrome domain. CcPDHis the attractive quinohemoprotein with a PQQ domain and a cytochrome domain, both of which are possible domains for DET. Previous work has shown that the PQQ domain can engage in direct bioelectrocatalysis without the cytochrome domain. In addition, the DET of the PQQ domain was investigated using self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-coated electrodes. Importantly, a high catalytic current density of 1.6 mA/cm2 was achieved for the oxidation of L-fucose under optimised conditions [2]. These results indicate a highly efficient DET to PQQ in the active site of the fungal PQQ-dependent dehydrogenase. On the other hand, it is unclear how DET proceeds at the electrode for the full-length enzyme. The study of DET and IET by an electron transfer protein linked via a linker to a catalytic protein, such as CcPDH, is useful for incorporating these processes into biosensors and biofuel cells based on direct bioelectrocatalysis, as well as for creating fusion proteins that enable DET capability. In the present study, we demonstrated that this process distinguishes direct bioelectrocatalysis via the cytochrome domain and direct bioelectrocatalysis from the PQQ domain by regulating the distance from the electrode to CcPDH using various alkyl chains of SAMs [3]. Catalytic currents by the full-length enzyme were obtained on SAM with chain alkyl lengths of C6 or more, whereas no catalytic currents were obtained by the isolated PQQ domain. The results indicated that direct bioelectrocatalysis occurred through the cytochrome domain of CcPDH for chain lengths of 6 or more. The heme-to-electrode distance is shorter than the PQQ-to-electrode distance when the redox center of each domain is closest to the SAM layer. The PQQ-to-electrode distance exceeds 15 Å for C6-OH-SAM (16.9 Å), but the heme-to-electrode distance is less than 15 Å even for C11-OH-SAM (14.2 Å). Thus, in full-length CcPDH, DET of the PQQ domain does not occur at distances greater than 15 Å, and direct bioelectrocatalysis proceeds through the heme in the cytochrome domain when chain lengths are 6 or greater. Although the optimum pH in the PQQ domain is pH 6.0, the optimal pH is approximately 8.5 for electron transfer of the full-length enzyme through the cytochrome domain. It has been suggested that IET is the rate-limiting step in the pH range 6.0 to 8.5 for the enzyme activity in aqueous solution. The pH dependence of the catalytic current for L-fucose oxidation was examined on the enzyme electrode with C6-OH-SAM, in which DET proceeds only from the cytochrome domain. An enzymatic turnover rate (k cat) at a limiting catalytic current was obtained using the electroactive coverage of the enzyme on the electrode. In direct bioelectrocatalysis through interdomain electron transfer of the cytochrome domain, k cat was found to be pH dependent with an optimal pH of 8.5; therefore, the rate-limiting step that governs pH dependence is likely the IET process. [1] K. Takeda, et al., Curr Opin Chem Biol, 49 (2019) 113-121, [2] K. Takeda, et al., Electrochim Acta, 359 (2020) 136982, [3] K. Takeda, et al., Electrochemistry, 92 (2024) 022011.

Yohei Suzuki, K. Sowa, Kenji Kano et al.

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2024

Oxidoreductases have been utilized as bioelectrocatalysts to realize a variety of biotechnologies, such as biosensors, biofuel cells, solar fuel production, carbon dioxide capture and utilization, and cofactor-regeneration systems. These systems are based on bioelectrocatalysis which couples electrode and enzymatic reactions. Several metalloenzymes can communicate electronically with suitable electrodes without redox mediators. This phenomenon has been termed “direct electron transfer (DET)-type bioelectrocatalysis”. Owing to the mediator-less configuration, the reaction can offer the following benefits in future bioelectrochemical technologies: (i) minimized overvoltage, (ii) low cost, (iii) simple design, (iv) high degree of design freedom, and (v) nontoxic and environmentally friendly properties. However, there have been few reports of enzymes that can realize DET-type bioelectrocatalysis, thus the unique mechanism of the reaction has yet to be elucidated. We focused on a d-fructose dehydrogenase (FDH) from Gluconobacter japonicus NBRC3260, which is known as a model enzyme for DET-type reactions. FDH is a unique enzyme with intense DET-type bioelectrocatalytic activity and has been extensively investigated from electrochemistry, protein engineering, and spectroscopy perspectives. FDH is a heterotrimeric membrane-bound protein with a molecular mass of ca. 138 kDa and is comprised of subunits I (67 kDa), II (51 kDa), and III (20 kDa). Subunit I contains a covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and subunit II carries three heme c moieties from its N-terminus called hemes 1c, 2c, and 3c. The redox potentials of hemes c in FDH and several variants were investigated using bioelectrochemical and spectroscopic methods. The DET pathway of FDH was examined with site-directed mutagenesis to replace the axial ligand of heme c or to delete the heme c moiety. These studies have shown that the electron is transferred from the reduced FAD through heme 3c to heme 2c and then to the electrode; heme 1c does not seem to be involved in the reaction. However, the entire three-dimensional (3D) structure of FDH and other DET-type membrane-bound quinohemoproteins, flavohemoproteins, and metallohemoproteins, remained unknown. Therefore, a quantitative discussion of their DET-type reaction was difficult. In the present study, we clarified the 3D structure of FDH using cryo-electron microscopy and single-particle image analysis with a resolution of 2.5 Å (PDB ID: 8JEJ). This is the first study to report the entire structures of membrane-bound flavohemoproteins, quinohemoproteins, and metallohemoproteins capable of DET-type reactions. The structure has revealed the 3Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster (3Fe4S) in subunit I. The electron transfer (ET) pathway during the catalytic oxidation of d-fructose through FAD, 3Fe4S, and hemes 3c, 2c, and 1c were examined based on Marcus’ theory. In addition, structural analysis has shown the localization of the electrostatic surface charges around heme 2c in subunit II, and experiments using functionalized electrodes with a controlled surface charge support the notion that heme 2c is the electrode-active site. Furthermore, two aromatic amino acid residues (Trp427 and Phe489) were located in a possible long-range ET pathway between heme 2c and the electrode. We constructed variants in which each of the corresponding residues was replaced with alanine (W427A and F489A) by site-directed mutagenesis, and their effects on DET-type activity were investigated by electrochemical measurements. Kinetic analysis of steady-state catalytic waves has revealed that Trp427 plays an essential role in accelerating long-range ET and triples the standard rate constant of heterogeneous ET between enzymes and an electrode. These groundbreaking findings provide vital information for searching for critical elements in DET-type reactions and a reasonable explanation for the outstanding DET-type activity of FDH. The appropriate mutation of aromatic residues to accelerate ET between an enzyme and an electrode will be a novel way to create new DET-type enzymes and innovative biomimetics. Figure 1

Hongling Shi, Muran Fu, Tingting Zhang et al.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry • 2024

Formate dehydrogenase can be utilized as a biocatalyst in the bioelectrocatalysis of converting CO2 into formic acid. However, its industrial application has been hindered by limited thermal stability. This study successfully obtained a mutant (D533S/E684I) with enhanced thermal stability and catalytic activity through the rational design of flexible regions. The mutant exhibited a half-life (t1/2) 1.5 times longer than the wild type (WT) at 35 °C, along with a specific enzyme activity 7.46 times higher than that of the WT. Additionally, the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km value) of the mutant toward the substrate was 2.72 s-1·mM-1, representing a 19.4-fold increase compared to the WT (0.14 s-1·mM-1). Formic acid production reached 53.4 mM through bioelectrocatalysis after 10 h, utilizing the mutant as the biocatalyst. Molecular dynamics simulations and structural analysis were employed to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the enhanced thermal stability and activity. The displacement of a highly flexible region in the mutant may counteract the stability-activity trade-off. This study proposed a method for improving both thermal stability and activity in enzyme evolution.

Pawel J. Kulesza

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2014

We exploited unique properties of biofilms, i.e. polymeric aggregates of microorganisms, in which cells adhere to each other on the electrode surfaces, and they are characterized by of extracellular electron transfers involving c-type cytochromes (heme-containing proteins). Although aqueous suspensions of gold, silver and certain transition metal oxide (TiO 2 and ZrO 2 ) nanoparticles tended to inhibit formation of biofilms produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitic bacteria, application of composite matrices of inorganic nanostructures within porous conducting polymer layers, e.g. of poly(3,4-ethylenodioxythiophene (PEDOT), facilitated growth of robust and mature bacterial biofilms on glassy carbon electrodes. Independent diagnostic electroanalytical experiments showed that biofilms grown by the following bacteria, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Y. enterocolitica Ye9, Y. enterocolitica AR4, L. monocytogenes 10403S and L. monocytogenes 1115, on inert carbon substrates exhibited by themselves electrocatalytic properties towards oxygen and hydrogen peroxide reductions in neutral media. The processes were found to be further enhanced by introduction of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) that had been modified with ultra-thin layers of organic (e.g. 4-(pyrrole-l-yl) benzoic acid. We expect here attractive electrostatic interactions between carboxyl-group containing anionic adsorbates and positively charged domains of the biofilm with cytochrome enzymatic sites. Co-existence of the above components leads to synergistic effect that was evident from positive shift of the oxygen reduction voltammetric potentials and significant increase of voltammetric currents. The film exhibited high activity towards reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Most likely, the reduction of oxygen was initiated at cobalt porphyrin redox centers, and the undesirable hydrogen peroxide intermediate was further at the biofilm's cytochrome sites. Comparative measurements were also performed using metal nanoparticles (e.g. Au-Pt), conventional enzymes (e.g. laccase), molecular systems (e.g. metalloporphyrins) in the presence and absence of selected bacterial biofilms. Development of the biofilm and enzyme based anodes was considered too. To facilitate electron transfers between the electrode surface and the redox protein centers, the concept of co-deposition of MCNTs within the bioelectrocatalytic film was also pursued here. First, MCNTs were modified with ultra-thin layers of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) or poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDDA). The presence of TTF or PDDA was expected to mediate effectively flow of electrons from enzyme active sites through biofilm to the electrode surface. Combination of derivatized MWCNTs with biofilm matrtices and appropriate enzymes produced biocatalytic systems capable of effective oxidation of glucose or ethanol in neutral buffer solution. Technical help of W. Lotowska, E. Szaniawska, E. Seta, B. Kowalewska, M. Gierwatowska, I. A. Rutkowska and S. Zoladek (Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw), as well as collaboration with K. Brzostek and A. Raczkowska (Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw) is highly appreciated.

Shelley D. Minteer

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2023

Organic electrosynthesis has become a popular research area in the last decade due to a desire for more sustainable and greener organic synthesis methods. However, electrosynthesis frequently has challenges with selectivity. This talk will detail the design of bioelectrocatalytic systems for organic electrosynthesis with a focus on improving the selectivity and efficiency of electrosynthesis systems. Specifically, the talk will describe bioelectrocatalytic systems for C-H activation and chiral synthesis. It will discuss both materials design of electrodes and enzyme design for electrochemistry, but also discuss strategies for improving performance of bioelectroatalytic systems using bi-phasic electrochemical systems.

Shelley D. Minteer

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2017

Biological systems have complex electron transport pathways that can be used as an inspiration in designing electrodes for bioelectrocatalysis. This presentation will detail the use of microbial biology as an inspiration for designing electrodes capable of hetergeneous reduction to produce ammonia. In this work, we have studied the use of nitrogenase for bioelectrocatalysis, because this MoFe protein is capable of electrosynthesis of ammonia. Although this protein has been studied by biologists in solution or in cells for decades, it has never been effectively wired to an electrode for heterogeneous electrosynthesis. In this work, we detail strategies for electron transport betweent he MoFe protein and the electrode, as well as strategies for immobilization of the enzyme. We will demonstrate bioelectrocatalysis, as well as electrosynthesis assays of the production of ammonia.

Lindsey Pelster, Shelley D. Minteer

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2014

The electron transport chain is a group of membrane redox enzymes that are the driving force for the production of energy in mitochondria. Several theories and models have circulated different structures of the enzymes in the inner membrane. 1 The three enzyme complexes form a supercomplex or respirasome, where Complex I, dimer Complex III, and various copies of Complex IV are electrostatically, hydrophobically and catalytically connected. While structural, kinetic, and genetic evidence prove the formation of the supercomplex, characterization of the bioelectrocatalysis has never been attempted of the three enzymes together on an electrode. 2 The supercomplex contains multiple redox cofactors of the individual complex that span the lipid membrane and can come in contact with the electrode surface. By purifying the electron transport chain supercomplex, we have been able to reconstruct the inner membrane and immobilizing it onto a gold electrode. A polymer tethered lipid bilayer allows for the study of the natural bioelectrocatalysis of the large transmembrane proteins. With the addition of oxidized cytochrome c, Complex IV gives a catalytic response indicating that Complex III and Complex IV are active. With the addition of NADH and oxidized cytochrome c, the catalytic peaks increase. This indicates that all three enzymes are working together increasing their redox activities at the surface of the electrode. The supercomplex is further confirmed by inhibition of CIII and CIV, eliminating all activity of the enzymes at the electrode surface. This evidence shows how dependent the enzymes are on each other for efficient catalytic activity. The characterization of the supercomplex of these transmembrane redox enzymes and their bioelectrocatalysis on the electrode is the first for studying a natural metabolon electrochemically. References 1. Hackenbrock, C. R.; Chazotte, B.; Gupte, S. S., The random collision model and a critical assessment of diffusion and collision in mitochondrial electron transport. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1986, 18 (5), 331-368. 2. (a) Genova, M. L.; Lenaz, G., Functional role of mitochondrial respiratory supercomplexes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 2014, 1837 (4), 427-443; (b) Genova, M. L.; Baracca, A.; Biondi, A.; Casalena, G.; Faccioli, M.; Falasca, A. I.; Formiggini, G.; Sgarbi, G.; Solaini, G.; Lenaz, G., Is supercomplex organization of the respiratory chain required for optimal electron transfer activity? Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 2008, 1777 (7-8), 740-746.

Shelley D. Minteer

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2020

Electrosynthesis of commodity and fine chemicals is an emerging area. Bioelectrocatalysis has only recently been considered for this application. This talk will discuss the advantages of bioelectrocatalysis for electrosynthesis with examples ranging from ammonia production to pharmaceutical products and intermediates. In the last 5 years, there have been extensive studies and new materials designed for catalytic reduction of nitrogen to ammonia. This is a challenging reductive transformation for traditional electrocatalysts and photocatalysts, but nature can provide an inspiration. Nitrogenase is the only enzyme known to reduce nitrogen to ammonia. This talk will discuss electroanalytical techniques for studying nitrogenase electrochemistry, including both mediated bioelectrocatalysis and direct bioelectrocatalysis. Then, this talk will discuss electrode materials innovation for interfacing these complex proteins with electrode surfaces as well as using them for electrosynthesis of ammonia as well as other value-added products (i.e. chiral amines, chiral amino acids, etc.). Finally, this talk will discuss the use of enzyme cascades for enzymatic bioelectrosynthesis and synthetic biology for microbial bioelectrosynthesis of ammonia and other value-added products.

Shelley D. Minteer

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2017

Enzymatic biosensors have been developed for a variety of analytes, including: glucose, lactate, pesticides, nerve agents, peroxide, oxygen, and alcohols. They generally involve immobilization of an oxidoreductase enzyme on an electrode surface. Although direct bioelectrocatalysis between the enzyme and the electrode surface is the preferred mode for enzymatic biosensors, many enzymes are not capable of direct electron transfer. Therefore, mediated bioelectrocatalysis is popular in the enzymatic biosensor field, where an additional redox species is used to relay the electron between the enzyme and the electrode surface. This paper will detail the rational design of linear polyethylenimine-based redox polymers for mediated bioelectrocatalysis, where the redox polymer is used both to immobilize the enzyme and to mediate the electron transfer. This will include polymers where the ferrocene and quinone redox species is optimized for the enzymatic system employed (i.e. glucose oxidase versus glucose dehydrogenase). This paper will discuss the importance of redox potential, redox reversibility, self-exchange rate, interaction with the enzyme, and crosslinking on the properties of the polymer-modified electrodes.

Sofia Babanova, Ivana Matanovic, Plamen Atanassov

ECS Meeting Abstracts • 2014

Enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis is a phenomenon widely explored by the humanity in various directions: biochemical assays, food and pharmaceutical industry, cosmetics, production of detergents, etc. All these application rely on the advantages of the enzymatic catalysis: specificity, selectivity, fast reaction rate and regulation capacity. The same advantages have been explored in the design of bioelectrochemical systems for energy conversion and biosensing. The enzymes capable of bioelectrocatalysis were referred as redox proteins. The unique feature of these proteins is their ability to catalyze electrochemical transformation of different substrates and participate in biological electron transport. Electron transfer reactions play a central role in all biological systems and are essential to the processes by which living cells capture and explore energy. Therefore a detailed study of the electron transfer within a simple enzymatic reaction is of a great importance for further understanding of the complicated electron passage within electron transport chains. A new method specifically designed for the current study was developed. This method implies naturally occurring recognition mechanisms, specific for enzymes i.e. “lock-and-key theory”, the properties of carbon nanomaterials and electrochemical techniques to study in situ the enzymatically catalyzed electron transfer from and to various substrates. The term substrate in this study is used to describe the enzymes` electron donors and acceptors at the same time, where the enzyme donor is referred as S1 and the acceptor as S2. Two types of enzymes belonging to the family of MCOs and PQQ-dependent enzymes were explored. These enzymes were selected based on their ability for direct electron transfer (DET) and their utilization as oxidizing (PQQ-glucose dehydrogenase) and reducing (laccase and bilirubin oxidase) bioelectrocatalysts [1, 2]. Taking into account the specific features of these enzymes, carbon nanomaterials were modified with the enzyme`s natural substrate and the corresponding enzyme (Fig. 1), providing: i) specific recognition of the substrate modified nanomaterial surface; ii) proper enzyme orientation and iii) decreased distance between the enzymes` active center and the electrode surface. Different enzyme substrates (S1 or S2) were explored and parameters such as electron transfer rate, potential difference, adsorption energies, orientation efficiency, electrostatic potential of the substrates mapped onto the electron density surface, etc. were evaluated electrochemically and by the utilization of computational chemistry approaches. It was established that among these factors the different activity of redox enzymes toward various substrates could be attributed mainly to differences in substrates redox potentials and the feasibility of the electrochemical transformation of the substrates themselves. An optimal ΔE between the redox potential of the enzyme active center and the redox potential of the substrate was observed (0.2-0.3V for MCOs and 0.25-0.35V for PQQ-GDH) (Fig. 2). Lower ΔE with high activation energy of substrate electrochemical transformation is not sufficient enough to drive the reaction with a high rate and at the same time higher ΔE than the optimal leads to potential losses and decrease of the reaction effectiveness. The proposed electrochemical approach along with quantum mechanical calculations provides the opportunity to monitor enzymatic reactions in situ and down select the parameters driving the electron transfer in a higher rate. 1. Strack, G., Babanova, S., Farrington, K., Luckarift, H., Atanassov, P., Johnson, G., Enzyme-Modified Buckypaper for Bioelectrocatalysis. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2013. 160 (7): p. 10.1149/2.028307jes. 2. Lopez, R.J., et al., Improved Interfacial Electron Transfer in Modified Bilirubin Oxidase Bio-cathodes. Chem. Electro. Chem., 2014. 1 (1): p. 241-248.

C. Ying

PROGRESS IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS • 2010

There is accumulating evidence that apoptosis plays a key role in genesis of epilepsy, but the relationship between apoptosis and drug resistance in medically intractable epilepsy is not clear. The effect of XIAP antisense oligonucleotides on drug resistance in K562/Dox cells and rats of intractable epilepsy was investigated. The multidrug resistance cell line K562/Dox was established, and the expression of XIAP in K562/Dox cells and normal K562 cells was observed. After XIAP antisense oligonucleotides was transiently transfected into K562/Dox cells, mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed using JC-1. At the same time, antiepileptic drugs resistant in K562/Dox cells was measured by MTT. In addition, the model of intractable epilepsy was established by kindling of amygdale in rats. After XIAP antisense oligonucleotides was applied to PHT-CBZ resistant rats by lateral ventricle, after discharge threshold(ADT) and after discharge duration(ADD) was observed. The results showed that the expression of XIAP was significantly increased in K562/Dox cells compared with K562 cells. After XIAP antisense oligonucleotides was transiently transfected into K562/Dox cells, the expression of XIAP was regulated down, and mitochondrial membrane potential of K562/Dox cells was decreased. Moreover, XIAP down-regulation could increase the sensitivity of K562/Dox cells to antiepileptic drugs. The level of IC50 was decreased significantly in K562/Dox cells, and the reversal index were 1.76 and 1.73, respectively. Furthermore, animal studies found that, compared with control group, ADT was significantly higher (P 0.05) and ADD shortened in PHT-CBZ resistant rats after XIAP antisense oligonucleotides was applied. It is obvious that the expression of XIAP was significantly increased in drug resistant K562/Dox cells. Down-regulation of XIAP could reverse the drug-resistance of K562/Dox cells, and improve the electrobiological activity in PHT-CBZ resistant rats. These findings indicate that XIAP is involved in multidrug resistance in medically intractable epilepsy.

Bobak F Khalili, Karan Dixit, David O Kamson et al.

Neuro-Oncology • 2025

Gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors. Their electrobiologic properties drive disease development, and in select tumors, aberrant neurosignaling is situated at the crux of gliomagenesis and glioma-related epilepsy (GRE). Tumor microtubes and the neuronal-glioma synapse are defined components of the glioma circuitry. The nidus of cortical hyperexcitability-the peri-glioma-undergoes severe alterations during disease progression and is influenced by genetic mutations, anomalous synaptic remodeling, inflammatory changes and an imbalance in neurotransmitters. Such pathologic mechanisms have been exploited for anticancer and antiseizure value wherein a subset remain to be explored. In this Review, we discuss the hyperexcitable conditions within the glioma microenvironment and candidate therapies for seizure and tumor control.

Каменских Татьяна Григорьевна, Колбенев Игорь Олегович, Веселова Екатерина Викторовна

Офтальмологические ведомости • 2019

The research goal was to estimate the effectiveness of complex pharmacophysiotherapy of patients with initial glaucoma simplex on the basis of analysis of morphology, visual cortex electrobiological activity and regional blood flow level. 80 patients (149 eyes) aged 60-75 were examined. All of them had an initial glaucoma simplex of II or III stage and normalized intraocular pressure. Depending on the stage of glaucoma there were two groups of patients and each group contained two sub-groups. patients of sub-group A were treated by percutaneous electrostimulation with feedback based on visual evoked biopotentials and patients of sub-group В were treated by traditional electrostimulation. All patients got complex eye examination before and after the therapeutic course, and in 3 months after it. Method of selection of optimal electrostimulation parameters was worked out for the appropriate retina ganglionary cell effect. Individually selected electrostimulation in combination with nootropics contributes to eye hemodynamics improvement. Addition of magnetotherapy to the complex therapy of patients with eye hemodynamics leads to improvement of functional results. the increase of functional results of complex therapy with magnetotherapy that affects cervical sympathetic ganglia has been determined in patients with eye hemodynamics