Dipankar Roy, Arup Kumar Mitra

Research Anthology on Emerging Techniques in Environmental Remediation • 2022

Chromium-like heavy toxic metals seriously influence the metabolism of living organisms and cause permanent threatening of health. Microorganisms can help to detoxify those hazardous heavy metals in the environment by the process of bioremediation. Two bacterial genera were isolated from industrial sludge designated P1 and P2. From the 16srRNA study, it is revealed that P1 is Bacillus cereus and P2 is Enterobacter sp. They are deposited in NCMR and NCBI and received the accession no. MCC 3868 for P1 and MCC 3788 for P2. P1 is gram positive, motile, and P2 is gram negative, motile. Eighteen antibiotics have been taken for antibiotic assay; P1 is resistant to 12; P2 is resistant to 8 antibiotics. For growth pattern analysis in chromium, three parameters have been selected, and they are temperature, pH, and biomass. In LD50 and above parameters, total chromium uptake by those bacteria in stressed conditions have been recorded. The two bacteria are not antagonistic to each other so they are used to bioremediate chromium from their contaminated sites and also treated as consortium.

The CIRS Academy et.al.

Medical Research Archives • 2021

In the absence of Federal safety standards for occupancy of buildings with a history of water intrusion, remediation of water-damaged buildings (WDB) has focused on building health issues, including correction of defects in the building envelope, microbial growth and removal of contaminated materials. To date, no guidelines have been published that incorporate human health parameters into professional recommendations regarding treatment of the potentially unsafe conditions found in WDB.This document is a consensus statement that expands on existing professional society recommendations by including guidelines for remediation of buildingsto be occupied by known, previously sickened patients.

Mitsuo Yoshida

Heavy Metals in the Environment - Contamination, Risk, and Remediation • 2025

Global mercury contamination presents a substantial threat to ecosystems and human health, primarily due to the conversion of inorganic mercury from anthropogenic sources into methylmercury by microorganisms in the environment. Wetlands are especially prone to this transformation due to their anaerobic conditions, abundant organic matter, and the prevalence of metal-reducing bacteria. This chapter explores the mechanisms of inorganic mercury methylation and the subsequent diffusion and accumulation of methylmercury in organisms and ecosystems, using a case study of mercury contamination in the Santa Lucia River wetlands in Uruguay. In this case, high concentrations of mercury were detected in the sediments over a 15,000 square meter area, exceeding regulated limits. The contamination was linked to the discharge of untreated wastewater containing inorganic mercury from a chlor-alkali plant. Although a wastewater treatment system was later installed, significant mercury contamination and hotspots persisted in the wetlands. These areas contained methylmercury in both the sediments and the biota, including reeds, shellfish, earthworms, and fish. Microbial analysis revealed the presence of Geobacter sulfurreducens and Geobacter metallireducens, bacteria known to methylate inorganic mercury. The existence of these microbial communities in areas of high mercury contamination poses serious risks at four levels to public health and ecosystems due to ongoing in situ methylation.

Talaat Balba, Sophia Dore, Donald Pope et al.

Remediation Journal • 2008

Abstract Degradation of chlorinated ethenes under aerobic conditions has been reported using a cometabolic pathway. A site in Illinois had shallow contamination and sandy soils, which in combination created aerobic conditions. The aerobic conditions prevented the degradation of chlorinated ethenes by reductive dechlorination. Biodegradation of chloroethenes under aerobic conditions does not occur naturally at all sites; however, it can be enhanced if microorganisms capable of cometabolic degradation are introduced into the soil. In this study, trichloroethene (TCE) removal in the soil was enhanced by the injection of a commercially available microbial inoculum (CL‐OUT® inoculum, CL‐Solutions, Cincinnati, OH) and nutrients and was compared to chlorinated ethene removal in soil that had received nutrients only and soil that had received activated sludge and nutrients. Trichloroethene removal was measured after one week, seven weeks, and eleven weeks. After one week, no significant TCE removal had occurred in any of the test microcosms. After seven weeks, a slight decrease in TCE levels accompanied by an increase in cis ‐1,2‐dichloroethene ( cis ‐1,2‐DCE) was seen in the microcosms that had received CL‐OUT®. After 11 weeks, a marked decrease in TCE levels was observed in the microcosms that had received CL‐OUT®. No significant TCE decrease was observed in any of the other microcosms. These data suggest that organisms capable of aerobic TCE degradation were not present at the site; however, the addition of an inoculum containing such organisms enabled aerobic degradation to occur. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Global NEST Journal • 2019

<p>The textile industry has an important place in the environmental pollution due to its heavy water consumption and to the toxic content of dye. Every succeeding day, the water quality is deteriorated because the wastewater containing the dye is supplied to the receiving medium. In this study, The electrocoagulation and electrofenton processes, which produce less waste than the conventional methods and which are less costly, have been investigated for decolourization of acrylic yarn dyeing wastewater. The electrocoagulation process was involved four electrodes parallel connected. To optimize the treatment, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied. The operating independent conditions were selected as the current density (20 -100 A/m2), reaction time (5-25 minutes) and initial pH (pH 4.3-pH 8.3). As a result of optimization by RSM method, the highest Colour, COD and TOC removal were obtained as 96.2%, 43.8% and 40.4 % , respectively. In order to obtain these results, it was necessary to apply a current density of 100 A/m2 to the wastewater which has been set to an initial pH of 7.2 and 20.7 minutes. With the experimental setup installed, high colour removal can be achieved in as little as 15 minutes. Although the colour removal is high, COD removal does not meet discharge standards. Therefore, electrofenton process was applied for enhancing COD and TOC removal and removal rate increased to 70.0% and 61.5%, respectively. In order to study the removal mechanism for acrylic yarn dye wastewater by electrocoagulation process, kinetic modelling was applied. Energy consumption was also assessed.</p>

Global NEST Journal • 2024

<p>Purpose: This study investigates the efficacy of electrochemical remediation techniques in treating hospital wastewater, focusing on parameters including turbidity, color, BOD, COD, DO, coliform, and E. coli. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study conducts a comprehensive analysis of various pollutant parameters, evaluating the impact of contact time on pollutant reduction. Electrochemical methods are explored for their potential in mitigating these parameters. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of electrochemical techniques in reducing a range of pollutant parameters, with significant reductions observed in turbidity (up to 99%), color (51%), BOD (99%), COD (60%), and microbial contaminants such as E. coli and coliform (up to 48%). Notably, the study reveals that higher voltage doesn't consistently result in superior performance. Limitations/Consequences of Research: While the study showcases promising results, certain limitations and challenges are acknowledged, including the need for further research to address these constraints and optimize electrochemical remediation processes. Practical Value: The study highlights the practical potential of electrochemical techniques as an effective means of wastewater treatment in hospital settings, offering insights into their application and benefits for environmental sustainability. Originality and Significance of Results: This research contributes novel insights into the application of electrochemical methods for hospital wastewater treatment, emphasizing their efficacy in reducing various pollutant parameters and providing a foundation for future research directions in this field.</p>

Shutao Wang, Zhisheng Liu, Weiqing Wang et al.

RSC Advances • 2017

Fate, transformation of NPs in WWTP & effects on wastewater treatment.

, Juraeva Oyisha Xayitovna, Kamolova Shahnoza Meliboevna et al.

American Journal of Applied Science and Technology • 2023

cIt is important to provide the population with clean drinking water. Drinking water must meet the requirements of special state standards and is a constant focus of health care institutions. The state standard requires the organization of sanitary protection zones of water sources and main water intake facilities.

Letters in Applied NanoBioScience • 2025

Due to the high amounts of pollutants found in clean drinking, the availability of safe drinking water has appeared as a serious global concern. To achieve this, the most recent new concepts or methods must be devised in which a hybrid wastewater treatment method can efficiently eradicate contaminants. Many treatment approaches, including biological, physical, and chemical procedures, have been developed to remove various contaminants. Unfortunately, no single technology can presently remove pollutants effectively; hybrid systems have consistently proved more successful. Wastewater contains power in the form of decomposable organic material. The notion of cleaning wastewater while producing electricity has recently gained popularity, and a hybrid treatment system for wastewater makes this possible. In this study, hybrid wastewater systems are classified as physical-biological or chemical-biological. Compared to isolated systems, hybrid methods have demonstrated considerable possible benefits, including significantly better treatment efficacy, more sustainable and steady voltage production, and economic gains.

P. Selvakumar, Ravi Kumar Gande, Reshma Jaweria et al.

Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies • 2025

The burgeoning pharmaceutical industry, marked by rapid advancements and high production volumes, has created a significant environmental challenge in the form of pharmaceutical wastewater. This wastewater, which contains a complex cocktail of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), excipients, and by-products, poses a formidable risk to aquatic ecosystems and human health. As pharmaceuticals are designed to be biologically active at low concentrations, their presence in wastewater can lead to unintended consequences, such as the development of drug-resistant microorganisms and disruptions in the endocrine systems of aquatic species. The challenge is further compounded by the limitations of traditional wastewater treatment technologies, which often fall short in effectively removing these contaminants. Conventional methods such as activated sludge and secondary treatment processes are typically designed to handle organic matter and nutrients but are not always equipped to tackle the specific challenges posed by pharmaceutical compounds.

M. Adnan A. Khan

• 2021

Simulated wastewater samples containing antifreeze were treated biologically using a packed column as an aerator. The objective of this project is to determine the rate of biological degradation of ethylene glycol at different air flow rates, liquid flow rates, and varied seeding rates at different time intervals, to achieve the highest removal rate of the BOD. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the wastewater was measured. Under a liquid flowrate of 5.5 kg m̃²s̃¹ the BOD removal increased when the air flowrate was increased from 0.0069 to 0.0414 kg m̃²s̃¹. However, further increases of the air flowrate beyond 0.0138 kg m̃²s̃¹ did not affect the BOD removal rate significantly. On the other hand, with a constant air flowrate when the liquid flowrate was increased from 5.5 to 11, 16.5, and 27.5 kg m̃²s̃¹, the percent BOD removal appeared to decrease slightly. It was also found that the increase in amount of seeding has no significant effect on BOD removal. The averaged BOD removal of about 90% was obtained after 72 hours of the wastewater treatment.

Teklit Gebregiorgis

Molecular Biotechnology • 2021

With rapidly growing urbanization and industrialization in developing countries, a large volume of wastewater is produced from industries that contain chemicals generating high environmental risks, which could affect health and socio-economic activities if not treated properly. In this study, the discoloration of wastewater containing azo dyes by chemical oxidation process combined with a biological treatment was evaluated and applied on real textile wastewater generated from one Ethiopian industrial site. The use of TiO2 as a photocatalyst and the effect of the addition of H2O2 on color removal were investigated. Photocatalysis was followed by aerobic biological treatment and their combination resulted in 93.3 and 90.4% removal of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD), respectively. These results revealed that the combination of photocatalytic and biological treatment approach shows a promising potential for the removal of color from real textile wastewater.

Zul Ilham, Nur Nabiha Zulkarnain

• 2015

This study reported on a biological treatment system for wastewater discharged from small-scale alkali-catalyzed biodiesel (BDF) production plant. BDF wastewater is normally highly alkaline, contains oil residues with hexane and low in nitrogen concentrations, inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. Due to this unfavorable condition, biological treatment is difficult. In this study, microbial treatment using Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, a yeast with the ability to degrade oil was applied by adjusting the BDF wastewater pH to 6.8 and providing several nutrients such as nitrogen source (ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride or urea), yeast extract and physiological saline. It was found that the optimal initial concentrations of yeast extract was 1g/L and the optimal C/N ratio was between 17 and 68 when using urea as nitrogen source. However, microorganisms could not grow at solid contents higher than 2.14 g/L in the BDF wastewater. Dilution was introduced to prevent growth inhibition and the best oil degradation was observed. This biological treatment system is simple and suitable for small-scale BDF plant as no controllers are needed, except for suitable temperature.

Αικατερίνη-Άννα Μαζιώτη

• 2015

Ένα σημαντικό πρόβλημα όσον αφορά στην επεξεργασία των υγρών αποβλήτων είναι η απομάκρυνση οργανικών μικρορύπων από αστικά και βιομηχανικά λύματα. Πολλές ουσίες, όπως τασιενεργές ουσίες, προϊόντα προσωπική περιποίησης, φαρμακευτικές ουσίες, οιστρογόνα, υπερφθωριωμένες ενώσεις, φθαλικοί εστέρες και άλλες, έχουν μελετηθεί όσον αφορά στην εμφάνιση και απομάκρυνση από τα λύματα αλλά και όσον αφορά στην τοξικότητά τους σε ζωντανούς οργανισμούς. Κατά την διεξαγωγή της παρούσας μελέτης, τα βενζοτριαζόλια (BTRs) και τα βενζοθειαζόλια (BTHs) εξετάστηκαν όσον αφορά στη βιολογική απομάκρυνσή τους από τα λύματα. Τα βενζοτριαζόλια και τα βενζοθειαζόλια χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως σε βιομηχανικές εφαρμογές και σε προϊόντα καθημερινής χρήσης, προκαλώντας την παρουσία τους στα υγρά απόβλητα. Η ανίχνευσή τους στα επιφανειακά ύδατα μας προϊδεάζει για την ανεπαρκή απομάκρυνσή τους κατά την επεξεργασία των υγρών αποβλήτων. Λίγες είναι οι πληροφορίες σχετικά με τους ρυθμούς βιοαποδόμησης αυτών των ουσιών από βιομάζες διαφορετικού τύπου καθώς και για τα ποσοστά απομάκρυνσής τους σε διάφορα συστήματα βιολογικής επεξεργασίας αποβλήτων. Οι κύριοι στόχοι της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν α) η διερεύνηση της τύχης βεζοτριαζολίων και βενζοθειαζολίων κατά τη βιολογική επεξεργασία υγρών αποβλήτων, καθώς και ο ρόλος της βιοαποδόμησης και της προσρόφησης στην απομάκρυνσή τους και β) η σύγκριση της απομάκρυσής τους σε διαφορετικά συστήματα βιολογικής επεξεργασίας (ενεργού ιλύος, αντιδραστήρων κινούμενης κλίνης με βιοφορείς, υβριδικό σύστημα). Πιο συγκεκριμένα, οι ουσίες βενζοτριαζόλη (BTR), χλωρο-βενζοτριαζόλη (CBTR), ξυλιτριαζόλη (XTR), 4-μέθυλο-βενζοτριαζόλη (4TTR), 5-μέθυλο-βενζοτριαζόλη (5TTR) και η ύδροξυ-βενζοθειαζόλη (OHBTH) εξετάστηκαν και πραγματοποιήθηκαν πειράματα σε τρία στάδια. Σε πρώτη φάση, η προσρόφηση και η βιοαποδόμηση των υπό μελέτη ουσιών εξετάστηκαν στην ενεργό ιλύ μέσω πειραμάτων διαλείποντος έργου. Πειράματα με αδρανοποιημένη ενεργό ιλύ έδειξαν οτι οι ουσίες δεν διασπώνται αβιοτικά, ενώ οι σταθερές προσρόφησής των ουσιών κυμάνθηκαν από 80 (ΧΤR) έως 220 L Kg-1 (BTR). Σχετικά με τα πειράματα βιοαποδόμησης, η επίδραση ορισμένων παραμέτρων εξετάστηκε για την απομάκρυνση των ουσιών με ενεργό ιλύ. Η παρουσία εύκολα διασπάσιμων οργανικών ενώσεων επιτάχυνε την βιοδιάσπασή τους, υποδεικνύοντας ότι οι συγκεκριμένες ουσίες απομακρύνονται μέσω συμμεταβολισμού. Οι χρόνοι ημιζωής υπολογίστηκαν με πειράματα διαλείποντος έργου και κυμάνθηκαν από 6.5 h για την OHBTH μέχρι 47 h για την CBTR. Διαφορετικοί χρόνοι παραμονής των στερεών (SRT) στην ενεργό ιλύ δεν φάνηκε να επηρεάζουν τη βιοαποδόμηση των ουσιών. Σχετικά με την τύχη των ουσιών σε συστήματα επεξεργασίας μεγάλης κλίμακας, η εφαρμογή των κατάλληλων εξισώσεων έδειξε ότι οι υπό μελέτη ουσίες αναμένεται να απομακρύνονται μερικώς μέσω της δεξαμενής αερισμού, ενώ η απομάκρυνσή τους μέσω της προσρόφησή τους στα στερεά δεν ήταν σημαντική (μικρότερη από 3%). Στην δεύτερη πειραματική φάση εξετάστηκε η βιοαποδόμηση βενζοτριαζολίων και βενζοθειαζολίων σε σύστημα ενεργού ιλύος και σε σύστημα αντιδραστήρων κινούμενης κλίνης με βιοφορείς. Και τα δυο συστήματα αποδείχτηκαν ικανά να απομακρύνουν τις ουσίες σε διαφορετικό βαθμό. Τα ποσοστά απομάκρυνσης κυμάνθηκαν από 43% μέχρι 76% για την BTR, 8% μέχρι 69% για την 4TTR, 0% μέχρι 53% για την 5TTR, 42% μέχρι 49% για την CBTR, 9% μέχρι 43% για την XTR και 80% μέχρι 97% για την OHBTH. Η προσκολλημένη βιομάζα στο δεύτερο σύστημα παρουσίασε υψηλότερες σταθερές βιοαποδόμησης (kbio, L gSS-1 d-1) σε σχέση με την ενεργό ιλύ. Οι παράμετροι λειτουργίας του κάθε συστήματος επηρέασαν σημαντικά τη μικροβιακή κοινότητα που αναπτύχθηκε σε κάθε περίπτωση, οδηγώντας στις διαφοροποιήσεις που παρατηρήθηκαν στην απομάκρυνση. Η προσκολλημένη βιομάζα παρουσίασε μεγαλύτερη ειδική απομάκρυνση των ουσιών. Οι τιμές ειδικής απομάκρυνσης στο MBBR σύστημα έφτασαν τα 11.9 (BTR), 15.1 (4TTR), 14.4 (5TTR), 11.3 (CBTR), 9.7 (XTR) and 13.6 (OHBTH) μg ουσίας που απομακρύνθηκαν ημερησίως ανα g βιομάζας. Δυο πειραματικοί κύκλοι πραγματοποιήθηκαν για το σύστημα αντιδραστήρων κινούμενης κλίνης με βιοφορείς, ώστε να ερευνηθεί η επίδραση της οργανικής φόρτισης στην απόδοση του συστήματος. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα, υψηλότερα ποσοστά απομάκρυνσης επιτεύχθηκαν όταν το σύστημα λειτούργησε σε συνθήκες χαμηλής φόρτισης. Στο τελευταίο πειραματικό στάδιο ένα υβριδικό σύστημα εξετάστηκε για την απομάκρυνση των ουσιών, το οποίο συνδύαζε τις δυο τεχνολογίες που εξετάστηκαν πρωτύτερα (ενεργού ιλύος και αντιδραστήρων κινούμενης κλίνης με βιοφορείς). Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα, οι συνολικές απομακρύνσεις που παρατηρήθηκαν ήταν 75% (BTR), 41% (4TTR), 57% (5TTR), 61% (CBTR), 74% (XTR) και 81% (OHBTH).. Η βιοαποδόμηση των ουσιών πραγματοποιήθηκε κυρίως στον πρώτο αντιδραστήρα του συστήματος, ενώ ο δεύτερος αντιδραστήρας συνέβαλε στην απομάκρυνση της 4TTR. Η συνεισφορά κάθε τύπου βιομάζας (βιοφιλμ, ενεργός ιλύς) που συνυπάρχουν σε αυτά τα συστήματα εξετάστηκε, με τη βοήθεια των σταθερών βιοαποδόμησης που υπολογίστηκαν μέσω πειραμάτων διαλείποντος έργου. Για τρεις ουσίες (OHBTH, BTR και XTR) οι κύριοι μηχανισμοί απομάκρυνσης ήταν η βιοαποδόμηση από την ενεργό ιλύ στον πρώτο αντιδραστήρα. Για τις CBTR και 5TTR η βιοαποδόμηση από τα δυο είδη βιομάζας ήταν περίπου ίδια και στους δυο αντιδραστήρες, ενώ η 4TTR απομακρύνθηκε κυρίως από το βιοφίλμ που σχηματίστηκε στον δεύτερο αντιδραστήρα. Η δημιουργία πιθανών παραπροϊόντων εξετάστηκε μέσω πειραμάτων διαλείποντος έργου. Συνολικά 22 ουσίες, πιθανοί μεταβολίτες ανιχνεύτηκαν ενώ η υδροξυλίωση, η οξείδωση και η μεθυλίωση ήταν οι κύριοι μηχανισμοί αντίδρασης. Συγκρίνοντας το υβριδικό σύστημα με τα συστήματα που εξετάστηκαν προηγουμένως, το τελευταίο συμπεριφέρθηκε όπως ένα σύστημα αντιδραστήρων κινούμενης κλίνης με βιοφορείς χαμηλής φόρτισης, ενώ αποδείχθηκε πιο αποτελεσματικό από συστήματα ενεργού ιλύος και κινούμενης κλίνης με βιοφορείς που λειτουργούσαν στον ίδιο υδραυλικό χρόνο παραμονής (HRT) και στις ίδιες συνθήκες φόρτισης. Τα ακόλουθα κεφάλαια δομούν την παρούσα διατριβή: Το Κεφάλαιο 1 περιλαμβάνει μια σύντομη βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση που περιγράφει τις τεχνολογίες που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, τις ουσίες που μελετήθηκαν και τέλος παρουσιάζει τους στόχους της εργασίας. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2 παρουσιάζεται η μεθοδολογία που ακολουθήθηκε και οι αναλυτικές μέθοδοι που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3, παρουσιάζονται τα ευρήματα της μελέτης, ενώ στο Κεφάλαιο 4 συνοψίζονται τα βασικά συμπεράσματα και παρουσιάζονται προτάσεις για μελλοντική έρευνα. Στο τέλος της διατριβής παρατίθενται συμπληρωματικά στοιχεία καθώς και τρεις δημοσιεύσεις σε επιστημονικά περιοδικά που προέκυψαν από την παρούσα έρευνα.

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• 2021

Many industrial processes use water as a solvent and therefore produce wastewater containing chemicals from that process. The amounts of these chemicals and the types will vary hugely depending on the industry and the processes running and may include things that are hazardous to health or the environment. This makes the treatment of industrial wastewater both extremely important and highly complex. One route for industrial wastewater treatment is the use of bioreactors. Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater presents a comprehensive overview of the latest advances and trends in the use of bioreactors for treating industrial wastewater. Several different types of bioreactor and their applications are discussed, alongside trends and considerations important in designing bioreactors. Bringing together a wealth of different approaches and voices this book will be a useful resource for anyone working in water treatment or looking at how industrial processes can be made more environmentally friendly.

Boris Ksenofontov

• 2020

The training manual sets out the theoretical and practical foundations of biological wastewater treatment in both natural and artificial conditions. For in-depth study of the fundamentals of biological wastewater treatment is quite detailed sections on the basics of Microbiology. Much attention is paid to choosing the best technologies of biological wastewater treatment with effective methods of nutrient removal. In the expanded version of the methods of biological purification of wastewater using membrane bioreactors. Are extensively explored domestic and foreign experience of biological treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. Intended for students of bachelor, master, PhD students, teachers and professionals interested in the methods of sewage purification, and it is recommended to study for the enlarged group of specialties and areas 20.00.00 "Technosphere safety and environmental engineering".

Αργυρώ Πλεύρη

• 2023

Στο πλαίσιο της επιταχυνόμενης παγκόσμιας ανάγκης για βιώσιμες περιβαλλοντικές πρακτικές, τεχνικές επεξεργασίας λυμάτων όπως οι Αναερόβιοι Βιοαντιδραστήρες Μεμβρανών (AnMBR) αναδύονται στο προσκήνιο των τεχνολογικών καινοτομιών. Ο AnMBR ξεχωρίζει όχι μόνο για τις χαμηλές ενεργειακές απαιτήσεις στην επεξεργασία των λυμάτων, αλλά και για την παραγωγή βιοαερίου - μιας εναλλακτικής μορφής παραγωγής ενέργειας. Παρόλα αυτά, ο AnMBR αντιμετωπίζει τις δικές του προκλήσεις. Η εξάρτηση του συστήματος από τα αναερόβια βακτήρια, τα οποία είναι γνωστά για το χαμηλό ρυθμό ανάπτυξής τους, σε συνδυασμό με την ποικιλομορφία της απόδοσης λόγω των μεταβλητών οργανικών φορτίων, θέτει πραγματικά προβλήματα λειτουργίας στον πραγματικό κόσμο. Η αναερόβια επεξεργασία λυμάτων εφαρμόζεται παραδοσιακά σε λύματα υψηλού ορφανικού φορτίου. Τα τελευταία χρόνια, εφαρμόζεται και σε λύματα χαμηλής οργανικής φόρτισης. Η έρευνά της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής επικεντρώθηκε στην αναερόβια βιολογική επεξεργασία λυμάτων με την τεχνολογία μεμβρανών.Ο γενικός στόχος αυτής της διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι η έρευνα της βιώσιμης λειτουργίας ενός AnMBR στην επεξεργασία των υγρών αποβλήτων, σε συνθήκες περιβάλλοντος. Η προσέγγιση της συγκεκριμένης έρευνας είναι η εφαρμογή του AnMBR στην επεξεργασία πραγματικών αστικών υγρών απόβλητων και την ανάπτυξη πρωτοκόλλων λειτουργίας. Τα δεδομένα που θα προκύψουν από αυτή τη μελέτη προορίζονται να καθοδηγήσουν τους δήμους τόσο στην ενσωμάτωση αυτής της τεχνολογίας, όσο και στην αποτελεσματική λειτουργία και τις πιθανές βελτιώσεις των AnMBR, επικεντρώνοντας στην υψηλή βιωσιμότητα με βάση την ποιότητα του παραγόμενου νερού και τη μείωση της έμφραξης της μεμβράνης. Στόχοι διδακτορικής διατριβήςΠιο συγκεκριμένα, οι στόχοι της διδακτορικής διατριβής συνοψίζονται στα παρακάτω σημεία:1.Ανάλυση της Απόδοσης του AnMBR και δημιουργία πρωτοκόλλων για διαφορετικές συνθήκες λειτουργίας: Αξιολόγηση της επίδρασης του Υδραυλικού Χρόνου Παραμονής (HRT), υψηλών οργανικών φορτίων και διακυμάνσεων της θερμοκρασίας στην αποτελεσματικότητα του AnMBR στην επεξεργασία των αστικών υγρών αποβλήτων. Κύριοι δείκτες απόδοσης γι' αυτόν τον στόχο περιλαμβάνουν: Ποιότητα του νερού εκροής σύμφωνα με τα ελληνικά και ευρωπαϊκά πρότυπα.Παραγωγή βιοαερίου, η ποσόστωση μεθανίου μαζί με την δυνατότητα παραγωγής ενέργειας.Έμφραξη μεμβράνης.2.Προσθήκη FeCl3 για ενίσχυση της απόδοσης του AnMBR: Αξιολόγηση των επιπτώσεων της προσθήκης FeCl3 στην ενίσχυση των λειτουργικών παραμέτρων του AnMBR, με επίκεντρο τη μείωση της έμφραξης της μεμβράνης σε συνδυασμό με την απομάκρυνση φωσφόρου. Οι παράμετροι απόδοσης περιλαμβάνουν:Δυναμική παραγωγής βιοαερίου και δυνατότητα παραγωγής ενέργειας από το μεθάνιο. Αποτελεσματικότητα απομάκρυνσης οργανικού φορτίου. Αποτελεσματικότητα απομάκρυνσης επιλεγμένων οργανικών μικρορύπων, ιδίως από τις ομάδες μη στεροειδών αντιφλεγμονωδών φάρμακων (NSAID) και ορμονικών διαταρακτών (EDC). 3. Τροποποίηση και Επαλήθευση του Μοντέλου ADM1 για το AnMBR: Προσαρμογή, εφαρμογή και βαθμονόμηση του Μοντέλου Αναερόβιας Χώνευσης 1 (ADM1) για την προσομοίωση της επεξεργασίας αστικών υγρών αποβλήτων μέσω του AnMBR. Ο στόχος των παραπάνω είναι: Η απεικόνιση της συμπεριφοράς του συστήματος AnMBR, στην ποιότητα εξόδου καθώς και την παραγωγή ενέργειας με βάση το μεθάνιο που παράγεται σε διάφορα σενάρια. Η βελτιστοποίηση των λειτουργικών παραμέτρων. Η παροχή ενός πλαισίου για μια ευρύτερη εφαρμογή και κατανόηση του AnMBR σε εγκαταστάσεις επεξεργασίας υγρών αποβλήτων. Δομή διδακτορικής διατριβής. Η συγκεκριμένη διδακτορική διατριβή περιλαμβάνει έξι κεφάλαια, τα οποία παρουσιάζονται περιληπτικά παρακάτω: Κεφάλαιο 1: Εισαγωγή Αυτό το κεφάλαιο παρέχει μια επισκόπηση της έρευνας, αναλύοντας το πλαίσιο και τη σημασία της. Επίσης, περιγράφει τη δομή ολόκληρης της διδακτορικής διατριβής. Κεφάλαιο 2: Θεωρητικό Υπόβαθρο Αυτό το κεφάλαιο εξετάζει τις θεωρητικές βάσεις που υποστηρίζουν την έρευνα. Επικεντρώνεται στη διαδικασία αναερόβιας επεξεργασίας και τους παράγοντες που την επηρεάζουν. Εξετάζονται τα πλεονεκτήματα της αναερόβιας έναντι της αερόβιας επεξεργασίας. Λεπτομερείς πληροφορίες παρέχονται για διάφορα είδη αναερόβιας επεξεργασίας, καταλήγοντας σε μια εκτενή συζήτηση για το AnMBR, τις εφαρμογές του, τις προκλήσεις και τις πιθανές μελλοντικές κατευθύνσεις. Κεφάλαιο 3: Μεθοδολογία - Πειραματικό Πρωτόκολλο Σε αυτό το κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται η μεθοδολογία της έρευνας, αναλύοντας τα πειραματικά πρωτόκολλα και τις αναλυτικές μεθόδους που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν. Προσφέρει μια λεπτομερή ματιά στον αντιδραστήρα AnMBR εργαστηριακής κλίμακας περιγράφοντας τα λειτουργικά πρωτόκολλα για το εργαστηριακό AnMBR και τις τεχνικές παρακολούθησης για την αξιολόγηση της απόδοσής του. Κεφάλαιο 4: Αποτελέσματα πειραμάτων. Αυτό το κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζει και αναλύει τα ευρήματα των πειραμάτων. Εξετάζει την απόδοση του AnMBR, σε διαφορετικούς Υδραυλικούς Χρόνους Παραμονής (HRT), διαφορετικές θερμοκρασίες και ερευνά τη βελτίωση ή όχι της απόδοσής του μετά την προσθήκη σιδήρου. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η απόδοση του συστήματος AnMBR ερευνήθηκε για 3,5 χρόνια, μέσα στα θερμοκρασιακά εύρη 16-26°C. Η προσαρμοστικότητα του συστήματος δοκιμάστηκε σε διαφορετικά HRT - από 2 ημέρες έως 6 ώρες-, ενώ λαμβάνονταν υπόψη οι διαφορές λειτουργίας μεταξύ καλοκαιριού και χειμώνα. Ένα καίριο στοιχείο αυτής της έρευνας ήταν η εισαγωγή σιδήρου (σε συγκεντρώσεις 25 και 30 mg FeCl₃ L⁻¹), που έπαιξε σημαντικό ρόλο στον προσανατολισμό των αποτελεσμάτων του συστήματος όσον αφορά την ποιότητα του νερού εξόδου την παραγωγή βιοαερίου και τη μείωση της έμφραξης της μεμβράνης. Κεφάλαιο 5: Αποτελέσματα εφαρμογής μοντέλου ADM1 Αυτό το κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζει ένα τροποποιημένο μοντέλο ADM1 προσαρμοσμένο στο εργαστηριακής κλίμακας σύστημα AnMBR. Το κεφάλαιο υπογραμμίζει την τροποποίηση, βαθμονόμηση και επικύρωση αυτού του μοντέλου για να αντιπροσωπεύει καλύτερα τις συνθήκες και τη δυναμική των AnMBR σε περιβαλλοντικές θερμοκρασίες. Το προσαρμοσμένο μοντέλο στη Matlab/Simulink υποβλήθηκε σε μια εκτενή Ανάλυση Ευαισθησίας (GSA) με τοπικές αλλά και καθολικές μεθόδους. Συγκεκριμένα, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τρεις διακριτικές τεχνικές: One At a Time (OAT), Morris και Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST). Αυτή η ανάλυση ευαισθησίας που βασίστηκε σε πειραματικά δεδομένα, οδήγησε σε βαθμονόμηση και επαλήθευση του μοντέλου εξασφαλίζοντας έτσι μεγαλύτερη ακρίβεια και ταύτιση στα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα. Κεφάλαιο 6: Συμπεράσματα. Το Κεφάλαιο Συμπερασμάτων περιλαμβάνει τα βασικά ευρήματα. Στοχεύει στην παροχή σαφούς εικόνας των πλεονεκτημάτων και των προκλήσεων της τεχνολογίας AnMBR στις Εγκαταστάσεις Επεξεργασίας Λυμάτων, ιδιαίτερα στις Μεσογειακές χώρες που έχουν κατά βάση ψυχροφιλικές θερμοκρασίες.

Haritha Meruvu

Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater • 2021

Industrial wastewater is generated from the utilization of water in industrial operations like processing, cleaning and cooling activities. Common sources of surplus industrial wastewater include agricultural waste, breweries, dairies, mines and quarries, and paper–pulp, iron–steel, food and chemical, and nuclear industries. Hence there is a quintessential need to treat/recycle wastewater to mitigate the industrial pollutant content, before disposing of it or returning it to the natural ecosystem. Industrial wastewater can be treated through various methods using physical, chemical, thermal or biological means, adopting sequential stages like primary, secondary and tertiary treatments. In this chapter, the various sources of industrial wastewater and the treatment technologies (conventional and advanced) currently being practised for mitigating wastewater pollutants are described briefly, along with a note on the associated challenges involved.

Zule Song, Jia Hua, Xiao Zhang et al.

Letters in Applied Microbiology • 2024

Abstract The dairy industry generates substantial wastewater, which is commonly treated using integrated anaerobic hydrolysis and aerated biofilm reactors. However, the bacterial composition and functional differences within the generated floccules remain unclear. In this study, we employed 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing to compare bacterial communities and enzyme gene profiles between suspended floccules from the hydrolysis ponds and the aeration ponds. Results revealed that the bacterial phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes dominated the wastewater treatment system and the relative abundance of these bacterial phyla varied in each pond. Additionally, the aeration ponds exhibited higher bacterial operational taxonomic units and enzyme gene abundance. Network analysis demonstrated a more complex bacterial network structure in the hydrolysis ponds compared to the aeration ponds. Furthermore, enzyme gene abundance revealed higher metabolic enzyme genes in the hydrolysis ponds, while signal transduction enzyme genes were more abundant in the aeration ponds. Notably, the top 10 bacterial genera, primarily Hydromonas in the hydrolysis ponds and Ferruginibacter in the aeration ponds, exhibited distinct contributions to signal transduction enzyme genes. Hydromonas dominated the metabolic enzyme genes in both ponds. These findings provide crucial insights for optimizing dairy wastewater treatment technologies.

Pawan Kumar Bhargawa, Shweta Tiwari, Saroj Kumar et al.

Research Square • 2024

Abstract The textile industry significantly contributes to environmental pollution through the discharge of dye-laden wastewater. Among these dyes, methyl orange, an azo dye, is particularly challenging to remove due to its stability and potential toxicity. This study explores an integrated treatment approach combining constructed wetland-based remediation with bacterial treatment to effectively degrade methyl orange and other pollutants in textile wastewater. Textile wastewater was collected from Bhadohi Nagar Palika, Uttar Pradesh, India, and subjected to physicochemical analysis. The initial wastewater exhibited a pH of 9.6 ± 0.12, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 1008 ± 0.75 mg/l, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 2035 ± 0.61 mg/l, all exceeding Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) standards. An 80-liter constructed wetland system planted with Typha latifolia and Phragmites karka was implemented, followed by bacterial treatment. The integrated system reduced the pH to 7.21 ± 0.38, BOD to 54 ± 0.25 mg/l, and COD to 134 ± 0.74 mg/l. Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmed significant reductions in organic pollutants and dye components. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene analysis identified key bacterial strains contributing to biodegradation, including Enterococcus faecium and Bacillus subtilis . Further, the treatment system also achieved a notable shift in methyl orange dye absorbance from 538 nm to 201 nm, indicating substantial decolorization. These findings demonstrate the potential of combined wetland and bacterial treatment for effective remediation of textile wastewater.

, Saieshna Rajcoomar

• 2023

Microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments have become an environmental concern globally. In addition to the direct impact of these plastics on aquatic organisms, their surfaces could serve as a unique habitat for various microbial communities through the formation of biofilms. Various factors could play a role in microbial attachment and biofilm formation in wastewater. This study aimed to assess potential factors that lead to biofilm formation on different types of MPs in wastewater and determine the impact of UV and chlorine treatment on these biofilms. In a laboratory scale experiment, MPs (low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP) were exposed to untreated wastewater under various conditions of temperature (20°C, 25°C and 35°C), light and dark conditions, as well as aerobic and anaerobic conditions for a period of five weeks. The formation of biofilms on MPs was quantified using optical density (OD660) measurements. The highest biofilm formation was observed in week 3, with an OD of 1.77. Thereafter, a decline in OD was observed, reaching an OD of 1.1 by week 5. This change in biofilm concentration over the week corresponded to changes in nutrient (nitrite, nitrate and ammonia) concentration in the media. A positive correlation was observed between the changes in biofilm concentration and nitrite (r = 0.824) and ammonia (r = 0.1) levels in the media. Meanwhile, a negative correlation observed for nitrate concentration (r=-0.673). Factors such as dark conditions, 25 C, and aerobic conditions presented the highest median biofilm formation with an OD value of 1.6, 1.7 and 1.6, respectively. It was also observed that polyethylene had higher biofilm concentrations compared to the polypropylene. Furthermore, rough MPs had higher biofilm formation than smooth MPs, with median ODs of 1.7 and 1.6 respectively. The microbial communities in the biofilms and wastewater medium were characterised by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The results revealed that the alpha diversity (richness, evenness, and diversity) was lower in wastewater compared to the biofilms. It was observed that PP supported the most diverse bacterial community ( H’= 2.51138 and Simpson index= 11.096), while HDPE supported the least diverse bacterial community (H’= 0.88779 and Simpson index= 1.5324). Beta diversity using the Jaccard distance index revealed that the most similar communities were observed among biofilms from the three types of MPs while the most dissimilar communities were observed between the biofilm and wastewater medium communities. The most dominant phyla in both the biofilms and wastewater medium during the five weeks were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Planctomycetes. The bacterial communities, however, varied for each type of plastic and the wastewater medium. It was observed that Methylotenera, Hydrogenophaga, and Rhodanobacter was the most abundant genera in biofilms whereas C39(45.25%) and Luteimonas(18.96%) were the abundant genera in the wastewater medium. Methylotenera mobilis was the most common species among the three types of MPs. In addition, pathogenic species such as Mycobacterium arupense and Methylobacterium adhaesivum were detected in abundance on LDPE and PP. To assess the impact of UV treatment and chlorination on the attached biofilms, the microplastics with attached biofilm were exposed to UV-C and Chlorine (5 mg/L) treatment for 60 minutes. The biofilms were inactivated (100%) after 30 mins of UV treatment, whereas 10 min was sufficient to achieve 100% inactivation of biofilm by chlorine treatment. In conclusion, the research presented in this study has made substantial contributions to our understanding of the role that environmental factors play in the formation of biofilm on MP surfaces.

Jaren Tulipan, Jey-R Ventura

The Palawan Scientist • 2023

The wastewater generated during the plastic recycling is an aspect that is often overlooked in the process. This wastewater contains pollutants that can affect the environment and human health. To address this problem, a study was conducted to design and evaluate the performance of an anoxic-oxic (AO) system and an anoxic-oxic-oxic (AO2) system in treating plastic recycling wastewater. Additionally, the study collected wastewater from a plastic recycling company and activated sludge from a sewage treatment plant to test the viability of biological treatment for treating plastic recycling wastewater. The results showed that both systems were effective at reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD), with the AO system having a higher percent COD removal (98.13%) than the AO2 system (85.33%). Also, there were 18 unique colonies isolated from the wastewater and activated sludge. Overall, the study concludes that biological treatment can be used to treat plastic recycling wastewater, and the design of upscaled system is crucial to fully solve the wastewater problem.

Xiaonan Liu, Yong Nie, Xiao-Lei Wu

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2022

Abstract Activated sludge (AS) of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is one of the world’s largest artificial microbial ecosystems and the microbial community of the AS system is closely related to WWTP performance. However, how to predict its community structure is still unclear. Here, we used artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict the microbial compositions of AS systems collected from WWTPs located worldwide. We demonstrated that the microbial compositions of AS systems are predictable using our approach. The predictive accuracy R 2 1:1 of Shannon-Wiener index reached 60.42%, and the average R 2 1:1 of ASVs appearing in at least 10% of samples (ASVs >10% ) and core taxa were 35.09% and 42.99%, respectively. We also found that the predictability of ASVs >10% was significantly positively correlated with their relative abundance and occurrence frequency, but significantly negatively correlated with potential migration rate. The typical functional groups such as nitrifiers, denitrifiers, polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs), and filamentous organisms in AS systems could also be well recovered using an ANN model, with the R 2 1:1 ranging from 32.62% to 56.81%. Furthermore, we found that industry wastewater source (IndConInf) had good predictive abilities, although its correlation with ASVs >10% in the Mantel test analysis was weak, which suggested important factors that cannot be identified using traditional methods may be highlight by the ANN model. Our results provide a better understanding of the factors affecting AS communities through the prediction of the microbial community of AS systems, which could lead to insights for improved operating parameters and control of community structure.

Hongyu Yang, Yu Li, Peng Long et al.

RSC Advances • 2018

A novel freestanding anode was prepared by combining amorphous red-P with a pyrolyzed bacterial cellulose (PBC) matrix for the first time.

Prasanthi, V. Padmaja, C. Supriya

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology • 2020

The main aim of present work is to prepare and evaluate the wound healing effect of Terramycin To screen the wound healing effect of the formulated gel on the animals containing Aloe vera hydro gel and evaluate physical and microbial parameters for the formulated gel. Two gram formulations were weighed (A1, A2, A3 and A4) accurately and kept in a desiccators containing 50gm anhydrous calcium chloride. After three days, the formulations were weighed. Percentage loss is Percentage moisture loss is 1gm. The relative density of the formulation or weight/ml of the formulation was determined by taking the weight in gm of 10ml formulation and 10ml distilled water using RD bottle. Viscosity is an important feature to determine the resistance of flow of gel formulation so that it can spread on the skin properly. It was determined with the help of viscometer using 2 number spindles. pH of the formulation was determined by using pH meter. In this method, electrode was washed with double distilled water, dried with the help of tissue paper and then dipped in 20ml gel formulation. Nutrient agar media was used in microbial growth study. In this method the blank and sample (n=3) petriplates were used and the gel samples were aseptically transferred on to the sample plates in a cross pattern. The microbial growth was observed daily for 14 days.

Lincoln Taiz, Ian Max Møller, Angus Murphy et al.

Plant Physiology and Development • 2023

This chapter discusses biotic interactions through examples of beneficial associations between plants and microorganisms. It considers various types of harmful interactions between plants, herbivores, and pathogens. It also surveys the wide range of inducible defenses, which plants have evolved to fend off insect herbivores, and the signaling molecules and signal transduction pathways that regulate them. The chapter highlights plant responses to microbial pathogens, for which some of the same themes of constitutive and inducible defenses are employed. It reviews the mechanisms of two other types of plant biotic interactions, nematodes, and parasitic plants, and the ecological role that toxic root exudates play during plant–plant competition.

Georg Jander

Plants, Genes & Agriculture • 2017

This chapter examines insects and nematode pests that consume or otherwise destroy plants. Farmers have multiple options for controlling pests: cultural practices, synthetic chemicals, natural genetic resistance, and biotechnology. Plants defend themselves with toxic and deterrent chemicals. Not only do they have constitutive defenses, but they also increase the production of defensive chemicals in response to herbivory. One option for pest control is integrated pest management (IPM). This process requires assessing pest density and then using environment-friendly interventions. Chemicals are only employed as a last resort, and only when the cost of application is lower than expected pest-related losses. The chapter then looks at insecticide sprays, both natural and synthetic.

Patrick J. Tranel

Plants, Genes & Agriculture • 2017

This chapter reviews weed management — an enormous problem in all agricultural systems — and highlights the danger of relying entirely on crops that are genetically engineered to resist weeds. Weeds compete with crops for nutrients, water, sunlight, and space, and therefore diminish crop yields. Therefore, farmers have a number of different options to manage their weed populations. Many farmers use chemical weed control as the primary option to control weeds; herbicides target plant-specific biochemical processes. However, overreliance on herbicides results in the emergence of herbicide-resistant weeds. The chapter then considers how herbicide-tolerant crops can be obtained by genetic engineering and can further simplify weed management. It also looks at how sustainable weed management systems require the integration of a diversity of weed control tactics.

A. C. Fisher

Electrode Dynamics • 1996

This chapter clarifies the measurement of electrode currents as a function of the voltage applied to the electrolysis cell, which provides detailed information about the mechanism of the cell reaction of interest. It reviews the simplest approach to the measurement of current/voltage characteristics that involves two electrodes: a working electrode and a reference electrode. The working electrode is where the reaction of interest occurs, while the reference electrode provides a stable and fixed potential when a voltage is applied. The chapter examines the simple two-electrode arrangement that is used to measure current/voltage curves, wherein only a tiny current is passed. It also refers to voltametric experiments that use a three-electrode system in which an auxiliary or counter electrode is used.

Oxford Medicine Online • 2014

The success of TENS treatment depends on the use of safe and appropriate TENS technique. Uncertainty about optimal TENS technique is due in part to the variety of possible electrode positions and electrical characteristics that can be chosen for treatment. Conventional TENS uses low-intensity, high-frequency currents to activate low-threshold afferent nerve fibres in the skin. AL-TENS uses high-intensity, low-frequency currents to generate non-painful phasic muscle contractions (twitching). The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the principles that underpin the use of safe and appropriate electrode sites and electrical characteristics during TENS. The chapter covers how to choose between conventional and AL-TENS, the appropriate electrode positioning for conventional TENS and AL-TENS including instances where AL-TENS may be more beneficial than conventional TENS, appropriate choice of electrical characteristics for stimulation, and biological, psychological, and social factors influencing response to TENS

Natalia Anatolyevna Pogorelova, Natalya Anatolyevna Sarnitskaya

BIO Web of Conferences • 2024

From the point of view of the modern healthy nutrition concept, dietary fiber (DF) occupies a leading position among functional ingredients. Expanding the range of food products with the help of DF can strengthen public health and human immune response. Insoluble natural polysaccharides (which make up the main group of polysaccharides) serve as an alternative to surfactants as stabilizers for food emulsions. The quality of ready-to-use food products such as ketchups and mayonnaises deteriorates during long-term refrigeration due to changes in physical and chemical properties. The present research aims to justify the use of disaggregated bacterial cellulose (BC) as a food system stabilizer for mayonnaise sauces and tomato ketchups. It is a unique structurizer of food systems due to its properties: high water-retaining and lipid-binding capacity, fibrillar structure, and lack of toxicity, hence the commercial interest in it as a food additive and functional ingredient. Using scanning probe microscopy, the sizes of BC fibrils were determined: length > 10 μm, width 100-150 nm. Physicochemical parameters of mayonnaise sauce and ketchup samples containing BC were analyzed and compared. The impact the amount of BC has on the organoleptic characteristics of ketchup and mayonnaise was determined.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry • 2022

The possibility of ibotenic acid and muscazone electrochemical determination, assisted by a conducting polymer electrode, has been developed and evaluated from a theoretical point of view. The correspondent mathematical model has been developed and analyzed by means of linear stability theory and bifurcation analysis. The model analysis has shown that, due to the transformation of the ionic form, the oscillatory behavior in this system tends to be more probable than in similar ones. On the other hand, the electroanalytical system will be efficient for both analytes determination and quantification in mushroom pulp and biological liquids.

A. C. Fisher

Electrode Dynamics • 1996

This chapter reviews physical processes that contribute to the overall kinetics of any particular reaction. It explains how the reactant molecule must be transported from the bulk solution to the electrode interface in order for electrolysis to proceed, and covers how the reaction products diffuse away from the electrode. It also analyses a particular reaction that may be controlled either by the kinetics of electron transfer or by the rate at which material is brought to or from the electrode mass transport. The chapter mentions mass transport effects that become important for the successful interpretation of experimental observations when electrolytic reactions are induced to occur rapidly. It highlights diffusion, convection, and migration as significant transport processes.

[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering • 2019

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is one of an alternative way for cell separation. It has mainly been limited to processing small volumes due to constrain in fabrication of microelectrode over large surface areas. This work incorporated the wire cloth electrode fabricated using textile technology into a high throughput chamber experiment. The plain-weave wire cloth consists of 71µm stainless steel wires as the microelectrode arrays hold together by polyester yarn warp. This work determines the cell separation yield with parameters on applied voltage, flow rate and cell concentration as well as its optimized variables on the chamber width of 1.2cm and 2.5cm. The optimum voltage achieved was 30Vpk-pk, with flow rate of 3.5 ml/min and maximum cell concentration of 2.08x107 cells/ml. In chamber width comparison, 1.2cm width chamber gives better total percentage yield of 96% than the 2.5cm width chamber of 85% total percentage yield.

Wei Wang, Nan Zhang, Junyi Cao et al.

Volume 2: Modeling, Simulation and Control; Bio-Inspired Smart Materials and Systems; Energy Harvesting • 2016

A magnetic-spring electromagnetic energy harvester which consists of a hollow tube with two magnets fixed to the end and an attracting magnetic stack moving inside it is presented in this paper to harvest energy from human motion. The dynamic model of the electromagnetic generator is derived according to Newton’s law and Ansoft Maxwell software is used to calculate the repulsive force between middle and end magnets. Experimental results under frequency-sweep excitation and constant frequency excitation with different acceleration levels show that the generator has the potential to generate electricity for a broadband frequency range and ability to light up a LED. In the experiments considering human motion, the voltage response caused by the impact between shoes and ground are investigated. Under that condition, the influence of equivalent mass of moving magnetic stack and speeds of motion on the energy harvesting efficiency is analyzed. Results show that larger equivalent mass could obviously improve the performance of the generator and the obtained maximum output power reaches 2.11 mW.

I. Jones, Konrad Paul Kording

arXiv (Cornell University) • 2020

Physiological experiments have highlighted how the dendrites of biological neurons can nonlinearly process distributed synaptic inputs. This is in stark contrast to units in artificial neural networks that are generally linear apart from an output nonlinearity. If dendritic trees can be nonlinear, biological neurons may have far more computational power than their artificial counterparts. Here we use a simple model where the dendrite is implemented as a sequence of thresholded linear units. We find that such dendrites can readily solve machine learning problems, such as MNIST or CIFAR-10, and that they benefit from having the same input onto several branches of the dendritic tree. This dendrite model is a special case of sparse network. This work suggests that popular neuron models may severely underestimate the computational power enabled by the biological fact of nonlinear dendrites and multiple synapses per pair of neurons. The next generation of artificial neural networks may significantly benefit from these biologically inspired dendritic architectures.

Shuangjie Li, Tingyang Huang, Fang Liu et al.

Research Square • 2024

Abstract This study evaluates the production efficiency and Total Factor Energy Efficiency (TFEE) of China's provincial thermal power industry using the super-efficiency SBM model, complemented by panel regression to assess renewable energy's potential substitutive effects on thermal power production. Additionally, spatial econometric regression analysis clarifies the impact of inter-regional electricity output on thermal power production. Key findings include:1.Regional Efficiency Comparison: Average production efficiency ranks as "East > West > Central," with the West marginally leading over the Central region. In contrast, average TFEE follows "East > Central > West," with the Western region lagging significantly.2. Influential Factors on Thermal Power: Internally, installed capacity, energy consumption, and production efficiency impact thermal power. Externally, hydropower, wind power, and nuclear power show significant substitutive potential, with hydropower's potential increasing from East to West, while wind power's potential decreases. Photovoltaic impact remains negligible.3. Cross-Regional Electricity Transmission: Improved transmission capabilities have broadened renewable energy plants' influence but led to provincial generation exceeding demand. Hydropower, wind power, and nuclear energy from neighboring provinces significantly substitute for thermal power, in that order, with minimal impact from photovoltaics. Policy recommendations focus on the importance of TFEE and production efficiency in thermal power, advocating for inter-regional electricity transfer, and enhancing grid intelligence to optimize the thermal power industry's efficiency, promote sustainable development, and balance power supply and demand. These guidelines aim to inform future energy structure adjustments and urban planning.

Mohamed Musadag El-Awad

• 2024

This paper presents a new cycle for utilising the energy from low-temperature heat sources that combines the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) with the Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC) via a cascade condenser. The model developed for analysing the cycle uses Excel as a modelling platform with special VBA functions to determine the fluid properties. To verify the functions, they were used to analyse the simple OCR by using R134a, R1234yf, R152a, propane (R290), n-butane (R600), iso-butane (R600a), and ammonia (R717) and the model’sresults are compared with published results obtained by using the EES software. When the performance of the combined cycle was evaluated for a heat-source of 120oC at various values of the cascade-condenser temperature by using R152a as the working fluid, the results showed that a high temperature maximises the cycle’s power and exergetic efficiency but minimises its thermal efficiency. Therefore, a tri-objective optimisation analysis of the cycle was conducted that simultaneously maximises all three parameters. Compared to the temperature that gives the maximum power, the optimised temperature reduced the power by 11.9%, but increased the thermal efficiency by 15.3% and the exergetic efficiency by 5.7%. Compared to the temperature that gives the maxmimum thermal efficiency, the optimised temperature reduced the thermal efficiency by only 5.9%, but increased the power by 68.8% and the exergetic efficiency by 4.3%.

Jan Kiciński

Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering • 2018

Abstract Is the world's power engineering at a crossroads? Does the rapid development of new emerging fields such as the Internet of Things, smart city or e-mobility make us take a completely different point of view on the world's energy future? What are our visions and development forecasts related to this? Who is right, Exxon Mobil Corporation or the visionary investor Elon Musk? The author of this article is trying to find answers to these and many other questions. In the long-term perspective, a transition from centralised power generation to distributed power generation seems to be inevitable, and that is the central message of this article. The article also presents the situation of the Polish power engineering against the background of global trends, as well as proposals for solving the smog problem using anti-smog technologies developed at the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Gdańsk and by launching a pilot project that will cover 1,000 households equipped with these technologies. The author and his closest co-workers recommend equipping boilers, including both older and newer ones, with low-power electrostatic precipitators. In this way, one can burn low-quality fuels while keeping the emission of airborne dust at a low level. It is a quick and not pricey solution to the smog problem.

Chenghui Zhang

Advanced Control Technology of Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems • 2025

Abstract For the photovoltaic (PV) generation systems, the output power is one of the important performance indices for users, which is directly affected by the utilization of the PV array. It is well known that the utilization of the PV array is not only determined by its internal characteristics, but also the external environment. The internal characteristics mainly refer to the “Photovoltaic Effect”, which is determined by the materials. The external environment includes light irradiance, load condition, and environmental temperature and so on. PV array has different I - V curve with different environment conditions. Usually, there is one maximum power point (MPP) in each I - V curve. If the PV array is always operating in the MPP, the maximum utilization of PV array can be maintained, thus obtaining the maximum output power.