[object Object], [object Object], [object Object] et al.

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering • 2019

The renewable energy is the future of human race without optimally harnessing renewable energy human race will not move forward. As the non-renewable source of energy are moving towards depletion each day, the technological advancement toward renewable energy is moving with a fast pace. Each day we heard about a new technology, in this paper a hybrid system energy system is discussed. The hybrid system is achieved by utilizing solar energy and biomass energy. The system using a set of solar panel, biomass gasifier, boiler, steam turbine, generator, inverter and battery.

Jingwen Huang, Zhiye Du, Yiping Chen et al.

• 2023

The random fluctuations in the output of new energy increase the risk of power system operation. This paper proposes a power system probabilistic power flow calculation method based on LHS-CGC method, which solves the problem that the probability density function is negative when fitting data with A-type Gram Charlie Series expansion. Taking the calculation results of the Monte Carlo method as a reference, the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method were verified in an improved IEEE30 testing system, with higher computational speed. Then, the probability density distribution of each state variable and output variable of the system in three typical operation modes is checked according to the actual power grid model. This article analyzes the probabilistic load flow calculation results of the system under different operating modes and believes that the seasonal output changes of new energy have a more significant impact on the load flow of the new power system, and the risk of branch load flow exceeding the limit increases. Similarly, the node voltage distribution range under the new energy generation mode is larger, reaching 0.92 to 1.03 p.u.. This provides a reference for practical power optimization scheduling problems in engineering.

Muhammet Samil Kalay, Alper Nabi Akpolat

IET Renewable Power Generation • 2025

ABSTRACT The significance of power converters has grown substantially in recent years, driven by rapid advancements in sectors such as renewable energy generation and electric vehicles (EVs). As a result, the need to evaluate the reliability of power electronic devices has become increasingly critical. Research focusing on the degradation of power devices and estimating their remaining useful lifetime has accelerated. Consequently, a comprehensive review of the existing technological research in this domain is essential. This study seeks to provide a valuable reference for the industry by elucidating the core principles of reliability analysis in power converters and comparing various studies conducted in this field. In the context of reliability analysis and remaining lifetime estimation, particular attention is paid to semiconductor switching components, which form the cornerstone of these converters. After detailing the failure modes and mechanisms, the study focuses on the failure data and the measurement techniques employed for its collection. By highlighting the methodologies used in power device modeling and lifetime estimation, this work aims to offer guidance for future research in this area. In this context, the most effective studies conducted in the relevant field in recent years have been examined, evaluated, and presented as a road map for future research.

Manohar Kulkarni, Xiangyang Gong

2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference • 2003

By passing the combustion gases through magnetic field, magneto generator converts heat directly to electric power without moving parts. The inherent characteristic of high efficiency and low emission makes Coal fired MHD power generation technology attractive to be a potential alternative power generation method in the future. This paper presents the working principle of MHD generator and describes the coal fired MHD power plant systems and the key components in these systems. It also reviews the batch research of Department of Energy on coal fired MHD electric power generation—Proof of Concept Program from 1987 to 1993 and states some challenges remained on its way to commercial use.

Tong Zhang, Yufei Liu, Xin Sui et al.

Research Square (Research Square) • 2020

Abstract Background: To study the impact of land-use change on soil microbial community structure and diversity in Northeast China, three typical land-use types (plough, grassland, and forest), from grassland change to forest land and grassland change to plough, in the Qiqihar region of Heilongjiang Province were taken as research objects. Methods: MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology based on bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS rRNA was used to study the above community structure of soil bacteria and fungi and to explore the relationship between soil bacteria and soil environmental factors. Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference in soil bacterial community diversity and fungal community diversity after the grassland was completely changed to forest land. The dominant bacterial phylum changed from Actinobacteria to Acidobacteria, the dominant fungal phylum changed from Ascomycetes to Basidiomycetes, and the ECM functional group increased significantly. After the grassland was changed to plough, there was no significant difference in the diversity of soil bacterial communities, and the diversity of fungal communities increased significantly. The dominant phylum changed from Actinomycetes to Proteobacteria. The dominant phylum was still Ascomycetes, and the functional groups of pathogens and parasites increased significantly. CCA showed that soil pH, MC, NO 3- -N, TP and AP were important factors affecting the composition of soil microbial communities, and changes in land-use patterns changed the physical and chemical properties of soils, thereby affecting the structure and diversity of microbial communities. Conclusions: Our research results clarify the impact of changes in land use on the characteristics of soil microbial communities and provide basic data on the healthy use of land.

Zhu Chen, Caixia Wan

Research Square • 2021

Abstract Lignin valorization is considered an integral part for an economically viable biorefinery. However, heterogenous nature of lignin imposes a big challenge for upgrading diverse lignin-derived intermediates and subsequent downstream processing. To overcome this challenge, we proposed to explore unique convergent pathways in Rhodococus strains to funnel lignin-derived compounds into single target products. A feasible bioprocess for co-production of lipids and carotenoids from lignin by Rhodococci was developed. This process would potentially extract more values from lignin via biological upgrading of lignin.

Cheng Zhao, Shangxian Xie, Yunqiao Pu et al.

Green Chemistry • 2016

The utilization of lignin for fungible fuels and chemicals represents one of the most imminent challenges in modern biorefineries.

Fidele Twagirayezu

Qeios • 2024

In this article, we derive the relation between energy and charge in the form of charge-energy equivalence using gauge-gravity duality and special relativity. In comparison with Einstein's energy-mass equivalence, our result shows that the conversion of charge into energy leads to more energy gain than the conversion of mass into energy. The result also shows that the energy increases with the increase of charge. For our result, the energy also depends on the Newton's gravitational constant.

, Supitcha Visuttitewin

• 2013

Sugarcane bagasse is one of the most abundant low-cost lignocellulosic materials in the world. It consists of 46.7% cellulose, 28.89% hemicellulose, and 13.83% lignin (dry basis). The cellulose and hemicellulose of sugarcane bagasse can be hydrolyzed by microbial hydrolysis into glucose and other fermentable sugars, which can be further served as feedstock in the fermentation process to produce bioethanol. The aim of this research was to investigate the possibility of using bagasse as a raw material to produce glucose by microbial hydrolysis using bacteria isolated from Thai higher termites, Microceroterm sp. The effects of particle sizes (40-60, 60-80, and > 80 mesh), and bacterial strains (A 002 and M 015) isolated from Thai higher termites on microbial hydrolysis were investigated at 37 ºC in order to determine optimum conditions for a maximum glucose concentration. From the results, the highest glucose concentration of 0.46 g/L was obtained by using strain A002 with > 80 mesh bagasse at 8 h. In order to compare glucose production, the >80 mesh bagasse was hydrolyzed enzymatically using a commercial enzyme, which was cellulase produced from Aspergillus niger. The results revealed that the hydrolytic activities of both strains were found to be as high as that of commercial enzyme.

, Paramet Kerdkaew

• 2012

Rice straw is one of the most abundant lignocellulosic wastes in the world. It contains 47 % cellulose, 25 % hemicellulose and 5 % lignin. The cellulose and hemicellulose in rice straw can be converted into glucose and other fermentable sugars via microbial hydrolysis. These sugars can then be used as feedstocks for bioethanol production. The purpose of this work was to investigate the possibility of using rice straw as a raw material for microbial hydrolysis to produce sugars using bacteria isolated from Thai higher termites, Microceroterms sp. The effects of particle size (40 mesh, 60 mesh and 80 mesh), hydrolysis temperature (30 °C and 37 °C), amount of malt extract in 65 modified DSMZ broth medium 2 and bacteria strains (A 002 and M 015) were investigated. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the sugars were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a refractive index detector. The maximum sugar concentration of 0.97 g/L at 9 h and 37 °C was obtained with 80 mesh rice straw using strain A002 and 10 g/L malt extract in the production medium.

, Wannaporn Eourarekullart

• 2011

The possibility of using corncob as a raw material for enzymatic hydrolysis to sugars was investigated. The effects of particle size of corncob, hydrolysis temperature, hydrolysis time, and strains of bacteria isolated from Thai higher termites were studied. In the experiments, 1.5-1.6 g of corncob obtained from River Kwai International Food Industry Co., Ltd., 4-7 g of bacteria cells, and 1 L of production medium were used. The studied parameters included the particle size of corncob (40 and 60 mesh), temperature (30 and 37 ℃), and bacteria strain (A 002 and M 015) isolated from Thai higher termites, Microcerotermes sp. The products were identified and analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a refractive index detector. Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractive contents of the raw corncob were 47.37, 31.26, 17.06, and 3.32%, respectively. The maximum amount of glucose from the hydrolysis reaction with strain A 002 bacteria and 60 mesh size corncob at 37 ℃ was 1.08 g/L.

Paul F. Meier

The Changing Energy Mix • 2020

This chapter explores how the fifty US states generate electricity, and the analysis shows significant variation in how electricity is generated state-by-state. While coal was formerly the dominant fuel for generating electricity, natural gas surpassed coal in 2015. Although thirteen states still produce more than 50% of their electricity from coal, fourteen states generated less than 5%. There have been no new nuclear power plants built since 1996, but seven states still generated more than 40% of their electricity from this resource. In renewable energy, wind and solar are gaining in importance. Fourteen states now generate more than 10% of their electricity from wind, and three states more than 30%. Solar energy is also growing, but mostly in the sun-drenched states of California, Arizona, Nevada, and North Carolina, which account for 67% of US solar energy. Hydroelectric is also important, and five states generated more than 50% of their electricity from hydroelectric plants.

, Laura Marí Tomàs

• 2015

The problem addressed in this thesis is the medium-term generation planning over a yearly horizon of a generation company participating in a liberalized electricity market with pool auction of generation and consumption and with bilateral contracts between generation companies and distributions companies or big consumers. It is assumed that the generation portfolio of several generation companies includes a significant proportion of dispatchable renewables (hydro generation with storage reservoirs and pumping schemes) and non-dispatchable renewables as wind power and solar photovoltaic generation. It is also assumed than more than one generation company are able to influence market-price levels through their bidding in the auction so that the market could be oligopolistic. The results obtained are of interest to price-maker generation companies, but also to price-taker generators, and to the market operator to check whether the participants in the market behave as a cartel or seeking an equilibrium. The stochasticity of parameters in the medium-term planning is modeled in two ways. Regarding consumers load and generation unit outages, through the use of the probabilistic method of load matching: by representing the load through predicted load-duration curves of each period into which the yearly horizon is subdivided, by considering the capacity and an outage probability of each generation unit and by using the existing convolution techniques and the linear-inequality load-matching constraints. Regarding renewable energy sources, stochastic programming is used. Hydro-generation scenarios of inflows are developed for each period. As for non-dispatchable renewables (wind power and solar photo-voltaic generation), a novel model of representing them through two pseudo-units: one base unit with small outage probability and a crest unit with large outage probability is proposed, and scenarios are developed for the relevant parameters of the pseudo-units. The solar photo-voltaic generation model requires splitting each period into three subperiods with the dark hours, with the medium-light hours and with the bright hours. Quasi-Monte Carlo techniques have been employed to create a large scenario fan later reduced to a scenario tree with a reduced number of scenarios. Market prices are taken into account through an endogenous linear market-price function of load duration whose intercept depends on total hydro generation level and on wind power and solar photovoltaic level in each node of the scenario tree. With such market price function, the endogenous cartel solution and the equilibrium solutions to the medium-term planning can be obtained. To avoid having to consider the total exponential number of load-matching constraints, a load matching heuristic has been employed where small batches of new load matching constraints are generated after successive optimizations considering only the generated load matching constraints. For equilibrium solutions, the Nikaido-Isoda relaxation algorithm of successive solutions is employed using the successive optimizations of the load-matching heuristic. In mixed-market systems with auction and bilateral contracts, a time-share hypothesis is formulated and the profits function for generation companies with the generation left after honoring their bilateral contracts is formulated. The profit function obtained is non-convex, and a direct global optimization solver was tried, but proved not to be practical for the size of problem to be solved. A non-linear interior-point constrained optimization solver, also employed for problems in pure pool markets, was tried with several special techniques to circumvent the troubles caused by the non-convexity of the objective function and satisfactory results were obtained. A novel model of multi-period medium-term pumping was presented and employed. Results for several realistic test cases having different generation settings have been presented and analyzed. El problema adreçat en aquesta tesi és el de la planificació a mig termini de la generació elèctrica d'una companyia que participa dins d'un mercat elèctric. S'ha assumit que aquestes companyies generadores disposen d'una proporció significant d'energies renovables despatxables (com la generació hidràulica amb embassaments d'emmagatzematge i sistemes de bombeig) i d'energies renovables no-despatxables tals com l'energia eòlica i la generació d'energia solar fotovoltaica. També s’ha tingut en compte que més d'una companyia generadora és capaç d'influir en els nivells de preu de mercat a través de les seves ofertes dins de la subhasta tractant-se, doncs, d'un mercat oligopolístic. Els resultats obtinguts són interessants per a companyies generadores del tipus 'price-maker', però alhora també ho són per companyies 'price-taker' i, finalment, també ho són per a l'operador del mercat per tal de comprovar si els participants en el mercat es comporten com si hi hagués 'cartel' o si bé busquen l'equilibri. L'estocasticitat de la càrrega i les panes de les unitats de generació dins de la planificació a mig termini es modela mitjançant l'ús del mètode probabilístic de recobriment de la càrrega: tot representant la càrrega a través de corbes predites de durada de la càrrega per a cada període tractat, utilitzant tècniques existents de convolucions i les anomenades constriccions de recobriment de la càrrega que són de desigualtat i lineals. Pel que fa a les energies renovables s'ha emprat programació estocàstica. Per a cada període s'han desenvolupat escenaris d'hidràulica per a les aportacions naturals d'aigua. Pel que fa a les renovables no-despatxables (eòlica i solar), es presenta un nou model per a representar-les a través de dues pseudo-unitats: una unitat de base amb una probabilitat de pana molt petita i una unitat de cresta amb una probabilitat de pana gran. La generació solar requereix un model més complex ja que s'han dividit les hores solars en tres subperíodes: sense sol, sol mig i sol. També s'han creat escenaris per als paràmetres més rellevants d'aquestes pseudo-unitats. S'han emprat mètodes de Quasi-Monte Carlo per a crear un gran arbre d'escenaris de tipus FAN que, posteriorment, s'ha reduït a un arbre d'escenaris d'una determinada mida. La funció de preu de mercat respecte a la durada de la càrrega és una funció endògena on es té en compte la variació observada del nivell dels preus amb la generació hidràulica, la generació eòlica i la solar a cada node dins de l'arbre d'escenaris. Amb aquest tipus de funció de preu de mercat, les solucions de cartel i les d'equilibri poden ser obtingudes. Per tal de no haver de considerar un nombre exponencial de constriccions de recobriment, s'utilitza una heurística on petits subconjunts de restriccions es van generant després de successives optimitzacions considerant només les constriccions de recobriment generades. Per a les solucions d'equilibri, s'ha utilitzat l'algoritme de relaxació de Nikaido-Isoda en les successives optimitzacions de l'heurística. Pels mercats mixtos (amb subhasta i contractes bilaterals) s'ha formulat una hipòtesi de 'time-share' i s’ha presentat una funció de beneficis de les empreses generadores on només es té en compte la generació que resta després d'haver satisfet els contractes bilaterals. La funció obtinguda és no convexa i s'ha utilitzat un resolutor d'optimització global, però s'ha vist que no era pràctic per a la mida del problema que s'estava solucionant. Per aquest motiu, s'ha utilitzat un resolutor no lineal de punt interior (Ipopt) amb diverses tècniques especials per tal d'eludir els problemes causats per la no convexitat de la funció objectiu tot obtenint resultats satisfactoris. Finalment, s'ha presentat i s'ha utilitzat un nou mètode per introduir els esquemes de bombeig multi-període i a mig termini. Es mostren i s'analitzen els resultats obtinguts per a diversos casos de prova (realistes) amb diferents configuracions de generació.

Eric Wong

Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal • 1999

Thi s article discusses what it will take to finally make retail accessand cons umer choice happen. Many of the components are in place orar e in the process of being addressed . These include FERC's Jurisdictionover wh olesale rates and transmission tariffs; and the historic December1998 California Public Utilities Commission's decision, at the urging ofthe California Alliance for Distributed Energy Resources (CADER), tobegin a rulemaking on Distributed Generation.With the federal role being solidified and definitive and progres-siv e rules expected from the initiative in California and other states, thefocu s now shifts to the practical side of retail competition. In a nutshell,th e mak e-or-br eak of fully competitive retail markets rests in Internetappliances and the start-up firms that are developing them .

Athikom Bangviwat, Orathai Chaisinboon, Apinya Puapattanakul

Preprints.org • 2025

The study focuses on the returns to factors of electricity production by different technologies, which can be beneficial to the promotion of electricity production in the future. Six (6) technologies employed for electricity production in Thailand, which are coal-fired, natural gas-fired, biomass, hydropower wind turbines, and solar photovoltaic power plants, are included in the study. Cash flow analysis is used as the tool to identify the distribution of the plants’ revenues to different factors of productions. Revenues received from electricity sales are paid to the required expenses, and shared among the factors of production, namely fuel costs, operation and maintenance expenses, utilities, personnel wages, taxes, interests, loans, and dividends. Power plants of different technologies require different amounts of investments and proportions factors of production. It is interesting to learn how the payments are returned to the owners of the factors of the production, which include fuel and utility suppliers, workers, owners, financial institutes (through interests and loans), government and society (through taxes), for a unit price of electricity paid by customers.

• 1983

Contained within the 5th Edition (1978 to 1995) of the National Atlas of Canada is a map that shows the generating stations (by size, type and status) and transmission lines (by voltage category). A table lists all stations giving name, operator and other data.

Victor Bravo, Roberto Kozulj

Latin American/Caribbean Gas & Electricity Congress • 1997

Abstract One of today's great mysteries is the future evolution of the price of fuels for the generation of electricity. This is due both to the uncertain evolution in the price of oil and oil byproducts and to the impact of deregulation in the price of natural gas at wellhead in the medium and long term, as well as to fluctuations in the supply price of electricity within a deregulated and diversified system such as the Argentine one. The present work delves into these matters and provides a joint forecast of the price of the main fuels for electricity generation under different hypothesis combinations. At the same time, it includes a brief analysis of the repercussions which a price increase of natural gas at wellhead would have on electricity costs and contrasts such forecasts with those arising from different supply scenarios, referring the analysis to average annual monomial prices from the wholesale electricity market. Furthermore, limitations are pointed out as regards information and methodology limitations to carry out forecasts with predictive rather than informative value, notwithstanding the inclusion of means to deal with uncertainty.

Patrick Magee, Mark Tooley

The Physics, Clinical Measurement, and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice • 2005

Abstract The first part of the chapter is intended to give the reader an introduction sufficient to understand the electronics and signal processing sections.BasicrulesOhm’s law states that the current (I) measured in amperes flowing through a conductor of resistance (R) measured in ohms (D) is proportional to the electro-motive force (voltage, V) measured in volts. For a constant voltage, V = IR.

Jeff D. Makholm

Natural Gas & Electricity • 2016

Major industries often enough intersect with others, creating difficult regulatory problems in the intersection.

Peter Kelly‐Detwiler

Natural Gas & Electricity • 2015

It has recently been observed that energy storage feels much like the solar industry did five or so years ago.

K. S. Sivaprasad, Surendra Saxena

Natural Gas & Electricity • 2019

The conversion of millions of tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) to electricity is very important for our environment and industrial sectors.

Qing Wang, Dong Tian, Jinguang Hu et al.

RSC Advances • 2020

Bacterial cellulose (BC), a fascinating and renewable polymer, can be applied widely in various bio-based materials.

Vishrut Kansal

Natural Gas & Electricity • 2014

In 2011, India was estimated to have the largest population without access to electricity despite having consistently witnessed positive economic growth rate of 6.6 percent, 10.3 percent, and 8.5 percent in 2011, 2010, and 2009, respectively. 1 Thus, India is a major thrust area of international conventions and policies focused on universalizing access to sustainable energy.

Jeff D. Makholm

Natural Gas & Electricity • 2016

In a recent column in this journal, I discussed how in the early to middle nineteenth century Napoleon and Bismarck contributed to Europe's lack of any shale gas development compared to the shale boom in North America. 1 But that is rather recent business compared to those seventeenth‐century fishermen off the coast of South America who noticed unusually warm waters that tended to occur every few years around Christmas—labelling the phenomenon El Niño .

, Muzi Brian Mntungwa

• 2007

The research assesses employee readiness at eThekwini Electricity to form part of the Regional Electricity Distributor, which had been legislated by Government. The premise of the study is to investigate, identify and understand key factors likely to promote or inhibit effective readiness to change. If these factors can be measured by the organisation, an evaluation of the difficulty of the change effort can then be used to plan accordingly. By assessing readiness for change in the organisation, Top Management will be in a position to identify gaps that may exist between their own expectations about the change effort and those of other organisational members.

John Caldwell

Natural Gas & Electricity • 2020

The level of price elasticity for electricity service has always been a subject rife with controversy. Estimates of price elasticity in this industry have varied widely, and little if any consensus exists on what the true level of price elasticity is. This lack of consensus is evident in regulatory filings involving electricity rate increases, where price elasticity is generally ignored as a factor influencing future sales and revenues after the rate increases occur. Complicating the issue further is the question of exactly what price (if any) electricity customers are responding to: the total bill, the marginal (per kWh) rate, or some combination thereof. And of course, the answer to this question will be affected by the existence of any customer‐facing programs that make consumers more aware of and/or provide incentives to respond to time‐varying electricity prices.

Joel Seppälä, Joonas Kari, Pertti Järventausta

Electricity • 2024

Clean transition increases the demand for reliable electricity distribution, but while the capacity can be improved through investments, responding to the demand increases costs for the customers. This study presents a methodological improvement to the assessment of the reasonability of pricing, by comprehensively analyzing pricing regulation data to define the total cost of electricity distribution by clustering. A novel systematic view on the volume and distribution of economic steering shows that according to the regulation data in Finland, the total annual cost of distribution for the present level of reliability varies from EUR 490/a in an urban environment to EUR 1220/a per customer in sparsely populated areas. The majority of the total costs of distribution stem from actual utility expenses. The approach and results may be used for implementing TOTEX models for future pricing regulation.

Andreas Sumper, Paula Ferreira

Electricity • 2020

Electricity has fascinated humans since the early days [...]

Shuo Han, Xiong-ying Gao, Han-jie Ying et al.

Green Chemistry • 2016

A scheme of basic metabolic pathways and energy conservation in C. ljungdahlii .

Riley Stockard

• 2022

Synthetic biologists are bad at making stably engineered cells. Enforcing microbial cooperation can help, if only we can study and recreate it.

Sampat Nehra, Raj Kumar Gothwal, Alok Kumar Varshney et al.

Industrial Applications of Soil Microbes • 2023

Agricultural production is majorly hampered by the negative impact of both biotic and abiotic stress in most developing countries. Among abiotic stresses, soil salinity is a major problem, affecting crop production and responsible for limiting the growth and productivity of plants in different areas of the world due to increasing use of poor quality of water, flooding, over-irrigation, seepage, silting, and a rising water table. In agriculture, salt-tolerant rhizospheric/endophytic microorganisms play an important role in helping alleviate abiotic stresses in plants. Under plant-microbe interactions, plant root-associated microbes, including endophytes, closely interact and cooperate with plants, and mediate important physiological and metabolic processes, thereby enhancing the plant’s tolerance to salinity stress. Several mechanisms have been developed for microbial alleviation of salinity stress in plants, including the production of phytohormones, improving plant nutrient status, production of ACC deaminase, salt exclusion, and enhancing resistance to drought in plant cells. A wide range of micro-organisms are available that have diverse mechanisms for salt stress alleviation in plants. Future research needs to be directed towards field evaluation for the validation of the potential microbes.

Ashwini A. Waoo, Shivangi Agnihotri

Industrial Applications of Soil Microbes • 2022

A microorganism is a term given to small living beings whose size is measured in microns. Bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoans are a few of them that reside in the air, water, and soil. This review is about the microorganisms found in soil. These microorganisms have different functions in soil decomposition of dead organic matter, such as ecological food web balance, and making nutrients available to plants. Recently, their role in alleviating different abiotic stresses like salinity and drought has been marvelous. These microbes are also being used in biopesticide form, which is environmentally friendly and safe for other living organisms. Bacteria convert the inaccessible nutrients from dead matter into usable forms. Actinomycetes give off the typical smell of soil, and these microorganisms are also being used as a source of therapeutic medicines. Fungi are helpful in the way that they break down impossible nutrients, which are then available to other microbes. They also colonize plant roots and thus aid in plant growth. Algae promote submerged aeration as their photosynthesis is faster and adds more oxygen. Algae also help prevent the loss of nitrates that help in building soil structures by promoting the weathering of rocks. Nematodes help maintain the ecological equilibrium of their habitat. Viruses are the mode of gene transfer between organisms in the soil. Thus, these microorganisms have different functions in the soil to maintain the soil's structure and the balance between the environment and its living beings.

Industrial Applications of Soil Microbes • 2024

This volume is a compilation of reviews on the industrial usage of soil microorganisms. The contents include 16 brief reviews on different soil microbe assisted industrial processes. Readers will be updated about recent applications of soil bacteria, fungi and algae in sectors such as agriculture, biotechnology, environmental management. The reviews also cover special topics like sustainable agriculture, biodiversity, ecology, and intellectual property rights of patented strains, giving a broad perspective on industrial applications of soil microbes. Volume 3 emphasizes various soil microorganisms including cyanobacteria and mycorrhiza. The 16 chapters cover the ecological significance of mycorrhiza to and their role in sustainable agriculture, microbial interactions with nematodes, microbes as biocontrol agents, and the use of endophytes in agriculture, Chapters also shed light on industrial aspects and microbial biotransformation, providing a comprehensive view of sustainable agricultural practices. Special topics such as the microbial carotenoids are also included.

Industrial Applications of Soil Microbes • 2023

This volume is a compilation of reviews on the industrial usage of soil microorganisms. The contents include 16 brief reviews on different soil microbe assisted industrial processes. Readers will be updated about recent applications of soil bacteria, fungi and algae in sectors such as agriculture, biotechnology, environmental management. The reviews also cover special topics like sustainable agriculture, biodiversity, ecology, and intellectual property rights of patented strains, giving a broad perspective on industrial applications of soil microbes. Volume 2 includes reviews on destructive microbes like Macrophomina Phaseolina, eco-friendly microbes like Beauveria Bassiana, the identification of fungi in the rhizosphere, the industrial application of Trichoderma, and other topics. The text is easy to understand for readers of all levels, with references provided for the benefit of advanced readers.

Kishor Chand Kumhar, Ramesh Nath Gupta

Industrial Applications of Soil Microbes • 2022

 Soil is the basic and important medium that supports plant and microbial communities for their growth and development. Soil, plants, and microorganisms interact in various ways in nature. The interaction between plants and microbes may be harmful or beneficial in the soil environment. The phytopathogens have harmful effects, whereas antagonists may have beneficial effects on the plant community. The antagonists are capable of controlling phytopathogens through different modes of action. The antagonists may be fungi, bacteria, or actinomycetes under the category of biological control agents (BCAs). Amongst the antagonists, the genus Trichoderma is considered a superstar and the most widely exploited biological control agent. Besides plant disease management, it has the potential to enhance vegetative plant growth and resistance against biotic as well as abiotic stresses. In the last couple of years, public interest has been switching from synthetic fungicides to non-chemical fungicides in the agricultural sector. In such a situation, Trichoderma spp. could be an ideal option with zero harm to the ecosystem and human health. In India, there are hundreds of manufacturers and marketers of Trichoderma products. The majority of its products are available in the form of wettable powder (WP) formulations with variable active ingredients, whereas liquid formulations are very rare. Its formulations are mainly used to manage soil-borne fungal phytopathogens such as species of Fusarium, Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Verticillium, etc., of cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruit, and plantation crops. It can also control certain air-borne fungal phytopathogens such as species of Alternaria, Curvularia, Colletotrichum, etc. It has great scope in the organic agriculture scenario, and its usage in the crop production system has been increasing day by day. The dose of its application for different crops, diseases, formulations, and manufacturers is variable. However, it should, like synthetic fungicides, be uniform to avoid unnecessary confusion and hesitation among the end-users.

Dr. Mehwash Kashif, Dr. Aman Ashar

Microbes of Medical Importance • 2024

In dentistry, microbes are crucial because they affect both oral health and illness. It is essential to comprehend these microbes in order to engage in proper dental hygiene and avoid dental diseases. One of the most important microorganisms is Streptococcus mutans, which is known to have a part in the development of dental caries. Because it depends on confections, these bacteria produce acids that damage tooth enamel and promote the growth of cavities. On the other hand, Streptococcus salivarius is advantageous because it produces antimicrobial peptides that fight harmful microbes and improve dental health

Enkhbat Zayabaatar, Tang Nguyen Mai Trinh, Minh Tan Pham

Research Square • 2022

Abstract The cytokine storm leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ dysfunction in COVID-19 cases. One of the major cytokines is IL-6, which is positively associated with the severity of the condition. In the present study, nasal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (NPP) elevated IL-6 abundancy in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in mice. Staphylococcus epidermidis K1 ( S. epidermidis K1)-colonized mice nasally administered with glycerol or FMN resulted in a reduction of NPP-induced IL-6. S. epidermidis fermented glycerol to generate a large amount of electrons which further supported bacterial colonization. Inhibition of riboflavin kinase in S. epidermidis considerably suppressed the effect of nasal S. epidermidis plus glycerol on the decrement of NPP-induced IL-6. Taken together, our results show that nasal colonization of S. epidermidis mitigates a cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

, G.N. Bissenova, B.Zh. Sadykova et al.

BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. BIOSCIENCE Series • 2022

A promising direction of biological agriculture is the use of the potential of useful soil and rhizospheric microflora, among which nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-mobilizing natural microorganisms occupy a significant place. Biologics created based on soil microorganisms make it possible to change approaches in the technology of growing agricultural plants. When selecting strains of potential producers of biological products, an important aspect is the ability to have a positive effect on the growth and development of plants, providing them with mineral nutrition, adaptation to various stresses, protect soils from depletion, restore their natural fertility and maintain the biological diversity of plant communities. The aim of the study was to select promising microorganisms with high growth-stimulating activity against crops such as wheat and lentils. As a result of the primary screening, 76 isolates of soil bacteria were isolated, 16 of which were selected as the most active isolates exhibiting pronounced antimicrobial properties. Further, 7 strains of microorganisms were selected from them (D.acidovorans Ш-1, St.maltophilia КЖ-1, B.cereus ТБ-1, E.cloacae КБ-2, E.ludwiqii ТБ-2, E. cloacae ШБ-2, E.cloacae Т-3), which showed a high degree of germination of plant seeds. It was found that the bacterial suspension of each of the strains P.fluorescens АК-4, St.epidermidis СhK-4, B.cereus ТБ-1, E.cloacae КБ-2, E.ludwiqii ТБ-2, E.cloacae ШБ-2, E.cloacae Т-3 has a high growth- stimulating effect on the growth performance of wheat. When treating lentil seeds with a culture liquid of each of the strains B.cereus ТБ-1, E.cloacae КБ-2, E. ludwiqii ТБ-2, S.marcescens ТК-2, E.cloacae ШБ-2, E.cloacae Т-3 growth rates increased in all studied concentrations. As a result, the article identifies the most active microorganisms with high growth-stimulating activity and increasing the germination of plant seeds. Thus, the selected promising bacterial strains are recommended as a basis for the development of biological products that increase seed germination and stimulate the growth of agricultural plants.

Liza Rouyer, Claude Becker, Niklas Schandry

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) • 2025

ABSTRACT Plants participate in intricate interactions with a multitude of microorganisms, many of which also influence each other. This holobiont is situated in a chemical soil environment that is defined, in parts, by the specialised metabolite legacy of proximal and preceding organisms, including other plants. Here, we investigated the influence of external plant-derived specialised metabolites on the interactions among root-associated bacterial strains, and between these strains and a plant host. Using benzoxazinoids and their derivatives as a model in both simplified pairwise experiments and more complex multi-organism analyses, we show that these chemicals can modulate bacteria-bacteria, as well as bacteria-plant interactions. While the chemical environment alone had little effect on the plant at the molecular level, it differentially affected plant chemical defences, immunity, and sugar transport when combined with single-isolate or micro-community inoculums. Our study underlines the importance of the chemical environment in modulating organismic interactions and illustrates the value of combining reduced-complexity, bottom-up reconstruction approaches with top-down holobiont profiling. SIGNIFICANCE Many plant species secrete specialized metabolites into the soil, where they can have a long-lasting effect on subsequent plant generations and their associated microbiomes. Understanding the effect of this chemical environment on soil- and plant-associated microbiomes is crucial to determine the impact of soil legacy on host plants, for example in the context of crop rotations. Here, we report that the interactions among root-associated microbes are modulated by specialized metabolites of the benzoxazinoid family, which are prominent metabolites in many grasses. We further show that the chemical environment can inhibit the defence capacity of the plant towards colonizing bacteria, and that more complex bacterial communities are able to mitigate these effects. Our work highlights the importance of deconstructing bacterial communities and the chemical environment to gain insights into the fine-tuned molecular mechanisms that determine the outcome of complex organismic interactions.

Sivasankar Annamalai, Manikandan Santhanam, Subramanian Sudanthiramoorthy et al.

RSC Advances • 2016

The present study focuses on the electrokinetic process for the in situ formation of electroactive species at the anode.